Distribution and drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in emergency patients

BACKGROUND Antibiotic resistance has become a global threat for human health,calling for rational use of antibiotics.AIM To analyze the distribution and drug resistance of the bacteria,providing the prerequisite for use of antibiotics in emergency patients.METHODS A total of 2048 emergency patients from 2013 to 2017 were enrolled.Their clinical examination specimens were collected,followed by isolation of bacteria.The bacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing were carried out.RESULTS A total of 3387 pathogens were isolated.The top six pathogens were Acinetobacter baumannii(660 strains),Staphylococcus aureus(436 strains),Klebsiella pneumoniae(347 strains),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(338 strains),Escherichia coli(237 strains),and Candida albicans(207 strains).The isolation rates of these pathogens decreased year by year except Klebsiella pneumoniae,which increased from 7.1%to 12.1%.Acinetobacter baumannii is a widely-resistant strain,with multiple resistances to imipenem,ciprofloxacin,minocycline and tigecycline.The Staphylococcus aureus had high resistance rates to levofloxacin,penicillin G,and tetracycline.But the susceptibility of it to vancomycin and tigecycline were 100%.Klebsiella pneumoniae had high resistance rates to imipenem,cefoperazone/sulbactam,amikacin,and ciprofloxacin,with the lowest resistance rate to tigecycline.The resistance rates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to cefoperazone/sulbactam and imipenem were higher,with the resistance rate to amikacin below 10%.Besides,Escherichia coli had high resistance rates to ciprofloxacin and cefoperazone/sulbactam and low resistance rates to imipenem,amikacin,and tigecycline.CONCLUSION The pathogenic bacteria isolated from the emergency patients were mainly Acinetobacter baumannii,Staphylococcus aureus,Klebsiella pneumoniae,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,Escherichia coli,and Candida albicans.The detection rates of drugresistant bacteria were high,with different bacteria having multiple drug resistances to commonly used antimicrobial agents,guiding the rational use of drugs and reducing the production of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Focus on emerging drugs for the treatment of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has become the most common liver disorder in Western countries and is increasingly being recognized in developing nations.Fatty liver disease encompasses a spectrum of hepatic pathology,ranging from simple steatosis to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis,cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma and end-stage liver disease.Moreover,NAFLD is often associated with other metabolic conditions,such as diabetes mellitus type 2,dyslipidemia and visceral obesity.The most recent guidelines suggest the management and treatment of patients with NAFLD considering both the liver disease and the associated metabolic co-morbidities.Diet and physical exercise are considered the first line of treatment for patients with NAFLD,but their results on therapeutic efficacy are often contrasting.Behavior therapy is necessary most of the time to achieve a sufficient result.Pharmacological therapy includes a wide variety of classes of molecules with different therapeutic targets and,often,little evidence supporting the real efficacy.Despite the abundance of clinical trials,NAFLD therapy remains a challenge for the scientific community,and there are no licensed therapies for NAFLD.Urgently,new pharmacological approaches are needed.Here,we will focus on the challenges facing actual therapeutic strategies and the most recent investigated molecules.

Drug dependence and its risk factors in emergency department patients:A retrospective cross-sectional study

