Development and simulation of a gridded thermionic cathode electron gun for a high-energy photon source

A gridded thermionic cathode electron gun was developed for the linear accelerator of the High Energy Photon Source(HEPS).An electron gun should provide a large maximum bunch charge with a wide adjustable range.To satisfy these requirements,the shape of the electrode was optimized using a multi-objective genetic algorithm.A large bunch charge with an adjustable range was achieved using the grid-limited gun,the flow of which was analyzed using 3-D simulations.The electron gun has been manufactured and tested,and the measured data of the grid-limited current and simulation results are compared and discussed in this study.

Beam and image experiment of beam deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources

Distributed X-ray sources comprise a single vacuum chamber containing multiple X-ray sources that are triggered and emit X-rays at a specific time and location. This process facilitates an application for innovative system concepts in X-ray and computer tomography. This paper proposes a novel electron beam focusing, shaping,and deflection electron gun for distributed X-ray sources.The electron gun uses a dispenser cathode as an electron emitter, a mesh grid to control emission current, and two electrostatic lenses for beam shaping, focusing, and deflection. Novel focusing and deflecting electrodes were designed to increase the number of focal spots in the distributed source. Two identical half-rectangle opening electrodes are controlled by adjusting the potential of the two electrodes to control the electron beam trajectory, and then, multifocal spots are obtained on the anode target. The electron gun can increase the spatial density of the distributed X-ray sources, thereby improving the image quality. The beam experimental results show that the focal spot sizes of the deflected(deflected amplitude 10.5 mm)and non-deflected electron beams at full width at half maximum are 0.80 mm 90.50 mm and 0.55 mm 90.40 mm, respectively(anode voltage 160 kV; beam current 30 mA). The imaging experimental results demonstrate the excellent spatial resolution and time resolution of an imaging system built with the sources, which has an excellent imaging effect on a field-programmable gate array chip and a rotating metal disk.

Theoretical research on electron beam modulation in a field-emission cold cathode electron gun

In order to develop miniaturized and integrated electron vacuum devices, the electron beam modulation in a fieldemission(FE) electron gun based on carbon nanotubes is researched. By feeding a high-frequency field between the cathode and the anode, the steady FE electron beam can be modulated in the electron gun. The optimal structure of the electron gun is discovered using 3D electromagnetism simulation software, and the FE electron gun is simulated by PIC simulation software. The results show that a broadband(74–114 GHz) modulation can be achieved by the electron gun with a rhombus channel, and the modulation amplitude of the beam current increases with the increases in the input power and the electrostatic field.

Fuzzy identification of T-S model for beam stability control for electron gun

In this paper, Takagi-Sugeno(T-S) fuzzy control is proposed for stabilizing the output beam of accelerators. To model the nonlinear system, we proposed a hybrid optimization algorithm based on quantum-inspired differential evolution and genetic algorithm. Based on the T-S model identified, the corresponding statefeedback fuzzy controller is designed. The method is applied to the La B6 electron gun system in the industrial radiation accelerator and the simulation results show its effectiveness.

Development of a high current short pulse electron gun

Dielectric wall accelerator(DWA), towards high gradient acceleration field(30 MeV/m–100 MeV/m), is under development at Institute of Modern Physics. A prototype was designed and constructed to prove the principle. This needs a short pulse high current electron source to match the acceleration field generated by the Blumlein-type pulse forming lines(PFLs). In this paper, we report the design and test of a new type short pulse high current electron gun based on principle of vacuum arc discharge. Electron beams of 100 mA with pulse width of 10 ns were obtained.

The Use of an Electron Microchannel as a Self-Extracting and Focusing Plasma Cathode Electron Gun

A new and simple type of electron gun is presented.Unlike conventional electron guns,which require a heated filament or extractor,accelerator and focusing electrodes,this gun uses the collimated electron microchannels of an inertial electrostatic confinement(IEC) discharge to achieve the same outcome.A cylindrical cathode is placed coaxially within a cylindrical anode to create the discharge.Collimated beams of electrons and fast neutrals emerge along the axis of the cylindrical cathode.This geometry isolates one of the microchannels that emerge in a negatively biased IEC grid.The internal operating pressure range of the gun is 35-190 m Torr.A small aperture separates the gun from the main vacuum chamber in order to achieve a pressure differential.The chamber was operated at pressures of 4-12 m Torr.The measured current produced by the gun was 0.1-3 m A(0.2-14 m A corrected measurement) for discharge currents of 1-45 m A and discharge voltages of 0.5-12 k V.The collimated electron beam emerges from the aperture into the vacuum chamber.The performance of the gun is unaffected by the pressure differential between the vacuum chamber and the gun.This allows the aperture to be removed and the chamber pressure to be equal to the gun pressure if required.

