Elicitins与植物的抗病性

Elicitins是一类分子量约为 1 0kD的小分子蛋白激发子 ,由Phytophthora和Pythium两个属的植物病原卵菌胞外分泌产生 ,在烟草上引起过敏性反应 (hypersensitiveresponse,HR)和系统获得抗病性 (systemicacquiredresistance ,SAR)。文中从Elicitins结构与功能、生物学意义、基因表达调控 。

辣椒疫霉elicitins基因的克隆及瞬时表达分析

通过挖掘辣椒疫霉中的外泌蛋白激发子elicitins的基因序列,分析其转录特征,克隆基因序列并进行瞬时表达,以阐明其在辣椒疫霉生长发育和侵染过程中的作用。本研究利用转录组测序结果和致病疫霉INF1序列作为比对序列,对辣椒疫霉基因组数据库进行elicitins序列挖掘。采用RT-PCR方法分析elicitins基因在辣椒疫霉生长发育(菌丝、游动孢子囊、游动孢子、萌发的休止孢)和侵染寄主阶段(本氏烟灌根1.5、3、6、12、24、36和72 h后)的转录水平。克隆elicitins基因序列,并与其他卵菌的elicitins进行序列比对,分析进化关系。在本氏烟上进行elicitins的瞬时表达分析。结果表明:经生物信息学分析获得14个含有信号肽编码序列的elicitins基因全长序列。新发现6个elicitins基因在辣椒疫霉生长发育和侵染寄主阶段差异表达。对这6个和之前报道的5个elicitins基因进行全长克隆,能够克隆出的10个elicitins都属于酸性elicitins,聚类分析可将其分在第一和第三聚类组。异源表达发现2个elicitins能够激发本氏烟产生过敏反应。本研究结果不仅为阐明elicitins在辣椒疫霉生长发育和侵染寄主过程中的作用提供了重要数据,也为植物抗疫病的基因工程提供了科学依据。

Understanding the link between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease:role of brain insulin resistance

Type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease are chronic diseases linked to a growing pandemic that affects older adults and causes significant socio-economic burden.Epidemiological data supporting a close relationship between these two aging-related diseases have resulted in the investigation of shared pathophysiological molecular mechanisms.Impaired insulin signaling in the brain has gained increasing attention during the last decade and has been suggested to contribute to the development of Parkinson's disease through the dysregulation of several pathological processes.The contribution of type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance in neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease,with emphasis on brain insulin resistance,is extensively discussed in this article and new therapeutic strategies targeting this pathological link are presented and reviewed.

Insulin resistance as the molecular link between diabetes and Alzheimer's disease

Diabetes mellitus(DM)and Alzheimer's disease(AD)are two major health concerns that have seen a rising prevalence worldwide.Recent studies have indicated a possible link between DM and an increased risk of developing AD.Insulin,while primarily known for its role in regulating blood sugar,also plays a vital role in protecting brain functions.Insulin resistance(IR),especially prevalent in type 2 diabetes,is believed to play a significant role in AD's development.When insulin signalling becomes dysfunctional,it can negatively affect various brain functions,making individuals more susceptible to AD's defining features,such as the buildup of beta-amyloid plaques and tau protein tangles.Emerging research suggests that addressing insulin-related issues might help reduce or even reverse the brain changes linked to AD.This review aims to explore the relationship between DM and AD,with a focus on the role of IR.It also explores the molecular mechanisms by which IR might lead to brain changes and assesses current treatments that target IR.Understanding IR's role in the connection between DM and AD offers new possibilities for treatments and highlights the importance of continued research in this interdisciplinary field.

Development of Machine Learning Methods for Accurate Prediction of Plant Disease Resistance

The traditional method of screening plants for disease resistance phenotype is both time-consuming and costly.Genomic selection offers a potential solution to improve efficiency,but accurately predicting plant disease resistance remains a challenge.In this study,we evaluated eight different machine learning(ML)methods,including random forest classification(RFC),support vector classifier(SVC),light gradient boosting machine(lightGBM),random forest classification plus kinship(RFC_K),support vector classification plus kinship(SVC_K),light gradient boosting machine plus kinship(lightGBM_K),deep neural network genomic prediction(DNNGP),and densely connected convolutional networks(DenseNet),for predicting plant disease resistance.Our results demonstrate that the three plus kinship(K)methods developed in this study achieved high prediction accuracy.Specifically,these methods achieved accuracies of up to 95%for rice blast(RB),85%for rice black-streaked dwarf virus(RBSDV),and 85%for rice sheath blight(RSB)when trained and applied to the rice diversity panel I(RDPI).Furthermore,the plus K models performed well in predicting wheat blast(WB)and wheat stripe rust(WSR)diseases,with mean accuracies of up to 90%and 93%,respectively.To assess the generalizability of our models,we applied the trained plus K methods to predict RB disease resistance in an independent population,rice diversity panel II(RDPII).Concurrently,we evaluated the RB resistance of RDPII cultivars using spray inoculation.Comparing the predictions with the spray inoculation results,we found that the accuracy of the plus K methods reached 91%.These findings highlight the effectiveness of the plus K methods(RFC_K,SVC_K,and lightGBM_K)in accurately predicting plant disease resistance for RB,RBSDV,RSB,WB,and WSR.The methods developed in this study not only provide valuable strategies for predicting disease resistance,but also pave the way for using machine learning to streamline genome-based crop breeding.

