Effects of current density on microstructure and properties of plasma electrolytic oxidation ceramic coatings formed on 6063 aluminum alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) ceramic coatings were fabricated in a silicate-based electrolyte with the addition of potassium fluorozirconate (K2ZrF6) on 6063 aluminum alloy, and the effects of current density on microstructure and properties of the PEO coatings were studied. It was found that pore density of the coatings decreased with increasing the current density. The tribological and hardness tests suggested that the ceramic coating produced under the current density of 15 A/dm2showed the best mechanical property, which matched well with the phase analysis. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization curves proved that the coating obtained under 15 A/dm2 displayed the best anti-corrosion property, which was directly connected with morphologies of coatings.

Influence of titanium content on wear resistance of electrolytic low-titanium eutectic Al-Si piston alloys

The wear resistance of six kinds of the electrolytic low-titanium eutectic AI-Si piston alloys with various Ti content ranging from 0.00wt.% to 0.21wt.% has been studied. A new method of adding Ti is adopted in the electrolytic low-titanium aluminum alloy ingots. The electrolytic low-titanium eutectic AI-Si piston alloys are produced by remelting the electrolytic low-titanium aluminum alloy, crystal silicon, pure magnesium, AI-50%Cu and AI-10%Mn master alloy. The wear experiments are conducted using MM200 wear testing machine under lubricating condition. The results indicate that the better wear resistance and the less weight loss are achieved in the study for the eutectic AI-Si piston alloys with 0.08wt.%-0.12wt.% Ti content. The highest ultimate tensile strength of 135.94 MPa at 300℃ and HV141.70 hardness of the alloys are obtained at 0.12wt.% and 0.08wt.% Ti content, respectively. The wear mechanism of the eutectic AI-Si piston alloys under lubricating condition is abrasive wear.

Effect of Current Density on Microstructure and Corrosion Behavior of Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation Coated 6063 Aluminum Alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) coatings were fabricated on 6063 aluminum alloy in a cheap and convenient electrolyte. The effect of different current densities, i e, 5, 10, 15, and 20 A/dm2on the microstructure and corrosion behavior of coatings was comprehensively studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), stereoscopic microscopy, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS), respectively. It is found that the pore density decreases and the pore size increases with increasing current density. The XRD results show that the coatings are only composed of α-Al2O3and γ-Al2O3. Potentiodynamic polarization test proves that the coating formed under 10 A/dm2possesses the best anticorrosion property. The long time EIS test shows that the coating under 10 A/dm2is able to protect the aluminum alloy substrate after long time of immersion in 0.59 M NaCl solution, which confirms the salt solution immersion test results in 2 M NaCl solution.

Amorphous coatings deposited on aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation

Amorphous [Al-Si-O] coatings were deposited on aluminum alloy by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO). The process parameters, composition, micrograph, and mechanical property of PEO amorphous coatings were investigated. It is found that the growth rate of PEO coatings reaches 4.44 μm/min if the current density is 0.9 mA/mm2. XRD results show that the PEO coatings are amorphous in the current density range of 0.3 - 0.9mA/mm2. EDS results show that the coatings are composed of O, Si and Al elements. SEM results show that the coatings are porous. Nano indentation results show that the hardness of the coatings is about 3 - 4 times of that of the substrate, while the elastic modulus is about the same with the substrate. Furthermore, a formation mechanism of amorphous PEO coatings was proposed.

Study on wear behavior of plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on aluminum alloy

Thick and hard ceramic coatings were fabricated on A356 aluminum alloy by using plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO) technique. The microstructure and phase composition of the PEO coatings were examined by using SEM and XRD method. It is found that the PEO coatings are mainly composed of crystalline α-Al2O3 and mullite. The dry sliding wear test of PEO coatings were carried out on a ring-on-ring wear machine. Results shows that there is hardly no wear loss of polished PEO coatings while the wear rate of uncoated aluminum alloy is 4.3×10-5 mm3·(N·m)-1 at a speed of 0.52 m·s-1 and a load of 40 N.

Grain refining action of Ti existing in electrolytic low-titanium aluminum with Al-4B addition for superheated Al melt

The effects of superheating temperature on the grain refining efficiency of Ti existing in electrolytic low-titanium aluminum(ELTA)without and with the Al-4B addition and the Al-5Ti-1B master alloy in pure Al were comparatively investigated. The results show that the Ti existing in ELTA without Al-4B addition exhibits a certain grain refining efficiency when the melt superheating temperature is lower,but the efficiency decreases rapidly when the superheating temperature is higher.The grain refining efficiency of the Al-5Ti-1B master alloy is better than that of the Ti existing in ELTA without Al-4B addition at any superheating temperature,but it also decreases obviously with the increase of the superheating temperature.One important reason is that the TiB2 particles coming from the Al-5Ti-1B master alloy can settle down at the bottom of the Al melt easily when the superheating temperature is increased,thus decrease the number of the potent heterogeneous nuclei retained in the Al melt.If the Al-4B master alloy is added to the ELTA melt,the grain refining efficiency of the Ti existing in ELTA can be improved significantly, and does not decrease with the increase of the superheating temperature.This perhaps provides us a possible method to suppress the effect of the superheated melt on the microstructures of aluminum..