Influence of the cathode position on beam current characteristics in the thermionic electron gun

Purpose The research focuses on the simulation of influence of cathode positions on beam current characteristics in the thermionic electron gun.Methods The electricfield distribution,bias voltage range and electron beam quality under different cathode positions were simulated by CST software.Results Changes in the cathode position can cause changes in the electricfield distributions under the cathode emission surface change,thereby changing the size of the effective emitting area and affecting the relationship between the bias voltage and beam current.Conclusions Only when the cathode is installed in the proper positions,the beam current and the bias voltage have an approximately linear proportional relationship.When the cathode is installed improperly,the electron beam emission is disordered,resulting in decreased electron beam quality.

Numerical simulation and design of a thermionic electron gun

This paper reports the simulation of an electron gun. The effects on the beam quality of some parameters on the beam quality were studied and optimal choices were identified. It gives numerical beam qualities for a common electrostatic triode gun, and the dependencies on design parameters such as electrode geometries and bias voltages to these electrodes are shown. An electron beam of diameter 5 mm with energy of 5 ke V was assumed for the simulation process. Some design parameters were identified as variable parameters in the presence of space charge.These parameters are the inclination angle of emission electrode, the applied voltage to the focusing electrode, the gap width between the emission electrode and the focusing electrode and the diameter of the focusing electrode. The triode extraction system is designed and optimized by using CST software(for Particle Beam Simulations). The physical design of the extraction system is given in this paper. From the simulation results, it is concluded that the inclination angle of the emission electrode is optimized at 22.5?, the applied voltage to the focusing electrode was optimized and found to be Vfoc =-600 V, the optimal separation distance(gap between emission electrode and focusing electrode) is 4 mm, and the optimal diameter of the emission electrode is 14 mm. Initial results for these efforts aimed at emittance improvement are also given.

Electron gun system for NSC KIPT linac

In the NSC KIPT linac, a neutron source based on a subcritical assembly driven by a 100 MeV/100 kW electron linear accelerator is under design and development. The linear accelerator needs a new high current electron gun. In this paper, the physical design, mechanical fabrication and beam test of this new electron gun are described.The emission current is designed to be higher than 2 A for the pulse width of 3 μs with repetition rate of 50 Hz.The gun will operate with a DC high voltage power supply that can provide a high voltage up to 150 kV. Computer simulations and optimizations have been carried out in the design stage, including the gun geometry and beam transport line. The test results of high voltage conditioning and beam test are presented. The operation status of the electron gun system is also included. The basic test results show that the design, manufacture, and operation of the new electron system are basically successful.

Preliminary design and multipacting simulation of a SRF quarter wave electron gun at Peking University

Peking University is designing a new SRF gun that is composed of a quarter wave resonator(QWR) and an elliptical cavity.Compared to the elliptical cavity,the QWR is sufficiently compact at the same frequency and its electric field is quasi-DC.The RF parameters are determined by optimization of QWR cavity structure and the possible multipacting locations are analyzed by 2D MP simulation.The simulation results show that multipacting is not a critical issue for our optimized cavity structure.

Multipacting saturation in parallel plate and micro-pulse electron gun

A novel parallel plate model is proposed that divides the electron cloud into three parts at saturation,and it is studied in detail using both an analytical approach and particle-in-cell(PIC) code simulations. As one part of the electron cloud, ribbons modes are suggested by tracking the trajectory of individual particles, and the aim of this mode form is to simplify the progress of the multipacting effect in the parallel plate so as to be eliminated by optimizing RF parameters. The micro-pulse electron gun(MPG) has demonstrated the potential to address the need for high peak and average current electron beams, hence studying the multipacting in MPG is essential. On the basis of studying multipacting in the parallel plate, it is clear that increasing the cavity voltage is of interest in yielding high quality beams in the gun.

LARGE-AREA ELECTRON GUN WITH CARBON-FIBRE CATHODE AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN HIGH AVERAGE POWER EXCIMER LASER

The excimer lasers have got rapidly growing applications in scientific researches and industries because of their high photon energy, short wavelengths, and the high average and peak output power. The applications of excimerlasers in scientific researches include pumping dye lasers, laser chemistry, multiphoton processes etc.; their applications in industries include laser isotope separation, laser annealing,

Multipacting analysis in micro-pulse electron gun

Modeling multipacting to steady state saturation is of interest in determining the performance of the micro-pulse electron gun.In this paper,a novel method is proposed to calculate the multipacting resonance parameters for the gun.This method works well,and the 2-D simulation results suggest that steady state saturation can be achieved in the gun.After saturation the transition from two-surface multipacting to single-surface multipacting occurred,and an extensive range of electron emission time is a suggested way to avoid this kind of transition.