Objective:To determine the characteristics and risk factors of drug dependence among patients who were administered drugs with addictive potential(DAP)in an emergency department(ED).Methods:This retrospective cross-sectional study included patients who were administered DAP 3 or more times in the emergency room between September 1,2019 and March 1,2020.The demographic and baseline information were recorded.All the prescibed DAP,the reasons to use these drugs,secondary drug dependence,the department where DAP were first prescribed,types of doctors who preferred to prescribed DAP,and the risk factors for the development of drug dependence were determined.Results:A total of 3000 patients were screened from medical records,and among them,80 patients developed drug dependence.Drug dependence only developed for tramadol(n=57,71.3%),diazepam(n=11,13.8%),and biperiden(n=12,15.0%).Tramadol was the most frequently prescribed drug(n=57,71.3%).The most common reason for drug dependence was psychiatric disorders(n=29,36.3%).Drug dependence developed in renal colic patients due to the administration of tramadol(n=7,100%).On the contrary,dependence to biperiden were mainly developed in patients with psychiatric complaints(n=12,41.4%).The rate of secondary drug dependence was 15%(n=12).Of the Biperiden users,41.7%developed secondary drug dependence on diazepam.Most DAP were first prescribed in the ED(n=52,65%),and the specialist preferred to prescribe DAP(n=43,53.8%).For the development of dependence,the presence of renal colic(OR:3.387,95%confidence interval(CI):1.473-7.788,P=0.004)and low back pain(OR:5.778,95%CI:2.779-12.014,P<0.001)were the risk factors.Conclusions:Most DAP were first prescribed in the ED compared to other departments,and specialist are preferred to use DAP.Tramadol is the most commonly used drugs caused drug dependence.Psychiatric disorder patients are easier to develope drug dependence.Furthermore,renal colic and low back pain patients needs more attention to avert drug dependence.

Prevalence and risk factors for acquired long QT syndrome in the emergency department:a retrospective observational study

BACKGROUND: Long QT syndrome(LQTS) is a heterogeneous syndrome that may be congenital or, more frequently, acquired. The real-world prevalence of acquired LQTS(aLQTS) in the emergency department(ED) remains to be determined. The aim of this study was to determine prevalence of aLQTS and its impact on symptoms on ED admissions.METHODS: Electrocardiograms(ECG) of 5,056 consecutively patients admitted in the ED of a tertiary hospital between January 28th and March 17th of 2020 were reviewed. All patients with aLQTS were included. Clinical data with a focus on QT prolonging drugs and clinical factors were recorded. Statistical comparison was made between the groups with and without corrected QT(QTc) interval greater than 500 ms(value that is considered severely increased).RESULTS: A total of 383 ECGs with prolonged QTc were recognized, corresponding to a prevalence of aLQTS at admission of 7.82%. Patients with aLQTS were more commonly men(53.3%) with an age of(73.49±14.79) years old and QTc interval of(505.3±32.4) ms. Only 20.4% of these patients with aLQTS were symptomatic. No ventricular arrhythmias were recorded. Patients with QT interval greater than 500 ms were more frequently female(59.5%;P<0.001) and were more frequently on QT prolonging drugs(77.3%;P=0.025). Main contributing factor was intake of antibiotics(odds ratio [OR] 4.680) followed by female gender(OR 2.473) and intake of antipsychotics(OR 1.925).CONCLUSION: aLQTS is particularly prevalent in the ED. Female patients on antibiotics and antipsychotics are at particularly high risk. Efforts must be made to avoid, detect and treat aLQTS as early as possible.

Clinical profile of medication-related emergencies among patients presenting to the emergency department:An observational study

Objective:To determine the clinical profile of patients presenting with medication-related emergencies to the Emergency Department of our institute.Methods:This was an observational study conducted between November 2018 and September 2020 at Bangalore Baptist Hospital,Karnataka.A total of 138 subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria were included in the study.The severity of adverse drug reactions(ADR)is assessed based on the Hurwitz severity assessment scale of ADR.Glasgow coma scale at the time of presentation and source of medication were noted.The type of drug overdose,requirement of advanced airway and vasopressors,and the outcome were also assessed.Results:Among medication-related emergencies(n=138)in our study,ADR contributed to 70.3%(n=97)of the study population,and drug overdose accounted for 29.7%(n=41).One-third of the ADR occurred in patients aged above 60 years.Most patients were hemodynamically stable and did not require vasopressors,or advanced airway in both groups.Most patients had Glasgow coma scale ranging from 13-15 in both groups.Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were the most used medicine(17/41,41.5%)and most medications were over the counter drugs(25/41,61.0%)in the drug overdose group;meanwhile in the ADR group,anti-diabetic medication was the most used medicine(34/97,35.1%)and most medications were prescribed in the ADR group(93/97,95.9%).Conclusions:Our study shows that ADR is the most common type of medication-related emergency.