Preparation and Characterization of Amorphous Layer on Aluminum Alloy Formed by Plasma Electrolytic Deposition(PED)

In this investigation, protective layers were formed on aluminum substrate by Plasma Electrolytic Deposition (PED) using sodium silicate solution. The relation between the thickness of the layer and process time were studied. XRD, SEM, EDS were used to study the layer’s structure, composition and micrograph. The results show that the deposited layers are amorphous and contain mainly oxygen, silicon, and aluminum. The possible formation mechanism of amorphous [Al-Si-O] layer was proposed: During discharge periods, A12O3 phase of the passive film and SiO32"near the substrate surface are sintered into xSiO2(l - x)Al2O, and then transformed into amorphous [Al-Si-O] phase.

Effects of Different Electrolytes on Stress Corrosion Properties of 2A12 Aluminum Alloy

The stress corrosion cracking(SCC)behaviors of 2A12 aluminum alloy after annealing treatment were studied by slow strain rate testing(SSRT),electrochemical polarization measurement,scanning electron microscope(SEM),energy dispersive spectrometer(EDS)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Various concentrations of NaCl,H_(2)SO_(4)and HCl aqueous solution were prepared to act as the corrosive solution.The experimental results show that regarding the SCC,2A12 alloy performs best in NaCl solution but worst in HCl solution and intermediately between the above mentioned two cases in H_(2)SO_(4)solution.For the SSRT carried out in room temperature,there is a higher decrease in elongation without large strength loss for the alloy immersed in NaCl solution.With the test conducted in H_(2)SO_(4)solution,there is a higher strength loss and a relatively less loss of elongation compared to the one immersed in NaCl solution.With the test conducted in HCl solution,there is a relativel level loss of strength and elongation compared to either result carried out in NaCl solution or H_(2)SO_(4)solution.

MICROSTRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE ELECTROLYTIC ETCHED PATTERN GRAINING SURFACE OF Al-Mg-Si ALLOY

After electrolytically etched pattern graining surface of aluminum alloy, it is shows that there are porous oxide film containing α Al 2O 3 and α Al 2O 3 by means of SEM XRD and XPS analysis. In the ditches, anodic oxidation makes pore density and diameter larger than other areas, and causes more coloring metal depositing and mutual cross linking. The electrolytically etched pattern surface shows relative deeper color on the ditches and lighter color on other areas, so it can be used for decoration. Electrolytic coloring metal exists in forms of Ag colloid and Ag 2O. Both anodic oxidation and electrolytic coloring affect the surface microstructure of aluminum alloy.

Preparation of anodic films on 2024 aluminum alloy in boric acid-containing mixed electrolyte

The anodizing oxidation process on 2024 aluminum alloy was researched in the mixed electrolyte with the composition of 30 g/L boric acid, 2 g/L sulfosalicylic acid and 8 g/L phosphate. The results reveal that the pre-treatment and the composition of the mixed electrolyte have influence on the properties of the films and the anodizing oxidation process. Under the condition of controlled potential, the anodizing oxidation current—time response curve displays "saddle" shape. First, the current density reaches a peak value of 8-20 A/dm2 and then decreases rapidly, finally maintains at 1-2 A/dm2. The film prepared in the mixed electrolyte is of porous-type with 20 nm in pore size and 500 μm-2 in porosity. Compared with the conventional anodic film obtained in sulfuric acid, the pore wall of the porous layer prepared in this work is not continuous, which seems to be deposited by small spherical grains. This porous structure of the anodic film may result from the characteristics of the mixed electrolyte and the special anodizing oxidation process. The surface analysis displays that the anodic film is amorphous and composed of O, Al, C, P, S, Si and no copper element is detected.

Discharge Characteristic of Micro-Arc Oxidation on Aluminum Alloy under the Changing Electrolyte Temperature

The electrolyte temperature has a great influence on the performance of the coating prepared by micro-arc oxidation (MAO). The behavior of MAO discharge in the changing electrolyte temperature has been investigated. Compared to constant electrolyte temperature in conventional MAO process, the process has different discharge characteristics under the changing electrolyte temperature. The amplitude of pulse voltage was detected to study the change of discharge characteristic under the constant-current control of MAO power supply. Three successive discharge stages were differentiated by the variable the pulse voltage versus process time. Since there were significant changes in the sound, the sound signals were acquired and the audio analysis was used to describe the changing of the MAO discharge at different stages. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was employed in situ to unveil how the micro-discharge changed with the temperature increasing. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize the morphology of the coatings on 6N01 aluminum alloy prepared by normal process with the constant-temperature control of the MAO electrolyte and by the process under the changing electrolyte temperature. A mode of film growth and micro-discharge was given to describe the effects of the changing electrolyte temperature in the whole MAO process.

