Low-and high-field electromechanical responses of relaxor-based multicomponent ceramics for application in multiregime actuators

The electromechanical responses of multicomponent solid solutions Pb_(0.95)Ba_(0.05)(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))_(0.471)(Zn_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))_(0.102)(Ni_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))_(0.152)Ti_(0.275)O_(3)in low and high electric fields were studied.In both cases,significant electromechanical responses are observed.In particular,the maximum values of the large-signal piezoelectric coefficient d_(33)reach 1600 m/V at very low values of the electric field(≈5 kV/cm).The observed features of the electromechanical responses of the studied ceramics are advantages in terms of their possible application in actuators.

Predicting the electromechanical properties of small caliber projectile impact igniter using PZT dynamic damage constitutive model considering crack propagation

Block piezoelectric ceramics(PZTs)are often used in impact igniters to provide activation energy for electric initiators.Under the action of strong impact stress,PZTs release electric energy accompanied by crack initiation,propagation and crushing.At present,the electrical output performance of PZTs in projectile is usually calculated by quasi-static piezoelectric equation without considering the dynamic effect caused by strong impact and the influence of crack propagation on material properties.So the ignition parameters are always not accurately predicted.To tackle this,a PZT dynamic damage constitutive model considering crack propagation is established based on the dynamic impact test and the crack propagation theory of brittle materials.The model is then embedded into the ABAQUS subroutine and used to simulate the electromechanical response of the impact igniter during the impact of a small caliber projectile on the target.Meanwhile,the experiments of projectile with impact igniter impact on the target are carried out.The comparison between experimental and numerical simulation results show that the established dynamic damage model can effectively predict the dynamic electromechanical response of PZTs in the missile service environment.

Indentation behavior of a semi-infinite piezoelectric semiconductor under a rigid flat-ended cylindrical indenter

This paper theoretically studies the axisymmetric frictionless indentation of a transversely isotropic piezoelectric semiconductor(PSC)half-space subject to a rigid flatended cylindrical indenter.The contact area and other surface of the PSC half-space are assumed to be electrically insulating.By the Hankel integral transformation,the problem is reduced to the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind.This equation is solved numerically to obtain the indentation behaviors of the PSC half-space,mainly including the indentation force-depth relation and the electric potential-depth relation.The results show that the effect of the semiconductor property on the indentation responses is limited within a certain range of variation of the steady carrier concentration.The dependence of indentation behavior on material properties is also analyzed by two different kinds of PSCs.Finite element simulations are conducted to verify the results calculated by the integral equation technique,and good agreement is demonstrated.

Dynamics of mechanical system for electromechanical integrated toroidal drive under electric disturbance

Based on electromagnetics and mechanics, electromechanical coupled dynamic equations for the drive were developed. Using method of perturbation, free vibrations of the mechanical system under electric disturbance were investigated. The forced responses of the mechanical system to mechanical excitation under electric disturbance were also presented. It is known that for the system with electric disturbance, as time grows, beat occurs. When electric disturbing frequency is near to the natural frequencies of the mechanical system or their integer multiple, resonance vibrations occur. The forced responses of the mechanical system to mechanical excitation under electric disturbance are compound vibrations decided by mechanical excitation, electric disturbance and parameters of the system. The coupled resonance vibration caused by electric disturbance and mechanical excitation was discussed as well. The conditions under which above coupled resonance occurs were presented. The results show that when the difference of the excitation frequency and the perturbation frequency is equal to some order of natural frequency, coupled resonance vibrations occur.

Time-dependence of the electromechanical bending actuation observed in ionic-electroactive polymers

The characteristics of the electromechanical response observed in an ionic-electroactive polymer(i-EAP)are represented by the time(t)dependence of its bending actuation(y).The electromechanical response of a typical i-EAP—poly(ethylene oxide)(PEO)doped with lithium perchlorate(LP)—is studied.The shortcomings of all existing models describing the electromechanical response obtained in i-EAPs are discussed.A more reasonable model:y=y_(max)^(e-T/t)is introduced to characterize this time dependence for all i-EAPs.The advantages and correctness of this model are confirmed using results obtained in PEO-LP actuators with different LP contents and at different temperatures.The applicability and universality of this model are validated using the reported results obtained from two different i-EAPs:one is Flemion and the other is polypyrrole actuators.