Evaluation of Resistance of Different Kiwifruit Varieties (Lines) to Canker Disease and Brown Spot Disease

Kiwifruit canker and brown spot are significant diseases affecting kiwis,caused by Pseudomonas syringae patho-genic variations(Pseudomonas syringae pv.Actinidiae(Psa))and Corynesporapolytica(Corynespora cassiicola).At present,the research on canker disease and brown spot disease mainly focuses on the isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria,drug control,resistance gene mining and functional verification.Practice has proved that breeding disease resistant varieties are an effective method to control canker disease and brown spot disease.However,most existing cultivars lack genes for canker and brown spot resistance.Wild kiwifruit resources in nat-ure exhibit extensive genetic diversity due to prolonged natural selection,containing numerous resistance genes.But,due to insufficient understanding of the resistance of most kiwifruit varieties(lines)to canker disease and brown spot disease,some high-quality resources have not been fully utilized.The incidence of canker and brown spot of 18 kiwifruit cultivars(lines)was measured by inoculating isolated branches and leaves,and their resistance to canker and brown spot was analyzed according to the length,disease index,mean diameter,and systematic clustering.The results were as follows:Among 18 different kiwifruit varieties(lines)for canker disease,there were two highly resistant materials,eight disease-resistant materials,four disease-susceptible materials,and two highly susceptible materials.Moreover,regarding brown spot disease,there were one highly resistant material,five dis-ease-resistant materials,four susceptible materials,and three highly susceptible materials.Furthermore,four resources were resistant to both diseases.The outcomes provided a theoretical basis for breeding kiwifruit against canker and brown spot.

Physiological Response and Resistance of Plants to Disease and Pest Stress

This paper outlines the physiological responses of plants to pathogenic microbial infection and pest feeding stress,as well as the resistance characteristics of plants to diseases and pests,and proposes new directions for future research on crop resistance to diseases and pests.The objective of this paper is to provide a reference framework for the breeding of crops with enhanced resistance to diseases and pests,the utilization of natural immunity in crops,and the efficient prevention and control of diseases and pests.This framework is intended to facilitate the healthy and sustainable development of the agricultural industry.

The Impact and Intervention of Handheld Tai Chi Water-Resistance Fitness Ball on Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

Through the use of a survey and statistical methods, this study explores the effects and interventions of handheld Tai Chi water resistance fitness balls on the elderly with Parkinson’s disease. Firstly, a questionnaire on exercise compliance for patients with Parkinson’s disease was developed, and its reliability and validity were tested. Then, a survey was conducted to investigate the current status of exercise compliance among Parkinson’s disease patients, including general information, scoring status, and single and multiple factor analyses of influencing factors [1]. The results of the study show that through qualitative research, the dimensions and item pools of the questionnaire were initially constructed, and the reliability analysis of the questionnaire was conducted through Delphi expert consultation, with favorable results in terms of its reliability and validity [2]. Regarding the current status of exercise compliance among Parkinson’s disease patients, the study found that the level of exercise compliance needs improvement, and there are significant differences in exercise compliance levels among patients under different circumstances. Finally, the research results were discussed and conclusions were drawn. The innovation of this study lies in the development of a questionnaire on exercise compliance for patients with Parkinson’s disease and the preliminary qualitative research and Delphi expert consultation conducted on it, providing new ideas and methods for the study of exercise compliance. However, the study also has limitations as it did not examine the effects of other interventions on Parkinson’s disease, so further research should be conducted [3].