D波段行波管电子光学系统设计

提出一种用于D波段行波管的电子光学系统设计方案,包括电子枪和永磁聚焦系统,并进行了验证。电子枪采用经典皮尔斯电子枪结构,阴极发射面的外层设置阴极套壳,抑制阴极边缘杂散发射;采用圆柱形控制极替代锥形控制极,同时在聚焦极加负偏压,调节电子注的压缩状态。所设计电子枪工作电压为19 kV,提供电子注电流57 mA,注腰半径为0.068 mm,射程为14.9 mm。为在半径0.15 mm的电子通道中稳定地聚焦和传输电子注,永磁聚焦系统采用周期永磁聚焦系统。峰值磁场为布里渊磁场的2.9倍,增加了电子注刚性。模拟结果显示,传输的电子注最大波动半径小于0.1 mm。按所设计的电子光学系统加工组装了试验流通短管,测试结果显示电子注电流为49.83 mA,收集极电流为49.6 mA,对应电子注流通率达到99.5%,实现了设计目标。

W波段平面集成行波管高频系统设计及验证

针对W波段平面一维阵列集成行波管设计,采用非半圆弯曲变形折叠波导慢波结构和聚焦极调制皮尔斯电子枪,基于CST、MTSS和Opera软件优化设计了集成行波管高频系统和电子光学系统,实现了W波段低电压小电流工作的低功率行波管设计,通过周期永磁(PPM)聚焦系统制管验证了高频系统和电子枪设计的合理性。测试结果表明,行波管在工作电压12.62 kV,工作电流31.6 mA条件下,输出功率大于10 W的带宽达到5 GHz,增益优于28 dB,总效率优于10%,测试结果与设计结果具有较好一致性,为W波段行波管实现阵列集成提供技术支撑。

瓦里安Clinac 21EX直线加速器GFIL连锁的故障分析与维修

本文对本院瓦里安Clinac 21EX直线加速器9年内发生的GFIL连锁故障进行了总结。GFIL连锁故障的发生主要是由冷端Power Supply板、热端小电源板、热端Hot Deck Filament Power supply板、热端backplane板以及机架内Patch Panel板故障引起的。故障发生后,控制台会出现红色GFIL连锁警报,据详细的硬件状态分析故障原因并进行故障排除处理。本文阐述的5种故障类型基本囊括了与GFIL连锁相关的大部分硬件,根据硬件原理指出了快速有效的故障解决办法,为直线加速器维修提供参考。

瓦里安C系列加速器枪系统与联锁原理分析和典型案例

瓦里安C系列高能直线加速器均采用三极(栅极控制)电子枪系统,其故障率较高、解决难度较大,多表现为剂量率不稳定甚至不能出束,报GFIL枪灯丝联锁。本研究以iX平台的代表——Clinac iX为例,结合典型案例和技术图纸阐述枪控制系统的工作原理,通过分析电源电路和枪驱动等关键模块内部和模块之间的信号处理的流程和方向,发现问题症结并处理元器件解决问题,为工程师安全高效解决C系列乃至电路集成度和数字化程度非常高、以VitalBeam为代表的新一代高端技术平台的加速器的同类问题,提供解决思路和方法借鉴。

电子束熔丝增材制造大功率电子枪研制

根据电子束熔丝增材制造需求,结合理论计算,利用三维造型软件设计了电子枪结构包括阴极组件、栅极、阳极、聚焦线圈、扫描线圈;利用模拟仿真软件对电子枪结构进行优化,最终得到优化后的电子枪栅极球面直径14 mm、阳极孔径3.5 mm、阳极倾角140°、阴阳极距离10 mm、聚焦线圈匝数1 800匝、磁轭间隙30 mm、线圈内径60 mm、外径150 mm;设计了电子枪聚焦及偏转扫描驱动电路,带载测试聚焦电流最大值可达1.49 A,偏转扫描最大电流可达±1.06 A,扫描频率达2 kHz;对电子枪性能进行测试,最高耐压达到-75 kV,功率达到30 kW,TC4的熔丝增材成形效率达到5.16 kg/h。研制的电子枪结构轻便、束流品质好、成形效率高,适合于用作真空室内动枪。

一种新增电子按钮的直流充电枪

针对现有电动汽车充电操作的不便,设计了一种新增电子按钮的直流充电枪。介绍了这一直流充电枪的结构,分析了智能控制充电口盖开启功能和一键拔枪功能,并给出了所涉及的控制器局域网总线通信报文。这一直流充电枪的设计为电动汽车充电提供了更为智能化和便捷化的解决方案,具有较高的实用价值。

Characteristics of terahertz coherent transition radiation generated from picosecond ultrashort electron bunches

This paper presents a method of generating terahertz (THz) coherent transition radiation (CTR) from picosecond ultrashort electron bunches including single and train bunches,which are produced by a photocathode radio frequency gun.The radiation characteristics of THz CTR including formation factor and energy spectrum are analysed in detail.With the help of a 2-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation,the radiation characteristics including power,energy and magnetic field are analysed.The results show that the radiation frequency can be adjusted by tuning the repetition frequency of the train bunch and the energy can be enhanced with the train bunches.