2019—2022年北京某院HIV-1新发感染者抗病毒治疗前耐药情况分析

目的 了解2019—2022年该院新发1型人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV-1)感染者中原发耐药水平和流行现状。方法 对2019—2022年HIV-1确认阳性且未行抗病毒治疗的新发感染者进行原发耐药检测。应用反转录/巢式聚合酶链式反应扩增病毒pol基因,进行病毒亚型、主要耐药相关突变和原发耐药率分析等。结果 2019—2022年新发HIV-1感染者进行原发耐药检测比例分别为62.23%(669/1 075)、80.00%(400/500)、 80.78%(500/619)及81.03%(474/585),原始耐药发生比例分别为5.31%(30/565)、6.65%(24/361)、6.59%(30/455)及4.19%(18/430),总耐药比例为5.63%(102/1 811)。蛋白酶抑制剂、核苷类反转录酶抑制剂(NRTIs)、非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂(NNRTIs)耐药率分别为0.11%(2/1 811)、1.44%(26/1 811)、4.91%(89/1 811);NNRTIs类耐药位点主要是V179D/E单独或与其他位点协同出现;NRTIs类耐药位点主要是M184V及K65R。主要感染亚型依次为CRF01_AE[44.56%(807/1 811)]、CRF07_BC[39.54%(716/1 811)]、B亚型[8.28%(150/1 811)]。结论 该院新诊断HIV-1感染者进行原发耐药检测比例逐年上升,近3年来原发耐药率呈下降趋势,原发耐药呈低流行水平,主要原发耐药为NNRTIs及NRTIs耐药。

急诊重症监护室血流感染患者临床结局的风险因子探讨

目的探讨急诊重症监护室(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)血流感染患者临床结局的风险因子,为临床决策提供依据。方法回顾性收集2019年1月至2023年4月我院就诊的141例EICU血流感染患者的病历资料及血培养记录,采用Logistic回归分析患者死亡的危险因素,运用Cox回归分析上述因素与患者生存时间和临床结局的关系。结果在141例EICU血流感染患者中,两种及以上细菌混合血流感染[比值比(OR)=5.68,95%置信区间(CI):1.20~26.98,P<0.05]及多重耐药菌血流感染(OR=6.39,95%CI:2.78~14.67,P<0.01)与患者死亡具有显著相关性;是否根据药敏结果及时调整用药[风险比(HR)=0.47,95%CI:0.30~0.74]和多重耐药菌血流感染(HR=2.02,95%CI:1.28~3.20)是EICU血流感染患者死亡的风险因子(P<0.01)。结论尽早采集血培养,明确感染病原菌,精准用药控制感染,可以有效降低患者的死亡率。

北京市某三级口腔专科医院门急诊处方不合理情况分析

目的 点评分析北京大学口腔医学院口腔医院门急诊处方,了解处方质量和临床用药存在的问题,为促进合理用药提供参考。方法 随机抽取2021年7—12月该院门急诊处方6 000张,利用美康合理用药软件进行用药合理性初步筛查,再由药师进行人工复审,采用Excel软件对不合理处方进行分类统计及分析。结果 6 000张处方中,软件初筛不合理处方798张(含药品不合理条目828条),不合理率为13.30%。药师人工复审后确认不合理处方214张(含药品不合理条目219条),不合理率为3.57%,不合理条目类型为用法用量不适宜(112条,51.14%)、诊断描述不全(59条,26.94%)、遴选药品不适宜(15条,6.85%)、书写不规范(14条,6.39%)。不合理条目分布最多的科室为口腔黏膜科,占比50.68%。不合理条目数最多的药品为他克莫司软膏,占比30.59%,主要问题为用药频次不合理(超过规定次数)。结论 医院门急诊处方基本合理,但需关注用法用量、诊断描述等问题。合理用药软件有助于处方点评初筛但无效提醒较多、需定期改进,点评结果需要药师结合医药进展及临床实际情况进行人工审核后最终判定。可通过软件初筛结合人工复审并及时反馈问题、加强超说明书用药管理等手段,加强临床合理用药。