Mapping the global research landscape on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance:A visualization and bibliometric study

BACKGROUND Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)is a liver condition that is prevalent worldwide and associated with significant health risks and economic burdens.As it has been linked to insulin resistance(IR),this study aimed to perform a bibliometric analysis and visually represent the scientific literature on IR and NAFLD.AIM To map the research landscape to underscore critical areas of focus,influential studies,and future directions of NAFLD and IR.METHODS This study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the literature on IR and NAFLD indexed in the SciVerse Scopus database from 1999 to 2022.The search strategy used terms from the literature and medical subject headings,focusing on terms related to IR and NAFLD.VOSviewer software was used to visualize research trends,collaborations,and key thematic areas.The analysis examined publication type,annual research output,contributing countries and institutions,funding agencies,journal impact factors,citation patterns,and highly cited references.RESULTS This analysis identified 23124 documents on NAFLD,revealing a significant increase in the number of publications between 1999 and 2022.The search retrieved 715 papers on IR and NAFLD,including 573(80.14%)articles and 88(12.31%)reviews.The most productive countries were China(n=134;18.74%),the United States(n=122;17.06%),Italy(n=97;13.57%),and Japan(n=41;5.73%).The leading institutions included the Universitàdegli Studi di Torino,Italy(n=29;4.06%),and the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche,Italy(n=19;2.66%).The top funding agencies were the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases in the United States(n=48;6.71%),and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(n=37;5.17%).The most active journals in this field were Hepatology(27 publications),the Journal of Hepatology(17 publications),and the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism(13 publications).The main research hotspots were“therapeutic approaches for IR and NAFLD”and“inflammatory and high-fat diet impacts on NAFLD”.CONCLUSION This is the first bibliometric analysis to examine the relationship between IR and NAFLD.In response to the escalating global health challenge of NAFLD,this research highlights an urgent need for a better understanding of this condition and for the development of intervention strategies.Policymakers need to prioritize and address the increasing prevalence of NAFLD.

Breeding and Application Techniques of a New Rice Variety Liliang-you 3822 with High Yield and Disease Resistance

Liliangyou 3822 is a novel indica hybrid rice variety that exhibits disease resistance,high yield,lodging resistance,and late maturity.It employs a self-selected two-line sterile line,Li 38S,and a self-selected restorer line,R22.This variety was subjected to a regional test of indica late-maturing groups in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in 2020.The results demonstrated that the average yield of the variety was 9.95 t/hm 2,which was 10.67%higher than that of the control Fengliangyou 4,indicating a highly significant yield increase.In the continuous test in 2021,the average yield was 9.74 t/hm 2,representing a 6.52%increase over the control,which also exhibited a significant increase.Finally,the average yield of the two years regional test was 9.84 t/hm 2,which was 8.58%higher than that of the control.In the 2021 production test,the average yield of the variety was 9.32 t/hm 2,which was 12.19%higher than that of the control,indicating a remarkably significant yield increase.In 2022,the variety was validated by the National Crop Variety Approval Committee(GSD 20220143).

Breeding of a New Medium Indica Variety Liangyou 7968 with Good Quality and Disease Resistance

With global warming and frequent occurrence of severe weather,rice diseases are also on the rise.Therefore,the breeding of new rice varieties with disease resistance is still the breeding direction for rice breeding experts."Liangyou 7968"is a new hybrid rice combination with double resistance to bacterial blight and rice blast.This paper introduced the breeding process,characteristics,high-yielding cultivation techniques and high-yielding seed production technical regulations for Liangyou 7968.

KAT7/HMGN1 signaling epigenetically induces tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A expression to ameliorate insulin resistance in Alzheimer’s disease

BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have revealed a correlation between Alzheimer’s disease(AD)and type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2D).Insulin resistance in the brain is a common feature in patients with T2D and AD.KAT7 is a histone acetyltransferase that participates in the modulation of various genes.AIM To determine the effects of KAT7 on insulin patients with AD.METHODS APPswe/PS1-dE9 double-transgenic and db/db mice were used to mimic AD and diabetes,respectively.An in vitro model of AD was established by Aβstimulation.Insulin resistance was induced by chronic stimulation with high insulin levels.The expression of microtubule-associated protein 2(MAP2)was assessed using immunofluorescence.The protein levels of MAP2,Aβ,dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase-1A(DYRK1A),IRS-1,p-AKT,total AKT,p-GSK3β,total GSK3β,DYRK1A,and KAT7 were measured via western blotting.Accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),malondialdehyde(MDA),and SOD activity was measured to determine cellular oxidative stress.Flow cytometry and CCK-8 assay were performed to evaluate neuronal cell death and proliferation,respectively.Relative RNA levels of KAT7 and DYRK1A were examined using quantitative PCR.A chromatin immunoprecipitation assay was conducted to detect H3K14ac in DYRK1A.RESULTS KAT7 expression was suppressed in the AD mice.Overexpression of KAT7 decreased Aβaccumulation and MAP2 expression in AD brains.KAT7 overexpression decreased ROS and MDA levels,elevated SOD activity in brain tissues and neurons,and simultaneously suppressed neuronal apoptosis.KAT7 upregulated levels of p-AKT and p-GSK3βto alleviate insulin resistance,along with elevated expression of DYRK1A.KAT7 depletion suppressed DYRK1A expression and impaired H3K14ac of DYRK1A.HMGN1 overexpression recovered DYRK1A levels and reversed insulin resistance caused by KAT7 depletion.CONCLUSION We determined that KAT7 overexpression recovered insulin sensitivity in AD by recruiting HMGN1 to enhance DYRK1A acetylation.Our findings suggest that KAT7 is a novel and promising therapeutic target for the resistance in AD.