鞘状碳纳米管人工肌肉纤维在弱电流刺激下的驱动性能提升机制

电热驱动的鞘状人工肌肉已经展示出广阔的应用前景.当受到高电流产生的焦耳热影响时,它们的鞘层会膨胀和软化,有效地释放芯部纤维内储存的扭转能量,这种现象显著地提高了驱动性能.本工作制备了一种包裹在聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)鞘层中的预捻碳纳米管(CNT)人工肌肉纤维.施加频率为0.25 Hz的50 mA电流,其可以产生13.28%的收缩变形和9.82 MPa的收缩应力,功率密度为3.8 W g^(−1).得益于非螺旋结构,CNT纤维@PDMS的运行速率可达42%s^(−1),我们据此开发了快速运行的开关和仿生臂.有趣的是,我们观察到即使在较弱的电流不足以诱导驱动所需的PDMS鞘层膨胀和软化的情况下,CNT纤维@PDMS的驱动性能也有所改善.为了解释这一现象,我们提出了一种鞘层致密化机制.当电流通入CNT纤维时,其内部CNTs间产生的安培吸引力也会引发驱动,PDMS鞘层在固化过程中产生沿CNT纤维径向分布的收缩应力,会使CNTs间距减小,从而提升安培吸引力.我们通过检测CNT纤维@PDMS在不同温度下的驱动行为、内部微观结构、力学和电学性能的变化证实了这种致密化机制的存在,并分析了整个驱动过程中能量的变化.

Local probing of the non-uniform distribution of ferrielectric and antiferroelectric phases

Piezoresponse force microscopy(PFM)is an indispensable tool in the investigation of local electromechanical responses and polarization switching.The acquired data provide spatial information on the local disparity of polarization switching and electromechanical responses,making this technique advantageous over macroscopic approaches.Despite its widespread application in ferroelectrics,it has rarely been used to investigate the ferrielectric(FiE)behaviors in antiferroelectric(AFE)materials.Herein,the PFM was utilized to study the local electromechanical behavior and distribution of FiE,and the AFE phases of PbZrO_(3)thin-film were studied,where only the FiE behavior is observable using a macroscopic approach.The FiE region resembles a ferroelectric material at low voltages but exhibits a unique on-field amplitude response at high voltages.In contrast,the AFE region only yields an observable response at high voltages.Phase-field simulations reveal the coexistence of AFE and FiE states as well as the phase-transition processes that underpin our experimental observations.Our work illustrates the usefulness of PFM as an analytical tool to characterize AFE/FiE materials and their phase-coexistence behavior,thereby providing insights to guide property modification and potential applications.

Piezoelectric ceramics with high piezoelectricity and broad temperature usage range

There is a general observation that the Curie temperature and piezoelectric property of the ferroelectric ceramics can be enhanced only at the expense of each other,i.e.,higher piezoelectricity,lower Curie temperature,thus,limits their applications over broad temperature range.In this research,Sm-modified 0.15 Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-(0.85-x)PbZrO_(3)-xPbTiO_(3) ceramics have been studied,where excellent piezoelectric coefficients d33¼720 pC/N,d_(33)*=950 pm/V and high Curie temperature T_(C)=293℃ were simultaneously achieved for x=0.42 composition by designing the morphotropic phase boundary(MPB)with local structural heterogeneity.Of particular significance is that a high thermal stability was observed with piezoelectric variation below 20%with temperature up to 280℃,demonstrating that the x=0.42 composition is a good candidate for piezoelectric application over broad temperature range where high temperature stability is required.This work provides a good paradigm for designing highperformance piezoelectric ceramics with high thermal stability via a combination of MPB and local structural heterogeneity.