Electrostatic Attraction and Repulsion Explained and Modelled Mathematically Using Classical Physics—A Detailed Mechanism Based on Particle Wave Functions

The phenomenon of electrical attraction and repulsion between charged particles is well known, and described mathematically by Coulomb’s Law, yet until now there has been no explanation for why this occurs. There has been no mechanistic explanation that reveals what causes the charged particles to accelerate, either towards or away from each other. This paper gives a detailed explanation of the phenomena of electrical attraction and repulsion based on my previous work that determined the exact wave-function solutions for both the Electron and the Positron. It is revealed that the effects are caused by wave interactions between the wave functions that result in Electromagnetic reflections of parts of the particle’s wave functions, causing a change in their momenta.

Monolayer MoS_(2)Fabricated by In Situ Construction of Interlayer Electrostatic Repulsion Enables Ultrafast Ion Transport in Lithium-Ion Batteries

High theoretical capacity and unique layered structures make MoS_(2)a promising lithium-ion battery anode material.However,the anisotropic ion transport in layered structures and the poor intrinsic conductivity of MoS_(2)lead to unacceptable ion transport capability.Here,we propose in-situ construction of interlayer electrostatic repulsion caused by Co^(2+)substituting Mo^(4+)between MoS_(2)layers,which can break the limitation of interlayer van der Waals forces to fabricate monolayer MoS_(2),thus establishing isotropic ion transport paths.Simultaneously,the doped Co atoms change the electronic structure of monolayer MoS_(2),thus improving its intrinsic conductivity.Importantly,the doped Co atoms can be converted into Co nanoparticles to create a space charge region to accelerate ion transport.Hence,the Co-doped monolayer MoS_(2)shows ultrafast lithium ion transport capability in half/full cells.This work presents a novel route for the preparation of monolayer MoS_(2)and demonstrates its potential for application in fast-charging lithium-ion batteries.

Mechanism for Electrostatic Repulsion or Attraction

It is known that there is a force of repulsion (or attraction) between two similar (or dissimilar) charges and the laws governing these forces are well established in electrostatics. However, the exact mechanism and the origin for these forces are not known. The purpose of this investigation, therefore, is to reveal these aspects in the light of the presence of vibrating strings and lines of fields created by the negative (or positive) charge. The present approach strongly suggests that the force of repulsion is originated between two charges due to fields synchronized with vibrating strings. The Gauss symmetry seems to play a crucial role in these aspects.

The Substructure of Elementary Particles Demonstrated by the I-Theory

Present studies in physics assume that elementary particles are the building blocks of all matter, and that they are zero-dimensional objects which do not occupy space. The new I-Theory predicts that elementary particles do indeed have a substructure, three dimensions, and occupy space, being composed of fundamental particles called I-particles. In this article we identify the substructural pattern of elementary particles and define the quanta of energy that form each elementary particle. We demonstrate that the substructure comprises two classes of quanta which we call “attraction quanta” and “repulsion quanta”. We create a model that defines the rest-mass energy of each elementary particle and can predict new particles. Lastly, in order to incorporate this knowledge into the contemporary models of science, a revised periodic table is proposed.

Electrostatic Force of Repulsion Assists p-p Nuclear Fusion

Trapping of hydrogen ions released during sodium metal dissolution in a dilute aqueous Epsom solution in cavitation induced nanocrystals could bring about an easy path to controlled nuclear fusion. This type of fusion envisioning has the advantage of keeping the two protons and the electrons in the same vicinity, bonded in the same unit throughout the fusion process unlike the case in Sun. The electrostatic repulsive force between protons which has been a stumbling block so far in achieving a controlled fusion is now turned in its favor by exploiting the fascinating properties of water.

