Marine diatoms of the Xisha Islands， South China Sea Mastogloia Thw， Ex， Wm， Smith： species of Group Ellipticae

Seventeen species of diatoms of the genus Mastogloia are recorded. For selected species, the external andinternal valve structures are investigated under LM, TEM and SEM microscopes. M. sp. (M. af. cocconeiformis)is described.

TWO new rotenoids from the root of Derris elliptica

Two new rotenoids 4＇,5＇-dihydroxy-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin （1）,11.4t,5＇-tdhydroxy-6a,12a-dehydrodeguelin （2）, along with two known rotenoids rotenone and deguelin were isolated from the root of Derris elliptica collected in Guangdong Province, China. Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis.

Antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical properties of two medicinal plants against the wound infecting bacteria

Objective: To investigate the antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical properties of ethanol extracts of Brachylaena elliptica and Brachylaena ilicifolia against wound infecting bacteria normally found in diabetic patients.Methods: The in vitro antioxidant activity of the two plants extracts were investigated spectrophotometrically using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, nitric oxide, azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2) and ferric reducing power. The antibacterial assay and minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) was determined using the agar dilution method against five bacteria strains using amoxycillin and ciprofloxacin as positive control. The phytochemical analyses(tannins,total phenol, flavonoids, flavonols, proanthocyanidin, alkaloids and saponins) were assessed using standard methods.Results: The ethanol extract of both plants exhibited strong antioxidant activities in some cases when compared to the standards(vitamin C and BHT). The antibacterial activity of both plants showed an appreciable broad spectrum activity against these wound pathogens with MIC value ranges between 0.3 mg/m L and 5 mg/m L. Tannins,phenols, flavanols, proanthocyanidins and alkaloids content of B. ilicifolia were significantly higher than those in B. elliptica. However, there were no significant differences in the flavanoid content of both plants extracts.Conclusions: These results indicated that the ethanol leaf extracts of these plants have antioxidant and antibacterial activity against the tested bacteria possibly due to the presence of bioactive compounds and therefore could be used as alternative therapy against wound infection caused by these bacteria in diabetic patients.

Antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of Litsea elliptica Blume and Litsea resinosa Blume(Lauraceae)

Objective:To investigate antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of two plant species,Litsea elliptica(L elliptica) and Litsea resinosa(L resinosa).Methods:In vitro method-2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay was conducted for antioxidant activity detennination while antimicrobial assay consisted of agar well diffusion assay and mycelial radial growth assay.Results:Methanol extracts of root and stem of L elliptica and L resinosa exhibited the highest antioxidant activity with EC_(50)of 23.99,41.69,11.22 and 33.48 mg/l.respectively.All methanol extracts of L resinosa as well as root extracts from L elliptica showed significant scavenging activity.Hexane extract from stem of L resinosa presented the largest inhibition zone in Gramnegative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli while chloroform extract from inner bark of L resinosa showed major inhibition towards Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis.Essential oils from the root of both species showed significant antifungal activities which are 80.11%and 66.85%respectively.Conclusions:Overall,methanol extracts from root and stem of both species showed antioxidant activity comparable to standard butylated hydroxytoluene.Extracts from L resinosa demonstrated stronger antimicrobial properties compared to that from L elliptica.

Phytochemical constituents,antioxidant and antibacterial activities of methanolic extract of Ardisia elliptica