Utilization of Changyun Jujube, a Cultivar with Resistance to Witches Broom Disease

In 2021,the Shanting District Fruit Industry Service Center conducted an application test of a treatment for jujube witches broom disease using Changyun jujube.The results demonstrated that when diseased Changhong jujube plants were grafted with Changyun jujube in the spring using bark or cleft grafting,the majority of the new shoots of Changyun jujube exhibited no symptoms of witches broom disease,while a few exhibited symptoms of the disease.With the growth of new shoots,the symptoms of witches broom disease gradually abated,returning to normal growth and development.Similarly,the symptoms of witches broom disease on the rootstock below the grafting mouth also gradually abated,returning to normal.The Changyun jujube rootstock was utilized as the intermediate rootstock to grafting the jujube cultivars Qiyuexian and Fucuimi.The two cultivars were subsequently affixed with branch bark from the witches broom disease.The two cultivars did not exhibit any symptoms of witches broom disease,thus providing an opportunity to investigate potential treatments for this disease in jujube.Finally,the cultivation techniques of the Changyun jujube were presented.

Spireoside Controls Blast Disease by Disrupting Membrane Integrity of Magnaporthe oryzae

The application of fungicides is an effective strategy for controlling plant diseases.Among these agents,plant-derived antifungal metabolites are particularly promising due to their eco-friendly and sustainable nature.Plant secondary metabolites typically exhibit broad-spectrum antifungal activity without selective toxicity against pathogens.However,only a small fraction of antifungal metabolites have been identified from the tens of thousands of known plant secondary metabolites.In this study,we conducted a metabolomic analysis on both blast-resistant(Digu)and-susceptible(Lijiangxintuanheigu)rice varieties to uncover novel metabolites that enhance blast resistance.We found that 24 and 48 h post-inoculation with Magnaporthe oryzae were critical time points for metabolomic profiling,based on the infected status of M.oryzae in rice and the observed differences in shikimate accumulation between the two varieties.Following metabolomic analysis,we identified nine flavonoids that were differentially accumulated and are considered potential candidates for disease control.Among these,apigenin-7-glucoside,rhamnetin,and spireoside were found to be effective in controlling blast disease,with spireoside demonstrating the most pronounced efficacy.We discovered that spireoside controlled blast disease by inhibiting both spore germination and appressorium formation in M.oryzae,primarily through disrupting cell membrane integrity.However,spireoside did not induce rice immunity.Furthermore,spireoside was also effective in controlling sheath blight disease.Thus,spireoside shows considerable promise as a candidate for the development of a fungicide for controlling plant diseases.

Genome-wide investigation of defensin genes in apple(Malus×domestica Borkh.) and in vivo analyses show that MdDEF25 confers resistance to Fusarium solani

Apple replant disease is a complex soil syndrome that occurs when the same fields are repeatedly utilized for apple orchard cultivation.It can be caused by various pathogens,and Fusarium solani is the main pathogen.Fusarium solani disrupts the structure and function of the orchard soil ecosystem and inhibits the growth and development of apple trees,significantly impacting the quality and yield of apples.In this study,we conducted a transcriptome comparison between uninoculated apple saplings and those inoculated with F:solani.The differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in processes such as response to symbiotic fungus.Plant defensins are antimicrobial peptides,but their roles during F.solani infection remain unclear.We performed a genome-wide identification of apple defensin genes and identified 25 genes with the conserved motif of eight cysteine residues.In wildtype apple rootstock inoculated with F.solani,the root surface cells experienced severe damage,and showed significant differences in the total root length,total root projection area,root tips,root forks,and total root surface area compared to the control group.qRT-PCR analysis revealed that MdDEF3 and MdDEF25 were triggered in response to F.solani infection in apples.Subcellular localization showed specific expression of the MdDEF3-YFP and MdDEF25-YFP proteins on the cell membrane.Overexpressing theMdDEF25-YFP fusiongene enhanced resistance against F.solani in apple,providing a new strategy for the future prevention and biological control of apple replantdisease.