新型抗肿瘤药物致神经系统疾病综述及风险信息管理

随着越来越多的新型抗肿瘤药物获批上市,对这些药物的临床安全性监测和风险信息管理成为迫切需要。药源性神经系统疾病存在起病隐匿﹑进展迅速和治疗棘手等特点,最终可能导致治疗失败。因此,充分了解新型抗肿瘤药物所致神经系统疾病的风险,并进行监护和预警,及时处理和上报,可大幅降低药源性疾病的发生和危害程度。本文对新型抗肿瘤药物所致神经系统疾病展开综述,介绍了此类药物临床使用的警戒体系和风险信息管理手段,以期为指导临床合理用药、减少药源性疾病的发生提供借鉴。

某院门急诊处方前置审核系统不合理医嘱拦截情况分析

目的 促进临床安全、合理用药。方法 收集首都医科大学附属北京积水潭医院2022年11月至2023年10月的门急诊处方前置审核系统审核的西药医嘱,分析不合理医嘱发生情况。结果 共收集医嘱3 230 289条,其中不合理医嘱68 730条(2.13%),不合理医嘱的主要类型为适应证不适宜(49 162条,71.53%),次要类型为重复用药(9 629条,14.01%),其余均为一般类型(包括用法用量不适宜、配伍禁忌/不良药物相互作用、遴选药品不适宜、药品剂型/给药途径不适宜、多重因素不适宜等)。适应证不适宜医嘱较多的原因包括部分医师对医院新增药品的适应证欠熟悉,系统判断受到假阳性干扰等;重复用药医嘱较多的原因包括某些复方制剂药品有效成分、功能主治相对复杂,部分医师尚不完全熟悉,以及序贯治疗方案引起的假阳性情况等。结论 处方前置审核系统的应用可有效避免用药错误的产生,减少不合理药费支出。针对系统判定结果中存在的假阳性、假阴性情况,需不断更新完善系统数据库,药师也应不断提升自身的专业知识,同时与医师紧密配合,不断提升医嘱审核的质量,促进临床合理用药。

药学专业开设药品应急保障课程的思考

文章从药学专业开设药品应急保障课程的必要性入手,介绍课程定位、培养目标、结构内容、教学方式和评价方法等内容,在教材编写、师资培养和教学平台开发三方面提出实施建议,拓宽药学专业课程建设的思路,以利于应用型药学人才的培养。

基于免疫理论的抗流感药品供应应急管理研究——以奥司他韦为例

目的:总结分析公共卫生事件中抗流感药品供应短缺问题根源,为中国抗流感药品短缺的管理和保障体系的完善提供借鉴。方法:梳理抗流感药品奥司他韦的市场现状,并基于免疫理论构建奥司他韦应急管理系统,从免疫系统的识别阶段、分化阶段、效应阶段中应急管理的应急感知能力、应急监控能力、应急反应能力、应急组织能力角度,针对相关抗流感药品的供应短缺、高价等问题、相关保障措施等方面进行阐述与探索。结果:基于免疫理论的奥司他韦应急管理系统由政府、患者、医疗机构、药品生产流通企业、媒体等多元主体构成,经历识别阶段、分化阶段、效应阶段,完成对奥司他韦供给短缺的初期风险监测与后期预案生成与优化过程,形成集监控、防御与自稳功能于一体的奥司他韦应急管理系统。结论:国家制度保障,减少信息差,保障供应链;启动药品应急审批程序;监管力度加大;利用网络媒体,做出积极引导等措施可以帮助提升应急管理免疫系统免疫力。