Global Existence and Blow-up for a Two-dimensional Attraction-repulsion Chemotaxis System

This paper is devoted to dealing with the parabolic-elliptic-elliptic attraction-repulsion chemotaxis system.We aim to understand the competition among the repulsion,the attraction,the nonlinear productions and give conditions of global existence and blow-up for the two-dimensional attraction-repulsion chemotaxis system。

KELEA (Kinetic Energy Limiting Electrostatic Attraction) Offers an Alternative Explanation to Existing Concepts Regarding Wave-Particle Duality, Cold Fusion and Superconductivity

Existing explanations for several major phenomena in physics may need to be reconsidered in light of the description of a natural force termed KELEA (kinetic energy limiting electrostatic attraction). Three examples are selected for discussion in this paper: i) The proposed wave-particle duality of electrons;ii) cold fusion;and iii) superconductivity. The current interpretations of these enigmatic concepts are incomplete and not fully validated by scientific methods. The observations underlying these processes are seemingly consistent with KELEA acting as a repelling force between opposite electrical charges. Relatively simple experiments can be designed to either confirm or exclude KELEA in these and in various other currently perplexing physical phenomena.

耦合振子系统中振幅包络同相同步向反相同步的转变

耦合振子系统的振幅包络同步行为反映了耦合振子系统幅度与相位的相互作用.在吸引耦合神经元振子系统中引入排斥耦合作用,耦合系统的振幅包络会随着排斥耦合作用的增加从同相同步向反相同步转变.对于给定的吸引耦合神经元振子,随着引入的排斥耦合强度增加,耦合神经元振子的振幅包络之间的相位差会先从0耦合系统中的同步是由于振子之间的相互作用而使整个动力学系统趋于相同的集群动力学现象.随着研究的不断深入,增加至π,然后又由π开始减小.同时,振幅包络的幅值会随排斥耦合强度的增加先减小后增加,存在一个使振幅包络的幅度达到最小值的排斥耦合强度.吸引与排斥耦合竞争引起的振幅包络从同相同步向反相同步转变过程也可以在引入时间尺度的耦合Stuart-Landau振子中产生,具有普适性.该研究不仅可以丰富振幅包络的相关动力学研究,还有助于理解脑信息处理和传递过程.

上下梁磁吸斥力双稳态压电能量采集器

针对压电能量采集中的单悬臂梁频带窄与双稳态势阱较大难以跨越的问题,设计了上下梁磁吸斥力双稳态压电能量采集器。首先,构建了互相激励的上下梁和外部固定磁铁的磁吸斥力双稳态结构,拓宽结构的振动响应与工作频带;通过将磁铁等效为磁偶极子建立平面磁力模型,获得不同参数对结构势能和磁力的影响;然后,基于欧拉-伯努利梁理论和拉格朗日方程建立系统的动力学模型,分析系统动力学特性的影响规律;通过实验结果表明,与无固定磁体的单上梁和单下梁相比,所提的上下梁磁吸斥力双稳态压电能量采集器实现了上悬臂梁的工作频带范围由5~6 Hz扩大到3~11 Hz,3~11 Hz上振动的平均功率提高了26.35%,下悬臂梁的工作频带范围由13~14 Hz扩大到4~13 Hz,4~13 Hz上振动的平均功率提高了23.28%。

芳砜纶基锂硫电池隔膜的制备及性能研究

在不损失芳砜纶(PSA)纤维热稳定条件(200℃下收缩率为0)下,使用相转化法制备A-PSA隔膜,其表现出非对称孔结构(正极侧孔径小于2 nm),且碱化处理提高了隔膜电解质浸润性(340.5%)和电负性。通过空间阻隔和静电屏蔽协同策略,限制了多硫化物的穿梭。结果表明,A-PSA隔膜制备的锂硫电池具备较低电化学阻抗和较高离子电导率(1.23 mS/cm),100个循环后容量保持率(89.1%)高于PP隔膜(58.7%)。

固相萃取剂制备方法研究进展

综述了固相萃取剂的类型和制备方法。介绍了设计的双功能固相萃取剂制备方法。摆脱了传统的单一功能萃取剂作用单一、操作繁琐、分离效率不高以及资源浪费的弊端。对分析样品进行更加简洁有效而又彻底的预处理。

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.

