Electrostatic Theory of Elementary Particles

Theoretical physics makes a wide use of differential equations for which only a potential solution is applied. The possibility that these equations may have a non-potential solution is ruled out and not considered. In this paper an exact non-potential solution of the continuity equation is described. The electric field of an elementary charged particle consists of two components: the known Potential Component (PC) produced by the charge and the earlier unknown Non-potential Component (NC) with a zero charge. Charged particles have both components, while a neutron has only the NC. The proton and neutron NC ensures similarity of their properties. The PC is spherically symmetric and NC is axisymmetric. Therefore, to describe an elementary particle, one should take into account both its spatial coordinates and the NC orientation. The particle interaction is determined by their NC mutual orientation. Neglecting the latter leads to indefiniteness of the interaction result. In a homogeneous electric field, the force acting on the NC is zero. Therefore, a charged particle possessing the NC will behave like a potential one. In an inhomogeneous field, the situation is principally different. Due to the NC there occurs an interaction between a neutron and a proton. The non-potential field results in the existence of two types of neutrons: a neutron and an antineutron. A neutron repels from a proton ensuring scattering of neutrons on protons. An antineutron is attracted to a proton leading to its annihilation. The NC produces the magnetic dipole moment of an elementary particle.

Semi-Harmonic Scaling Enables Calculation of Masses of Elementary Particles of the Standard Model

The underlying rules for a natural system describing cellular automata are simple, but produce highly complex behavior. A mathematical basis for the spectra of discrete coherent and non-coherent electromagnetic (EM) frequencies was derived, in which the algorithm exhibits an information distribution according to ratios of 2:3 in 1:2 at a semi-harmonic manner. This generalized music (GM) model shows that energy both in elementary particles and animate systems is semi-harmonic, quantized and discrete. A support for an ontological basis of the Standard Model was found, and indicates that the GM-model underlies the quantum field theory of subatomic particles. The present theory combines quantum mechanics and classical periodic systems, obeys to locality and solves the “hidden variable theory of Bohm”. The discovered pattern of electromagnetic field eigenvalues, within a broad range of discrete frequencies, points at a de Broglie/Bohm type of causal interpretation of quantum mechanics, implying an integral resonant pilot-wave/particle modality. The model has been substantiated by a meta-analysis of measured discrete energies of: 37 different Elementary Particles, 45 different EPR-measurements, zero-point energies of elements and about 450 electromagnetic wave frequencies of cells with a mean accuracy of 0.58%. It has been shown that the GM-scale is frequency-locked with zero-point oscillations, and thereby evidently implies involvement of entanglement.

Analysis of the operating parameters of a vortex electrostatic precipitator

A vortex electrostatic precipitator （VEP） forms a vortex flow field within a precipitator by means of the vertical staggered layout of the double-vortex collecting plate facing the direction of the gas flow. The ion concentrations within the precipitator can be significantly increased. Correspondingly, the charging and coagulation rates of fine particles and particle migration velocity are significantly improved within the VEP. Since it can effectively collect fine particles and reduce precipitator size, VEPs represent a new type of electrostatic precipitator with great application potential. In this work the change curve of the external voltage, gas velocity, row spacing and effective collecting area influencing the precipitation efficiency were acquired through a single-factor experiment. Using an orthogonal regression design, attempts were made to analyze the major operating parameters influencing the collecting efficiency of fine particles, establish a multiple linear regression model and analyze the weights of factors and then acquire quantitative rules relating experimental indicators and factors. The regression model was optimized by MATLAB programming, and we then obtained the optimal factor combination which can enhance the efficiency of fine particle collection. The final optimized result is that： when gas velocity is 3.4 m s-1, the external voltage is 18 kV, row spacing is 100 mm and the effective collecting area is 1.13 m2, the rate of fine particle collection is 89.8867%. After determining and analyzing the state of the internal flow field within the VEP by particle image velocimetry （PIV）, the results show that, for a particular gas velocity, a vortex zone and laminar zone are distinctly formed within the VEP, which increases the ion transport ratio as well as the charging, coagulation and collection rates of fine particles within the precipitator, thus making further improvements in the efficiency of fine particle collection.

A New Version of Unified Field Theory—Stochastic Quantum Space Theory on Particle Physics and Cosmology

Stochastic Quantum Space (SQS) theory is a new version of unified field theory based on three fundamental postulations: Gaussian Probability Postulation, Prime Numbers Postulation, Vacuon Postulation. It build a framework with theoretical results agree with many experimental data well. For more information, please refer to the PDF.

