Overview of emerging therapies for demyelinating diseases

This paper provides an overview of autoimmune disorders of the central nervous system,specifically those caused by demyelination.We explore new research regarding potential therapeutic interventions,particularly those aimed at inducing remyelination.Remyelination is a detailed process,involving many cell types–oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs),astrocytes,and microglia–and both the innate and adaptive immune systems.Our discussion of this process includes the differentiation potential of neural stem cells,the function of adult OPCs,and the impact of molecular mediators on myelin repair.Emerging therapies are also explored,with mechanisms of action including the induction of OPC differentiation,the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells,and the use of molecular mediators.Further,we discuss current medical advancements in relation to many myelin-related disorders,including multiple sclerosis,optic neuritis,neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder,myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodyassociated disease,transverse myelitis,and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis.Beyond these emerging systemic therapies,we also introduce the dimethyl fumarate/silk fibroin nerve conduit and its potential role in the treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.Despite these aforementioned scientific advancements,this paper maintains the need for ongoing research to deepen our understanding of demyelinating diseases and advance therapeutic strategies that enhance affected patients’quality of life.

When combination therapy isn't working: Emerging therapies for the management of inflammatory bowel disease

Although antagonists of tumor necrosis factor have resulted in major therapeutic benefits in inflammatory bowel disease, the magnitude and durability of response are variable. Similar to previously available drugs such as 5-aminosalicylates and immunomodulators, the therapeutic effect is not universal leaving many people searching for options. The development of newer agents has benefited from advances in the understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. Uncontrolled activation of the acquired immune system has an important role, and lymphocytes, cytokines, and adhesion molecules are broadly targeted for therapeutic intervention. There is increasing evidence of an important role of the innate immune system and the intestinal epithelium, and the therapeutic paradigm is also shifting from immunosuppression to the reinforcement of the intestinal barrier, and modification of the disease process. In this review, we explore the limitation of current therapy as well as mechanisms of actions of new drugs and the efficacy and adverse events from data from clinical trials.

Emerging therapies for inflammatory bowel disorder

Inflammatory bowel disorder(IBD)affects over 5.2 million individuals in North America and Europe alone.IBD is a term used to describe a condition of chronic inflammation in the Gastrointestinal tract-primarily the intestines.While the exact etiology is not fully understood,it is generally accepted that the cause of the inflammation may be due to an abnormal immune response to the gut bacteria.IBD is a progressive disease and can cause various gastrointestinal-related complications.This makes it crucial to discover new treatments and to improve the treatments that are already available.The aim of the study is to answer the question,“What are the emerging therapies for IBD”?In this section,the currently available therapies for IBD are discussed,among which some have already been shown to be effective against IBD whereas some are still in various stages of clinical trials.These therapies include drugs that affect janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway,drugs that impact anti-adhesion molecules,drugs that inhibit anti-interleukin,drugs that modulate sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor,drugs that inhibit phosphodiesterase-4,and finally a technique known as fecal microbial transplant.Many treatments are available today,and new ones are constantly emerging.Some therapies like phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors and fecal microbiota transplantation that may be the optimum treatment are still under clinical trials,and more research is required for them to be safe,viable,and beneficial options,whereas others are available for usage by the patient but have adverse complications and side effects such as anti-tumor necrosis factor-αor janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription inhibitors.