Objective:To investigate the antioxidant,antibacterial,and chemical ingredients of Ardisia elliptica(A.elliptica) methanolic extracts.Methods:The plant was extracted using methanol.Antibacterial and antioxidant activities were evaluated.Results:The results showed that both fruit and leaf extract of A.elliptica have significant antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.Fruit extracts showed higher content of phenolic(71 ± 0.03 GAE/mg extract dry weight),in comparison to the leaf extracts(37 ± 0.05 GAE/mg extract dry weight).Flavonoid content,and Fe2+chelating activity of fruit extracts were higher than leaf extract.The percentage radical inhibition of fruit extract is found to be higher(70%) than that of leaf extract(60%).LCMS results indicated that the major compounds in the fruit extract were Gingerol,Aspidin,Kampherol,and Stercuresin,while the leaf extract contained Gingerol,Aspidin,Triangularin,and Salicyl acyl glucuronide.Furthermore,the results of GCMS indicated that fruit extract contained these major compounds:Vitamin E Tocopherol,5-hepylresornicol,2-Nonylmalonic acid,5-pentadecylresornicol,and Stigmasta-7-22-dien-3-ol.However,leaf extract of A.elliptica contained these major compounds:Alpha Amyrenol,4,4,6,6a,6b,8,8a,9,10,11,12,12 a,14,14 a,14 b octadehydro-2H-picen-3-one,and Lonasterol,4-t-Butyl-2-[4-nitrophenyl] phenol.Conclusions:The results provide evidence that fruit and leaf of A.elliptica extracts might indeed be used as a potential source of effective natural antimicrobial and antioxidant agents in pharmaceutical and food industries.

Multiple lines of evidence supports the two varieties of Halenia elliptica(Gentianaceae)as two species

Delimiting species requires multiple sources of evidence.Here,we delimited two varieties of Halenia elliptica(Gentianaceae)using several lines of evidence,including morphological traits and mating system in a sympatric population,phylogenetic relationships based on nrITS and cpDNA(rpl16)data,and complete chloroplast genome sequences.Comparative analysis of 21 morphological traits clearly separates the two varieties of H.elliptica.Examination of the flowering process and pollination treatments indicate that H.elliptica var.grandiflora produces seeds via outcrossing,whereas H.elliptica var.elliptica produces seeds via mixed mating.Furthermore,hand-pollinated hybridization of the two varieties produced no seeds.Observations of pollinators showed that when bees began a pollination bout on H.elliptica var.grandiflora they preferred to continue pollinating this variety;however,when they began a pollination bout on H.elliptica var.elliptica,they showed no preference for either variety.Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the monophyly of H.elliptica,which was further divided into two monophyletic clades corresponding to the two varieties.A large number of variants from the chloroplast genomes reflected remarkable genetic dissimilarities between the two varieties of H.elliptica.We recommend that the two varieties of H.elliptica should be revised as two species(H.elliptica and H.grandiflora).Our findings indicate that H.elliptica varieties may have split into two separate species due to a shift in mating system,changes in flowering phenology and/or post-pollination reproductive isolation.

Ethnobotanical review and pharmacological properties of selected medicinal plants in Brunei Darussalam:Litsea elliptica,Dillenia suffruticosa,Dillenia excelsa,Aidia racemosa,Vitex pinnata and Senna alata

The aim of the current study is to review the medicinal properties of the plants found in Brunei Darussalam namely Litsea elliptica, Dillenia suffruticosa, Dillenia excelsa, Aidia racemosa, Vitex pinnata and Senna alata. The known phytochemical constituents of these plants and their ability to bring about a range of biological activities are included in this review. These plants have been used traditionally for a multitude of diseases and illnesses. There is a lot of untapped potential in these medicinal plants which could cure multiple diseases.

Crystal Structure of 1-Hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone, a Xanthone Isolated from Halenia Elliptica

In an attempt to identify bioactive compounds from a Tibetan medicinal herb Halenia elliptica, four known compounds were isolated. The crystal structure of the title compound 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,7-tetramethoxyxanthone was characterized by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis. The crystal belongs to monoclinic, space group P21/n with a = 7.155(2), b = 13.232(1), c = 16.037(2) ? b = 95.06(2), V = 1512.4(5) 3, C17H16O7, Mr = 332.30, Z = 4, Dc = 1.459 g/cm3, l(MoKa) = 0.71073 ? m(MoKa) = 1.15 cm-1 and F(000) = 696. It exhibits a characteristic approximate plane structure consisting of 13 carbon atoms (C(1) to C(13)) and all of the seven oxygen atoms (O(1) to O(7)). An intra-hydrogen bond was formed between O(6) and O(5)H(5).