Recent Progress in Elucidating the Structure, Function and Evolution of Disease Resistance Genes in Plants

Plants employ multifaceted mechanisms to fight with numerous pathogens in nature. Resistance （R） genes are the most effective weapons against pathogen invasion since they can specifically recognize the corresponding pathogen effectors or associated protein（s） to activate plant immune responses at the site of infection. Up to date, over 70 R genes have been isolated from various plant species. Most R proteins contain conserved motifs such as nucleotide-binding site （NBS）, leucine-rich repeat （LRR）, Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain （TIR, homologous to cytoplasmic domains of the Drosophila Toll protein and the manamalian intefleukin-1 receptor）, coiled-coil （CC） or leucine zipper （LZ） structure and protein kinase domain （PK）. Recent results indicate that these domains play significant roles in R protein interactions with effector proteins from pathogens and in activating signal transduction pathways involved in innate immunity. This review highlights an overview of the recent progress in elucidating the structure, function and evolution of the isolated R genes in different plant-pathogen interaction systems.

Analysis of Yield and Disease Resistance Traits of New Winter Rapeseed Varieties over the Past Twenty Years in China

Based on the results of the national regional trail for winter rapeseed in four groups,including the upper reaches,middle reaches and lower reaches of Yangtze River and Huang-Huai region in the past twenty years,new varieties of winter rapeseed showed upward trend in average yield,the yield level in Huang-huai group was higher than other groups.The changes of average effective pods per plant were not significant in any group,but the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight showed increase trend.However,the increment of grains per pod in three Yangtze River groups was higher than that in Huang-Huai River group,while the increment of 1 000-grain weight was just opposite.The incidence rate of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and viral disease in new varieties of winter rapeseed obviously decreased,and the incidence rate of S.sclerotiorum decreased lower than 5%.Genetic improvement for winter rapeseed should be focus on the number of grain per pod and 1 000-grain weight in the future,and yield level of new varieties in all four groups is expected to increase.

Cloning and Analysis of a Disease Resistance Gene Homolog from Soybean

Conserved domains e.g. nucleotide binding site (NBS) were found in several cloned plant disease resistance genes. Based on the NBS domain, resistance gene analogs (RGAs) have been isolated previously and were used as probes to screen a soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cDNA library. A full-length cDNA, KR3, was obtained by screening the library and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method. Sequence analysis revealed that the cDNA is 2 353 bp in length and the open reading frame (ORF) codes for a polypeptide of 636 amino acids with a Toll-Interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) and a NBS domain. Sequence alignment showed that it was similar to N gene of tobacco. The phylogenetic tree analysis of R proteins with NBS from higher plants was performed. The KR3 gene has low copies in soybean genome and its expression was induced by exogenous salicylic acid (SA).

Expression of Exogenous Antimicrobial Peptide and Resistance to Stem Rot Disease of Houttuynia cordata Thunb.

[Objective] This study was to identify the expression of exogenous antimicrobial peptide in transgenic Houttuynia cordata Thunb. plants,and analyze their resistance to stem rot disease. [Methods] SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis were employed to detect expression of exogenous antimicrobial peptide in transgenic H. cordata plants. Both wild type and transgenic H. cordata plants were inoculated with different concentrations of Rhizoctonia solani spores for detecting their resistance. [Results] The exogenous antimicrobial peptide was detected at translation level. The optimal parameters for detecting the resistance of transgenic H. cordata plants to R. solani was inoculation of spores at a concentration of 3×105 ind./ml and cultured for three days. The results showed that resistance of transgenic H. cordata plants to R. solani was enhanced in comparison with CKs. [Conclusion] Expression of exogenous antimicrobial peptide can enhance the resistance of transgenic H. cordata plants to stem rot disease.

Screening of Resistance to Main Diseases in Tomato Cultivars

In this paper,the identification,screening and evaluation of resistance in partial tomato cultivars of Sichuan Province were carried out in natural disease nursery so as to provide a scientific basis for the breeding of disease-resistant cultivars.The result showed most of the tomato cultivars had certain resistance to main diseases.Some tomato cultivars even had resistance to 2-3 kinds of diseases simultaneously.The tested tomato cultivars showed the highest resistance to Fusarium wilt,and 73.33% of the tested cultivars were resistant.In terms of Botrytis cinerea,40.00% of the tomato cultivars are resistant and 50.00% of the tomato cultivars are tolerant.Most of the tomato cultivars are moderately resistant to late blight.However,tomato cultivars are generally susceptible to viral disease.The viral disease-resistant tomato cultivars only accounted for 13.33% of the total cultivars.