2021—2023年海南某院急诊科细菌分离情况及耐药监测数据分析

目的了解急诊科分离病原菌的分布及耐药情况,为急诊科感染性患者的诊疗提供依据。方法应用WHONET 5.6对2021—2023年海南省人民医院急诊科患者分离细菌及药敏结果数据进行分析。结果2021—2023年急诊科共分离细菌1149株,2021年分离株数最多,共486株,2022年分离株数最少,共304株,革兰阳性菌占比25.9%~33.2%,三年间大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌是分离最多的细菌,分别为209株、156株、139株、131株和80株;血和痰是分离细菌最多的标本,三年间共分别分离出498株和354株细菌,患者性别男性多于女性,61~80岁组是分离细菌最多的年龄分组。2021年甲氧西林耐药金黄色葡萄球菌占比最高,达42.3%,对碳青霉烯类药物耐药的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌则在2023年最高,对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为2.7%、3.6%和43.2%,碳青霉烯耐药鲍曼不动杆菌在2021年检出率最高,对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为80.5%和87.8%。结论急诊科分离菌以鲍曼不动杆菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌最多,2021—2023年分离菌对药物的耐药未出现明显趋势,可根据细菌监测分析报告考虑可能的病原,依据耐药监测结果进行经验性用药。

患儿全身麻醉苏醒期躁动非药物干预的范围综述

目的 对非药物干预在患儿全身麻醉苏醒期躁动(EA)的应用的相关研究进行范围综述,为未来相关研究提供参考。方法 检索PubMed、Embase、CINAHL、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国知网、万方和中国生物医学数据库中的相关研究。结果 共纳入28篇文献,患儿EA的非药物干预涵盖父母的录音、父母的陪伴、母亲视频通话、围术期的心理干预、分散注意力、光疗、视听预演、蒙眼试验、术前轻饮、白噪声疗法及联合干预措施。主要评价指标是EA水平,次要评价指标为患儿术前配合相关指标、患儿苏醒期相关指标、父母态度相关指标、行为相关指标。结论 患儿EA的非药物干预措施涵盖面较广,父母参与是非药物干预措施内容的共同要素,未来的研究还需探索父母参与的最佳策略,科学地联合多种高效可行的非药物干预手段,提供有针对性的个体化医疗,同时,开展对非药物干预措施的证据总结,形成高质量的循证证据,为降低患儿EA的发生率提供依据。

北京急救中心院前急救药品应用情况分析

目的:分析北京急救中心2022年院前急救药品使用情况,为院前急救合理用药提供参考。方法:采用限定日剂量(Defined Daily Dose,DDD)法对北京急救中心2022年1~12月院前急救药品应用品种、金额、用药频度进行统计、分析。结果:用药频度最高的前3位药是盐酸肾上腺素注射液、醒脑静注射液及盐酸乌拉地尔注射液;治疗费用较高的前3位药分别是盐参附注射液、醒脑静注射液及盐酸乌拉地尔注射液。结论:该院院前急救药使用基本合理,其中抗休克血管活性药、抗高血压药在该院急救药品中占主要位置,后续应根据临床使用情况合理采供。

基于前置合理用药系统构建医院急诊中心用药规则体系的效果评价

目的 基于前置合理用药系统构建急诊中心规范化用药规则体系并评价其效果,促进病人用药安全。方法 用计算机随机选取南京医科大学附属无锡人民医院2020年4—7月医疗及智能决策支持系统(MINDs系统)使用前急诊中心2 000张处方和2022年4—7月MINDs系统使用后急诊中心2 000张处方作为研究对象。借助该院前置合理用药系统,建立贴合急诊中心的临床合理用药规则。设计包括日单次疗程、药品适应证、重复用药分类、特殊人群用药剂量、特殊级抗菌药物审核等模块。比较系统使用前后急诊处方点评合格率及规则拦截不合理处方的应用效果。结果 MINDs系统使用前后相比,处方点评不合格率从3.65%(73/2 000)降至0.80%(16/2 000)(P<0.001);系统规则提醒下,医生自主返回修改处方2 858张、刚性拦截处方3 274张。结论 设计符合该院急诊中心的药学监护规则可有效对不合理处方进行拦截和干预,提高急诊中心处方合理率,进一步保障病人用药安全。