Fundamental Fields as Eigenvectors of the Metric Tensor in a 16-Dimensional Space-Time

An alternative approach to the usual Kaluza-Klein way to field unification is presented which seems conceptually more satisfactory and elegant. The main idea is that of associating each fundamental interaction and matter field with a vector potential which is an eigenvector of the metric tensor of a multidimensional space-time manifold ?(n-dimensional “vierbein”). We deduce a system of field equations involving both Einstein and Maxwell-like equations for the fundamental fields. Confinement of the fields within the observable 4-dimensional space-time and non-vanishing particles’ rest mass problem are shown to be related to the choice of a scalar boson field (Higgs boson) appearing in the theory as a gauge function. Physical interpretation of the results, in order that all the known fundamental interactions may be included within the metric and connection, requires that the extended space-time is 16-dimensional. Fermions are shown to be included within the additional components of the vector potentials arising because of the increased dimensionality of space-time. A cosmological solution is also presented providing a possible explanation both to space-time flatness and to dark matter and dark energy as arising from the field components hidden within the extra space dimensions. Suggestions for gravity quantization are also examined.

Exact Static Plane Symmetric Soliton-Like Solutions to the Nonlinear Interacting Electromagnetic and Scalar Field Equations in General Relativity

This research work is related to soliton solutions considered as models that can describe the complex configuration of elementary particles from the study of the interactions of their fields. It is interested in the interaction of fields between two different elementary particles by expressing their physical properties. For that, we have obtained, exact static plane symmetric soliton-like solutions to the nonlinear equations of interacting electromagnetic and scalar fields taking into account the own gravitational field of elementary particles using the calibrated invariance function P(I). It has been proved that all solutions of the Einstein, nonlinear electromagnetic and scalar field equations are regular with the localized energy density. Moreover, the total charge of particles is finite and the total energy of the interaction fields is bounded. It have been emphasized the importance to the own gravitational field of elementary particles and the role of the nonlinearity of fields in the determination of these solutions. In flat space-time, soliton-like solutions exist but the total energy of the interaction fields is equal to zero. We have also shown that in the linear case, soliton-like solutions are absent.

"universe collapse model"and its roles in the unification of four fundamental forces and the origin and the evolution of the universe

To unify the four known fundamental forces and provide an explanation for the origin and the evolution of the universe are two long-term goals of theoretical physics. Here a “universe collapse model” has been proposed. The universe consists of Matter and No-matter. No-matter is the universal energy that constructs a consistent universe field, presenting a spiral wave motion at the speed of light at the small scale. The partial collapse of the universal energy forms the particles of the universal energy in a variety of sizes, which are called as the elementary particles. These elementary particles form atom and matter, which construct the galaxies. The collapse of the universe field induces the formation of the universe collapse potential (UCP) and universe collapse force (UCF), and the later is represented by four different aspects of the fundamental forces at the large or small scales. The mathematical equation and the derivation of UCP and UCF are described, and possible experimental tests are also suggested. Therefore, this new model may give a novel explanation for the unification of four fundamental forces and the origin and the evolution of the universe.

Soliton-Like Spherical Symmetric Solutions to the Electromagnetic and Scalar Nonlinear Induction Field Equations in the General Relativity Theory

In this paper, we have used the static spherical symmetric metric. The parameter of the nonlinearity fields is included in the arbitrary function characterizing the interaction between the electromagnetic and scalar fields. Taking into account the own gravitational field of elementary particles, we have obtained exact static spherical symmetric solutions to the electromagnetic and scalar field equations of nonlinear induction. Considering all forms of the solution of Liouville equation, we proved that the metric functions are regular with localized energy density. Moreover, the total energy of the nonlinear induction fields is bounded and the total charge of the elementary particles has a finite value (soliton-like). In the flat space-time, soliton-like solutions exist.

填料性质对催化裂化油浆静电分离效率影响冷模试验研究

为分析静电分离法脱除催化裂化油浆中固含量影响因素,采用自制静电分离器试验装置,研究填料直径和材质对催化油浆中催化剂固体颗粒脱除效率影响规律。结合数值模拟,分析填料直径和材质对其接触点处电场强度变化的影响。结果表明,油浆中固体颗粒分离效率随填料直径增大而降低,氧化锆填料的分离效率最高,玻璃填料的分离效果最差。随填料直径和填料相对介电常数增大,填料接触点处的电场强度增大。在不同材质填料物化参数中,填料相对介电常数对油浆中固体颗粒静电分离影响过程起主要作用。

