Emerging roles of cardiolipin remodeling in mitochondrial dysfunction associated with diabetes,obesity,and cardiovascular diseases

Cardiolipin （CL） is a phospholipid exclusively localized in inner mitochondrial membrane where it is required for oxidative phosphorylation, ATP synthesis, and mitochondrial bioenergetics. The biological functions of CL are thought to depend on its acyl chain composition which is dominated by linoleic acids in metabolically active tissues. This unique feature is not derived from the de novo biosynthesis of CL, rather from a remodeling process that involves in phospholipases and transacylase/acyltransferase. The remodeling process is also believed to be responsible for generation of CL species that causes oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. CL is highly sensitive to oxidative damages by reactive oxygen species （ROS） due to its high content in polyunsaturated fatty acids and location near the site of ROS production. Consequently, pathological remodeling of CL has been implicated in the etiology of mitochondrial dysfunction commonly associated with diabetes, obesity, heart failure, neurodegeneration, and aging that are characterized by oxidative stress, CL deficiency, and abnormal CL species. This review summarizes recent progresses in molecular, enzymatic, lipidomic, and metabolic studies that support a critical regulatory role of pathological CL remodeling as a missing link between oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in metabolic diseases and aging.

Information Science Roles in the Emerging Field of Data Science

There has long been discussion about the distinctions of library science,information science,and informatics,and how these areas differ and overlap with computer science.Today the term data science is emerging that generates excitement and questions about how it relates to and differs from these other areas of study.

Metabolism, neurodegeneration and epigenetics: emerging role of Sirtuins

Along with the progressive aging of the population, the prevalence of obesity, metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders continues to grow. Moreover, increasing evidence suggests that metabolic alterations strongly influence the initiation and progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Accordingly, brain aging is accompanied by metabolic, morphological and neurophysiological changes leading to the development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, Parkinson＇s disease （PD）, Huntington＇s disease （HD） and multiple sclerosis （Procaccini et al., 2016）. Since each of these disorders involve impaired energy metabolism and/or adverse changes in the cerebral vasculature, a reduction in energy availability to neurons may contribute to increased vulnerability of the brain to develop neurodegenerative processes （Camandola and Mattson, 2017）.

Emerging roles of the neural adaptor FE65 in neurite outgrowth

The brain is the third largest organ in the human body and consists of over80 billion neurons（Herculano-Houzel,2009）.Neurons are interconnected by neurite to form a complex neural network that allows the communication of neurons to regulate different body functions and activities.Neurites,body.

The emerging roles of transplanted radial glial cells in regenerating the central nervous system

Scientists conclude that a combination of treatments involving rehabilitation,drug delivery,surgery and cell transplantation are necessary to achieve significant progress in regenerating the injured central nervous system（CNS）.