椭圆叶花锚ISSR-PCR体系的建立与优化

为建立椭圆叶花锚ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系,本研究采用正交设计和单因素试验的方法,对影响ISSR-PCR反应体系的5种关键因素(DNA,dNTPs,引物,Mg^2+,Taq DNA酶)进行最适浓度筛选,并采用甘肃省的3个居群进行验证。结果表明,各因素影响大小依次为:DNA浓度>Mg^2+>dNTPs>Taq DNA酶>引物浓度。椭圆叶花锚ISSR-PCR反应的最佳体系为(25μL):50 ng DNA模板,Mg^2+2.0 mmol/L,dNTPs 0.20 mmol/L,Taq酶1.5 U,引物0.4μmol/L,2.5μL 10×Buffer。选取甘肃省3个居群进行验证,结果显示扩增条带清晰明亮且重复性好,表明该反应体系适用于椭圆叶花锚的ISSR分子标记。该反应体系的建立可为椭圆叶花锚ISSR标记开发、遗传多样性、遗传图谱构建等后续分析提供参考。

泛喜马拉雅地区党参属六个新种和一个新亚种（英文）

描述了在泛喜马拉雅地区发现的党参属六个新种和一个新亚种。Codonopsis campanulata和C.reflexa分布于尼泊尔,C.bomiensis发现于西藏的波密和米林,其余都产自四川西部。六个新种均附有精美的线条图。

Identification of the metabolites of biologically active xanthones isolated from Halenia elliptica D.Don by high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Metabolism study has been carried out on 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxyxanthone （HM-1） and 1-hydroxy-2,3,4,7- tetramethoxyxanthone （HM-2）, which are two biologically active ingredients isolated from the Tibetan herb, Halenia elliptica D. Don., in rat liver microsomes in vitro. A method of high performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry （LCMSn-ESI-IT-TOF） was applied to analyze metabolites of HM-1 and HM-2 on line, and five metabolites were identified containing 1,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone （HM-5）, 1,7-dihydroxy-2,3,4-trimethoxyxanthone （HM-9）, 1,4, 7- trihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxyxanthone （HM-10）, 1,4-dihydroxy-2,3,7-trimethoxyxanthone （HM-11） and 1,2-dilaydroxy-3,4,7- trimethoxyxanthone （HM-12）. Among these metabolites, HM-9, HM-11, and HM-12 were isomers mutually. The results indicated that HM-1 and HM-2 occurred Phase I metabolic reaction of demethylation in rat microsomes in vitro.

Acute and subacute oral toxicity of Litsea elliptica Blume essential oil in rats

Litsea elliptica Blume has been traditionally used to treat headache,fever,and stomach ulcer,and has also been used as an insect repellent.The acute and subacute toxicities of L.elliptica essential oil were evaluated orally by gavage in female Sprague-Dawley rats.For the acute toxicity study,L.elliptica essential oil was administered in doses from 500 to 4 000 mg/kg(single dose),and in the subacute toxicity test,the following doses were used:125,250,and 500 mg/kg,for 28 consecutive days.In the acute toxicity study,L.elliptica essential oil caused dose-dependent adverse behaviours and mortality.The median lethal dose value was 3 488.86 mg/kg and the acute non-observed-adversed-effect level value was found to be 500 mg/kg.The subacute toxicity study of L.elliptica essential oil did not reveal alterations in body weight,and food and water consumptions.The haematological and biochemical analyses did not show significant differences between control and treated groups in most of the parameters examined,except for the hemoglobin,mean cell hemoglobin concentration,mean cell volume,mean cell hemoglobin,serum albumin,and serum sodium.However,these differences were still within the normal range.No abnormalities or histopathological changes were observed in the liver,pancreatic islet of Langerhans,and renal glomerulous and tubular cells of all treated groups.In conclusion,L.elliptica essential oil can be classified in the U group,which is defined as a group unlikely to present an acute hazard according to World Health Organization(WHO) classification.