静电发射器对微米级金属单颗粒的供应特性研究

为了对静电发射器的单颗粒供应特性进行系统性的研究,搭建了一套运动粒子可视化观测系统,并针对不同极板间电场强度、载气流量、几何结构和粒子直径条件下的发射器单颗粒供应特性进行了详细的研究分析。结果表明:利用静电场弥散颗粒群后,通过极低流量载气进行输运的颗粒发生装置可以稳定且连续的出射微米级金属单颗粒。通过提高电场强度、载气流量和扩大出口孔径,能够有效缩短粒子的出射时间间隔。其中极板间电场强度在影响粒子出射时间间隔上占主导地位,并且两者间具有较好的线性关系。在本文测试范围内,通过改变电场强度可以实现出射粒子平均时间间隔在180~1 100 ms内线性可调,同时单颗粒率保持在80%以上。为了稳定和高效的为燃烧试验供应单颗粒,建议粒子发射器的出口孔径不宜小于0.5 mm,载气流量不宜超过16 ml/min。

月面巡视器附近月尘静电迁移特性的数值模拟

针对月尘在月面巡视器附近的鞘层内的迁移和在设备表面的沉积过程开展数值模拟研究。首先,基于质点网格方法获得了巡视器附近的月表鞘层电场分布。在此基础上,分别探究了月表扬起月尘和静电悬浮月尘在鞘层电场内的迁移和在巡视器表面的沉积。研究表明,巡视器对鞘层电场的扰动作用增强了附近的电场,促进了月尘扬起和向巡视器表面的迁移沉积。当太阳天顶角较小或适中时,月尘只有达到临界行驶速度才能迁移至巡视器表面。

Design and performance of a novel miniaturized electrostatic sampler for efficient airborne particulate matter sampling

Considering that people spend more than 80%of their time indoors,ambient particulate matter(PM)in the built environment could pose severe environmental health risks to public health.PM sampling,a technique for the enrichment of PM in the air,is essential for ambient PM composition analysis to understand its environmental and health effect.The filtering method that is widely used features a complex post-processing and carries the risk of pore clogging.It is a great challenge to sample airborne PM efficiently for subsequent analysis.Here,we proposed a novel miniaturized electrostatic sampler based on corona discharge and a modified vertically focused electric field for efficient PM sampling.Four intercoupling physical fields in the developed sampler were analyzed,including corona discharge,airflow,particle charging and particle deposition.The collection efficiencies for particles with various sizes(0.01–10μm)were conducted by simulation and the lowest efficiency occurs at about 0.3–0.5μm.With an increase in discharging voltage from−6 kV to−9 kV,the lowest efficiency rises from 88.2%to 96.6%.An electrostatic sampler entity was manufactured to test the collection efficiency of PM and the results are in good agreement with the simulation.The induced ring plate can significantly improve the total collection efficiency from 35%to 90%under−6 kV discharging voltage in the experiment.The novel electrostatic sampler exhibits potential and enlightenment for efficient and convenient PM sampling.

空间尘粒静电除尘模块设计与试验验证

针对航天员在轨出舱活动归舱时可能将空间环境中的污染物携带进入空间站内的风险,研究通过等离子体环境对空间尘粒荷电,并对被荷电尘粒进行静电场集尘(electrostatic field precipitation,EFP)。首先分析空间尘粒的静电荷电与静电吸附机理,进行前端尘粒荷电计算;然后引入多依奇(Deutsch)捕集效率模型,以影响EFP模块捕集效率的关键参数——风速、结构参数和激励电压为对象进行仿真研究,确定了EFP模块的参数设计;最后对按照设计参数加工的EFP模块进行试验验证,结果表明该模块的尘粒捕集效率可达85%以上,满足了对空间尘粒亚高效过滤清除的需求,可为空间尘粒清除装置的进一步开发提供参考。

电火花加工中气泡与电蚀产物对阴极场强影响的仿真研究

针对电火花加工中不同放电位置产生的不同电极损耗形状,讨论了极间存在工作液、气泡、电蚀产物的情况下,火花击穿放电前阴极电场强度的分布情况,从而探究气泡对放电发生位置及电极损耗形状的影响。采用Maxwell软件进行电火花放电通道的静电场仿真,得到气泡、电蚀产物对放电发生位置的影响规律。仿真结果表明:气泡对阴极表面具有保护作用,气泡越大,离阴极表面越近,场强越低,保护作用越明显;电蚀产物对阴极场强有增强作用,且随其浓度的增加而增加;气泡周围区域电蚀产物浓度高,放电发生概率最大;静止的气泡可减少放电损耗,运动的气泡对电极损耗的影响取决于高放电概率,气泡的不同分布状态影响电极的损耗形状。