Influence of oxidation heat on hard anodic film of aluminum alloy

The special experimental device and sulfuric acid electrolyte were adopted to study the influence of anodic oxidation heat on hard anodic film for 2024 aluminum alloy. Compared with the oxidation heat transferred to the electrolyte through anodic film, the heat transferred to the coolant through aluminum substrate is more beneficial to the growth of anodic film. The film forming speed, film thickness, density and hardness are significantly increased as the degree of undercooling of the coolant increases. The degree of undercooling of the coolant, which is necessary for the growth of anodic film, is related to the degree of undercooling of the electrolyte, thickness of aluminum substrate, thickness of anodic film, natural parameters of bubble covering and current density. The microstructure and performance of the oxidation film could be controlled by the temperature of the coolant.

Anodizing of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy in sulfuric-boric-phosphoric acids and its corrosion behavior

The corrosion resistance of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy was improved by anodizing treatment in a mixed electrolyte containing 10% sulfuric acid, 5% boric acid and 2% phosphoric acid. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy （EIS） technique was used to study the corrosion behavior of the anodized alloy. Using Tafel plot and salt spray techniques, it is revealed that the anodizing treatment of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy in sulfuric-boric-phosphoric acids provides better corrosion resistance and durability in comparison with the anodizing treatment in phosphoric acid or sulfuric-boric acids. This electrolyte can be a suitable alternative for chromate baths which are generally used in the anodizing of aluminum alloys.

Correlation between discharging property and coatings microstructure during plasma electrolytic oxidation

The voltage-current properties during plasma electrolytic discharge were determined by measuring the current density and cell voltage as functions of processing time and then by mathematical transformation. Correlation between discharge I-V property and the coatings microstructure on aluminum alloy during plasma electrolytic oxidation was determined by comparing the voltage-current properties at different process stages with SEM results of the corresponding coatings. The results show that the uniform passive film corresponds to a I-V property with one critical voltage, and a compound of porous layer and sintered ceramic particles corresponds to a I-V property with two critical voltages. The growth regularity of PEO cermet coatings was also studied.

Properties and Structure of PEO Treated Aluminum Alloy

Plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)coatings were formed on 7075 aluminum alloy in silicate-borate based electrolyte with different duty cycles.The physical and chemical properties of the PEO coatings were thoroughly investigated.The wearing and corrosion properties of the coatings were evaluated by wearing experiments and potentiodynamic polarization tests,respectively.The results showed that the micro-hardness of the coatings first increased and then decreased with the increasing duty cycle.As a results,the wearing resistance of the coatings first increased and then decreased with the increasing duty cycle.Composition analysis proved that the coatings were mainly composed ofα-Al_(2)O_(3)andγ-Al_(2)O_(3).The presence of wear scars on the worn surface morphology demonstrates that the three-body rolling was the main wear mechanism for coated specimen.The corrosion study showed that the coating formed in the mixed electrolyte with duty cycle of 80%showed the most superior corrosion resistance.

阴极电流密度对6061铝合金在含Na_(2)WO_(4)电解液中微弧氧化膜结构和耐磨性能的影响

目的 研究恒流模式下阴极电流密度对6061铝合金在含Na2WO4的电解液中制备的微弧氧化膜厚度、形貌、相组成及耐磨性能的影响。方法 固定阳极电流密度为5.0 A/dm^(2),阴极电流密度分别为0、1.25、2.5、3.75、5.0 A/dm2,对6061铝合金进行微弧氧化40 min。用涡流测厚仪测量了氧化膜的厚度,用扫描电镜观察了微弧氧化膜的表面形貌和截面形貌,用能谱分析仪分析了氧化膜的表面成分,用X射线衍射分析仪分析了微弧氧化膜的相组成,用往复式摩擦磨损试验机测试了氧化膜的耐磨性能。结果 随着阴极电流密度的增加,氧化膜内的W含量逐渐减少,氧化膜颜色逐渐变浅,氧化膜厚度逐渐增加。微弧氧化膜的主要组成相为α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3。当阴极电流密度从0 A/dm2增加到3.75 A/dm2时,氧化膜内孔洞的数量和尺寸逐渐减少,孔洞到氧化膜/基体界面的距离逐渐增加,氧化膜的耐磨性能逐渐提升。当阴极电流密度为3.75 A/dm2时,氧化膜的磨损率最低,仅为1.07×10-4mm3/(N·m)。但阴极电流密度增加到5.0 A/dm2时,氧化膜表层出现孔洞和剥落,耐磨性能下降。结论 阴极电流的加入有助于增加6061铝合金微弧氧化膜的厚度,提高氧化膜的致密性和耐磨性能,但过高的阴极电流会导致氧化膜表层出现孔洞,降低耐磨性能。