Toxic effects of Litsea elliptica Blume essential oil on red blood cells of Sprague-Dawley rats

Litsea elliptica Blume leaves have been traditionally used as medicinal herbs because of its antimutagenicity,chemopreventative and insecticidal properties. In this study,the toxic effects of L. elliptica essential oil against Sprague-Dawley rat’s red blood cells (RBCs) were evaluated. L. elliptica essential oil was given by oral gavage 5 times per week for 3 treated groups in the doses of 125,250,and 500 mg/(kg body weight),respectively,and the control group received distilled water. Full blood count,RBC osmotic fragility,RBC morphological changes,and RBC membrane lipid were analyzed 28 d after the treatment. Although L. elliptica essential oil administration had significantly different effects on hemoglobin (Hb),mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC),mean cell volume (MCV),and mean cell hemoglobin (MCH) in the experimental groups as compared to the control group (P<0.05),the values were still within the normal range. L. elliptica induced morphological changes of RBC into the form of echinocyte. The percentage of echinocyte increased significantly among the treated groups in a dose-response manner (P<0.001). The concentrations of RBC membrane phospholipids and cholesterol of all treated groups were significantly lower than those of control group (P<0.001). However,the RBC membrane osmotic fragility and total proteins of RBC membrane findings did not differ significantly between control and treated groups (P>0.05). It is concluded that structural changes in the RBC membrane due to L. elliptica essential oil administration did not cause severe membrane damage.

兰屿树杞(Ardisia cf. elliptica)三萜及其抑制鸭(Anas platyrynchos L.)绒毛尿囊膜血管生成作用(英文)

The dichloromethane extract of the air-dried leaves of Ardisia cf.elliptica(subgenus Tinus)afforded a mixture of bauerenol(1a),α-amyrin(1b)andβ-amyrin(1c).Their structures were identified by NMR spectroscopy.Mixtures of the triterpenes (1a-1c)at ratios of 2:2:1,2:2:3 and 1:1:1 were tested for their angio-suppressive effects on duck chorioallantoic membrane (CAM).All three ratios were found to be effective in restricting inter-capillary length,while 1a-1c(2:2:1)was most effective in reducing branch point density with 100%CAM viability and embryo survivability,suggesting a high impact angio-suppressive potential of 1a-1c(2:2:1).

Isolation, purification and structural characterization of a water-soluble polysaccharide HM41 from Halenia elliptica D.Don

A water-soluble polysaccharide, HM（41）, was obtained from Halenia elliptica D. Don by acidic ethanol fractionation and gel filtration. Its homogeneity was confirmed by chromatography using multiple systems. HM（41） was composed of rhamnose（Rha）, arabinose（Ara）, xylose（Xyl）, mannose（Man）,galactose（Gal）, glucose（Glc） with a molar ratio of 1.0：5.5：1.8：3.0：9.4：21. The average molecular weight of HM（41） was approximately 1.17 ＊ 10~4. Periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, methylation and GC, IR,NMR, XRD, GC–MS analysis were used for the structural analysis of HM（41）. Its main chain was composed mainly of β-（1→4）Gal, β-（1→4）Glc and β-（1→6）Glc. β-（1 →4）Gal were substituted at 6-O and on average there were 14 branches among 23 main chain residues;（1→ 4）Glc had no branch;（1→6）Glc were substituted at 3-O and on average there were 9 branches among 14 main chain residues. The side chain was composed of（1→3,6）-Rha,（1→4）/（1→5）-Ara,（1 →4）/（1→5）-Xyl,（1→4,6）-Man and（1→2）-Glc. The terminal residue was composed of Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, and Glc. Then, we demonstrated that HM and HM（41） had strong scavenging activities in vitro hydroxyl. Overall, HM and HM（41） may have potential applications in the antioxidants for medical and food industry.