绝缘紧凑型电破乳器中液滴聚结特性研究

为了提高油包水乳状液在电脱水过程中的破乳效率,从静电聚结机理出发,推导出电极间距与电场强度的关系式;通过分析液滴在极板间距狭小的矩形聚结管道中的受力状况,同时考虑绝缘层以及层流流态对电场中液滴聚结作用的影响,设计出一种绝缘紧凑型电破乳器。改变所加电压和流量以调节破乳器中的电场强度和乳状液停留时间,利用激光粒度仪测量乳化物中水滴的体积平均直径。结果表明,缩小电极间距能产生高强电场;包覆绝缘层的电极板在小间距下能有效破乳并防止击穿,且电场强度越大停留时间越长,聚结效果越显著。该装置可提高油包水乳状液的聚结效率并节省大量空间。

稍不均匀电场中绝缘子附近导电微粒受力分析

建立稍不均匀电场中绝缘子附近的自由导电微粒所受作用力的2-D计算模型,通过对微粒表面Maxwell应力张量进行计算,得到微粒在电场中所受的静电力。改变电极倾斜角、绝缘子材料以及绝缘子的外形,对影响自由导电微粒运动的因素进行了分析,结果显示通过减小高压电极倾斜角度,减小绝缘子材料的介电常数,并采取合适的绝缘子外形, 可减小微粒受到的向上的静电力和微粒受到的指向绝缘子方向的水平静电力,从而可以减小微粒浮起和附着于绝缘子表面的概率。

电场、流场耦合作用下脱除细颗粒物的实验和数值模拟

细颗粒物在电、流场耦合作用下的捕获不但是电厂尾部除尘系统的核心问题,也是空间环境内灰尘限制动力或光学元件性能的关键。以电除尘器为研究对象,通过实验和数值模拟研究了细颗粒物在电、流场耦合作用下的迁移、捕获机理。实验结果表明0.1~1μm的颗粒存在穿透窗口;在电除尘器内粉尘浓度随停留时间的变化并不成比例,而是在停留时间为1.5~2 s左右存在一个较为明显的高效脱除区域,继续增加停留时间对于0.1~3μm颗粒的脱除效率的影响并不明显。通过数值模拟研究了电除尘器内的电势与电场强度分布及其脱除效率,模拟结果表明在计算1μm以下颗粒脱除效率的过程中,对曳力考虑Cunningham滑移修正后的模拟结果与实验结果较为一致,Cunningham滑移修正对于模拟计算亚微米颗粒脱除效率十分重要。

基于粒子成像测速法的正、负电晕放电下线-板式电除尘器内流场测试

电除尘器(ESPs)内流场的变化对细颗粒物的捕集具有显著影响。为此,采用粒子成像测速技术(PIV)测试了线–板式电除尘器模型内的流场。该电除尘器模型外壳为有机玻璃材质;放电极为2根不锈钢圆线且间距可调;示踪粒子为艾灸烟,一次流速约为0.5 m/s;流场测试平面垂直于收尘极和放电极的中心位置;分别施加正、负直流高压进行实验。结果表明,随着电压的增大,正、负电晕放电产生的离子风使得一次气流流速增大,最大增速分别可达0.6 m/s和0.7 m/s。当电压约为±30 kV时,2个放电极之间产生了4个涡旋;且电压越大,4个涡旋分布越均匀对称;较大的放电极间距更利于4个涡旋的形成。这些涡旋的存在会严重阻碍电除尘器内细颗粒物的捕集。

GIS中不均匀直流电场下球状自由导电微粒运动分析

针对气体绝缘系统(GIS)中自由导电微粒无害化的问题,研究导电微粒在GIS中不均匀电场作用下的运动规律,建立球状自由导电微粒在楔形不均匀电极系统中的受力模型,采用Runge-Kutta方法对微粒运动方程进行求解,并对球状自由导电微粒在不均匀直流电场中的运动轨迹进行仿真,同时考虑电压波动和电极表面粗糙等随机因素对微粒运动轨迹的影响。另外,研究了自由导电微粒的运动轨迹与施加电压、微粒初始位置、微粒和电极材料的性质及电极表面状况的关系。研究结果表明:在一定的电场条件下,微粒运动会处于一种谐振状态,而施加电压的幅值。

低密度等离子体融断开关的粒子模拟研究

采用 2 .5维柱坐标粒子模拟程序研究了低密度等离子体融断开关 ( PEOS)工作过程中的物理现象 ,介绍了计算模型的建立和复杂边界的算法处理。模拟结果表明 :在 PEOS导通电流的过程中 ,电流通道最初在等离子体的发生器端形成 ,随着导通时间的增大而向负载端漂移 ,离子的空间分布并没有明显的变化 ;当 PEOS发生断路时 ,等离子体离子的密度会迅速降低 ,并最终导致 PEOS阴极附近的等离子体的密度接近为零 ,此时阴极电子完全受磁场箍缩作用而不能到达阳极 。