OH^(-)/F^(-)比与SiO_(3)^(2-)的关系对铝合金微弧氧化膜层的影响

目的探明不同氢氧化钠/氟化钾质量之比与硅酸钠浓度的关系对A356铝合金微弧氧化膜层耐蚀性的影响机制,寻找电解液中电解质之间的配比需求。方法利用SEM、EPMA、XRD分析所制得膜层的微观结构、元素分布及物相组成,并通过动电位极化曲线及电化学阻抗谱(EIS)研究膜层的电化学耐蚀性和腐蚀行为。结果当电解液中NaOH/KF之比(均为质量比)为0∶1、1∶2和2∶1时,均无法形成表观质量良好的微弧氧化膜层。而将NaOH/KF之比调整为1∶1时,便在基体表面得到了覆盖完整、均匀连续、光滑平整的膜层。但因此时电解液中主成膜剂Na_(2)SiO_(3)的不足,致使所获膜层与NaOH/KF之比为1∶0时相较而言,膜层表面的微孔尺寸增大,大尺寸的微孔个数也增加,在一定程度上削弱了膜层的抗腐蚀能力。继而保持NaOH/KF之比为1∶1但将主成膜剂Na_(2)SiO_(3)的浓度翻倍后,所制得膜层表面缺陷减少,厚度增加,致密度得到改善,膜层中α-Al_(2)O_(3)、γ-Al_(2)O_(3)、Mullite及AlF_(3)等优质耐蚀物相的含量也明显增多,进而提高了膜层在酸性腐蚀介质和中性Na Cl腐蚀介质中的耐蚀性。结论在硅酸盐电解液中,NaOH和KF都是微弧氧化成膜过程中的重要组分。NaOH促使A356铝合金基体表面形成充分的钝化膜,并显著提高了溶液的电导率,为微弧氧化反应的击穿发生创造了先决条件。KF可增进微弧氧化击穿发生后的放电效应,引发更多的放电火花产生,提高膜层的生长速率,加快成膜物质的沉积速率。NaOH与KF浓度相近,且二者浓度均小于Na_(2)SiO_(3)浓度时,SiO_(3)^(2-)、OH^(-)、F-三者之间交互作用对提高膜层的耐蚀性最为显著。

适用于航空航天铝合金件的镀多层镍工艺

[目的]航空航天铝合金件镀镉工艺亟需找到环保的替代技术。[方法]制定了一种镀多层镍工艺,其工艺流程主要包括化学除油、超声波除油、碱腐蚀、出光、除垢、微腐蚀、第一次沉锌、退锌、第二次沉锌、化学预镀镍、镀半光亮镍、镀高硫镍、镀光亮镍、稀土电解保护和烘干。[结果]这种镀层在进行168h中性盐雾试验后无锈蚀,220℃热震试验中无起泡和脱落,在温度40℃和相对湿度93%的条件下进行的1000h恒定湿热试验后无可见变化。[结论]该工艺克服了单一化学镀镍层对铝合金基体无电化学保护作用的缺点,并以新开发的稀土电解保护工艺代替了传统的铬酸盐电解保护法,绿色环保,具有良好的应用前景。

5183高端铝合金焊材生产技术开发

通过研究5183高端铝合金焊材生产工艺,确定合金成分、开发熔体深度净化工艺和退火工艺,同时还开发出直接用电解铝液连续铸造-热连轧-冷连轧的短流程、低能耗的5183铝合金焊材生产技术,建成国内首套电解铝液连续铸造-热连轧-冷连轧铝合金焊丝线坯生产线,焊丝线坯最小尺寸达到直径2 mm。

2219铝合金酒石酸-硫酸阳极氧化工艺研究

以航天领域常用的2219铝合金为研究对象,通过单因素实验和正交试验研究了酒石酸浓度、硫酸浓度、氧化温度、氧化时间和氧化电压对酒石酸-硫酸阳极氧化膜的微观形貌、厚度和耐蚀性的影响,并研究了热水封闭时间对氧化膜耐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:当硫酸浓度为50 g/L,酒石酸浓度为80 g/L,氧化电压为16 V,氧化温度为35℃,氧化时间为28 min时,阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性最佳。阳极氧化膜的耐蚀性随热水封闭时间的增加而先增加后减少,当热水封闭时间为40 min时,其耐腐蚀性能最佳,经336 h中性盐雾实验后无腐蚀斑点产生。