A Healable and Mechanically Enhanced Composite with Segregated Conductive Network Structure for High‑Efficient Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

It is still challenging for conductive polymer composite-based electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding materials to achieve long-term stability while maintaining high EMI shielding effectiveness(EMI SE),especially undergoing external mechanical stimuli,such as scratches or large deformations.Herein,an electrostatic assembly strategy is adopted to design a healable and segregated carbon nanotube(CNT)/graphene oxide(GO)/polyurethane(PU)composite with excellent and reliable EMI SE,even bearing complex mechanical condition.The negatively charged CNT/GO hybrid is facilely adsorbed on the surface of positively charged PU microsphere to motivate formation of segregated conductive networks in CNT/GO/PU composite,establishing a high EMI SE of 52.7 dB at only 10 wt%CNT/GO loading.The Diels–Alder bonds in PU microsphere endow the CNT/GO/PU composite suffering three cutting/healing cycles with EMI SE retention up to 90%.Additionally,the electrostatic attraction between CNT/GO hybrid and PU microsphere helps to strong interfacial bonding in the composite,resulting in high tensile strength of 43.1 MPa and elongation at break of 626%.The healing efficiency of elongation at break achieves 95%when the composite endured three cutting/healing cycles.This work demonstrates a novel strategy for developing segregated EMI shielding composite with healable features and excellent mechanical performance and shows great potential in the durable and high precision electrical instruments.

Electromagnetic Interaction: A New Theoretical Approach

All the four fundamental interactions describe phenomena of attraction except one, the electromagnetic interaction, which also describes phenomena of repulsion. If the matter that constitutes our universe is subject to the same physical laws, then the four fundamental interactions should all express the same phenomena: either attraction or repulsion. In this work, a new approach called the binding cord approach was introduced to describe the electromagnetic interaction. In this new approach, electromagnetic repulsion will be described as a consequence of attraction.

On the formation of Basu’s Type Ⅲ(peeled orange) gunshot residues

In a famous paper published in 1982, a very special class of gunshot residue particles(GSR) was named by Samarendra Basu "peeled orange", due to their particular structure, consisting of a barium/antimony core covered by an outer lead leaflet. In this class of GSR particles the surface may show nodular structures of lead. Basu proposed an explanation in terms of a nucleus of antimony and barium that captures lead vapours produced after the explosion of a cartridge into a firearm: as solidification points of antimony and barium are close one another, both higher than solidification point of lead, he stated that lead occurs as a layer around the core in peeled orange GSR particles. In this paper we study the thermodynamic of the barium/antimony alloy and we hypothesize a formation process in terms of colloidal metal growth, charged particles and electrostatic attraction. We propose an updated model of formation for peeled orange GSR particles that explains the existence of outer lead leaflet and nodules in terms of electrostatic attraction of lead nanoparticles and instability of lead droplets.

A novel model and behavior analysis for a swarm of multi-agent systems with finite velocity

Inspired by the fact that in most existing swarm models of multi-agent systems the velocity of an agent can be infinite, which is not in accordance with the real applications, we propose a novel swarm model of multi-agent systems where the velocity of an agent is finite. The Lyapunov function method and LaSalle＇s invariance principle are employed to show that by using the proposed model all of the agents eventually enter into a bounded region around the swarm center and finally tend to a stationary state. Numerical simulations are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the theoretical results.