中外药品应急审批制度对比研究

目的通过对比中外药品应急审批制度,探讨进一步优化我国药品应急审批制度的思路和措施。方法分析我国药品应急审批制度现状,并与美国、欧盟、日本的相关制度对比。结果国外药品应急审批目标定位明确,以临床需求为目的,加快临床急需药品的审评上市,形成覆盖全流程的多通道、多模式、多机制优先审评体系,法规体系层次清晰、完整,可操作性强。我国相应的审批制度起步较晚,处于不断完善的阶段,在制度建设、政府职能、人员优化、上市后监管等方面有待改进。结论我国药监部门应总结既往工作经验,借鉴国外一些可行的审批模式和监管方式,进一步改善药品应急审批制度体系与流程,提升药品审批效率以及应对突发事件的药品保障能力。

集采常态化背景下仿制药质量安全应急管理能力评估指标体系构建

目的 构建我国仿制药质量安全应急管理能力评估指标体系,为评估并提高集采常态化背景下仿制药质量安全应急管理能力提供参考。方法 基于理论研究和文献分析初步拟定仿制药质量安全应急管理能力评估指标体系,采用德尔菲法和层次分析法确定评价指标体系并计算权重。结果 两轮咨询专家积极程度、权威系数与意见协调程度较好,最终构建了仿制药质量安全应急管理能力评估指标体系,包括一级指标4个(质量风险监测预警能力、应急准备能力、响应处置能力与应急恢复能力)、二级指标11个(如仿制药研发与生产过程质量风险监测预警能力、应急组织机制保障能力、应急响应处置能力等)、三级指标75个(如仿制药原料质量风险监测、仿制药质量和疗效一致性评价、仿制药利润空间风险隐患监测等)。其中,一级指标中质量风险监测预警能力的权重最大(0.392 4),二级指标中仿制药研发与生产过程质量风险监测预警能力的组合权重最大(0.146 0),三级指标中仿制药原料质量风险监测的组合权重最大(0.023 0)。结论 本研究构建的仿制药质量安全应急管理能力评估指标体系层次分明、权重合理,具有一定的可信度,可作为集采常态化背景下仿制药质量安全应急能力评估管理与决策的有效工具。

基层医疗卫生机构地震应急药品综合备灾标准化探讨

基层医疗卫生机构在突发事件发生后第一时间展开应急救治工作起着重要作用。储备一定种类和数量的应急药品是基层医疗卫生机构有序展开应急救援工作的基石,但基层医疗卫生机构数量多、分布广、规模小,无法大量储备应对所有灾害的药品,因此地震应急药品综合备灾标准化研究就具有了一定的应用价值。该文结合情景分析法与内容分析法,分别进行了情景分析、伤情分析、药品统计分析和标准化研究。得到以下结论:(1)震后伤情主要分6类:机械性外伤、埋压窒息伤、完全性饥饿、精神障碍、疫情传染和其他。(2)基层医疗卫生机构应急药品具有综合备灾标准化的条件;(3)提出适合于基层医疗卫生机构综合备灾的应急药品标准化建议目录。

应急药物储备及其优化的伦理研究

应急药物在应对突发公共卫生事件中起到保障人类健康和维护国际安全的作用,然而当前的应急药物储备策略在实践中面临着资源分配不公、社会公正性有待提升及储备灵活性亟待增强等伦理问题,以伦理学视角为基础,对应急药物储备的优化路径进行探索,提出应急药物储备的优化应建立在公平公正、优先性及公益性等伦理原则基础上,逐步完善应急药物储备公正价值观、加强药品供应链资源的合理配置、健全应急医疗药物储备的制度体系等政策措施,以期为应急医疗药物储备管理模式的发展提供参考和借鉴。