Estimation of Separation of Electrolytes and Organic Compounds by Nanofiltration Membranes Using an Irreversible Thermodynamic Modei

Nanofiltration separation has become a popular technique for removing largeorganic molecules and inorganic substances from water. It is achieved by a combination of threemechanisms: electrostatic repulsion, sieving and diffusion. In the present work, a model based onirreversible thermodynamics is extended and used to estimate rejection of inorganic salts andorganic substances. Binary systems are modeled, where the feed contains an ion that is much lesspermeable to the membrane as compared with the other ion. The two model parameters are estimated byfitting the model to the experimental data. Variation of these parameters with the composition ofthe feed is described by an empirical correlation. This work attempts to describe transport throughthe nanofiltration membranes by a simple model.

The Spin Torus Energy Model and Electricity

Defining the electron to be a toroidal form of concentrated energy rather than a monopole point-charge, such as used for the Orbital Nuclear Atomic Model (ONAM), leads to a subtly different explanation for electricity and the dynamic nature of electromagnetic fields. The Spin Torus Energy Model (STEM) is used to define the electron and positron, which are then used to explain the nature of electric and magnetic fields, electric current generation from battery and induction sources, capacitor charge and discharge, and superconductivity. STEM supports the notion that free positrons exist within matter, and are equal in importance to electrons: as ONAM makes no provision for positrons within matter, this assertion has wide ranging implications for atomic structure models and chemistry.

硫酸锌和碳酸钠抑制滑石浮选机理

通过浮选试验、溶液化学计算和多种表征技术,深入研究硫酸锌和碳酸钠在黄铜矿和辉钼矿浮选中对滑石的抑制机理。浮选试验表明,在pH值为7~9的范围内滑石浮选得到有效抑制。在该pH范围内,对硫酸锌和碳酸钠混合溶液的溶液化学计算表明,碱式碳酸锌是主要的含锌物种;X射线衍射和红外光谱分析进一步证明了这一点。Zeta电位测试表明:在滑石抑制发生的pH范围内,碱式碳酸锌表面带正电荷,而滑石表面带负电荷。X射线光电子能谱和场发射扫描电子显微镜证实:经硫酸锌和碳酸钠混合溶液处理的滑石颗粒表面存在含锌沉淀物。结果表明,由于静电吸引,形成的碱式碳酸锌与滑石发生异相聚沉,从而抑制滑石浮选。

表面疏水改性促进煤系黏土矿物沉降的机理及试验研究

针对选煤厂高泥化煤泥水难沉降的现状,以煤系黏土矿物为研究对象,探索了絮凝剂聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)分别与十二烷基三甲基溴化铵(DTAB)、十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTAB)配合使用后黏土矿物沉降规律,并通过聚团影像观测、XPS分析、润湿热和接触角测定及Zeta电位试验,半定量分析了PAM分别与DTAB、CTAB配合使用,促进黏土矿物沉降的作用机理。结果表明:DTAB和CTAB的添加能够促进黏土矿物颗粒生成大聚团,进而提高黏土矿物颗粒初始沉降速度,并大幅度降低上清液浊度,且CTAB作用效果优于DTAB作用效果;当CTAB用量为1800 g/t、PAM用量为80 g/t时,矿物质悬浮液沉降效果较好,对应矿物颗粒初始沉降速度为43.32 m/h,浊度值为76 NTU,沉淀物高度为19 mm,聚团直径最大约为2.6 mm;通过XPS及矿物表面润湿性测试,发现阳离子表面活性剂与矿物表面作用,活性剂带正电荷的亲水基朝向带负电荷的矿物颗粒表面,通过“电中和”作用降低矿物颗粒表面负电位,使矿物颗粒间静电斥力减小,同时,活性剂疏水基脱离矿物颗粒表面定向排列,罩盖矿物颗粒表面含氧基团而增加矿物颗粒表面含碳基团含量,使矿物颗粒表面的润湿热绝对值减小及接触角增加,改变了矿物颗粒表面疏水性,促进了矿物颗粒疏水聚团,从而使矿物颗粒更易聚集沉降;CTAB的烷基链较DTAB的烷基链更长,故CTAB对矿物颗粒表面疏水改性的能力更强,CTAB作用后黏土矿物的沉降效果更好。