Effect of Cumulative Nanosecond Laser Pulses on the Plasma Emission Intensity and Surface Morphology of Pt-and Ag-Ion Deposited Silicon

In this work, the laser induced plasma plume characteristics and surface morphology of Pt- and Ag-ion deposited silicon were studied. The deposited silicon was exposed to cumulative laser pulses. The plasma plume images produced by each laser shot were captured through a computer controlled image capturing system and analyzed with image-J software. The integrated optical emission intensity of both samples showed an increasing trend with increasing pulses. Agion deposited silicon showed higher optical emission intensity as compared to Pt-ion deposited silicon, suggesting that more damage occurred to the silicon by Ag ions, which was confirmed by SRIM/TRIM simulations. The surface morphologies of both samples were examined by optical microscope showing thermal, exfoliational and hydrodynamical sputtering processes along with the re-deposition of the material, debris and heat affected zones＇ formation. The crater of Ption deposited silicon was deeper but had less lateral damage than Agion deposited silicon. The novel results clearly indicated that the ion deposited silicon surface produced incubation centers, which led to more absorption of incident light resulting into a higher emission intensity from the plasma plume and deeper crater formation as compared to pure silicon. The approach can be effectively utilized in the laser induced breakdown spectroscopy technique, which endures poor limits of detection.

Inter-provincial carbon emission intensity factor analysis and carbon intensity projection calculation in China

The extended “STIRPAT” model and the GM(1,1) model are used to predict the factors influencing inter-provincial carbon emission intensity and carbon intensity in China respectively. In this paper, based on the collation of inter-provincial carbon emission data, the extended “STIRPAT” model is formulated for carbon dioxide emissions and carbon intensity emissions, and the Hausman test is used to determine the influence form of the models. The main influencing factors of carbon intensity were identified: economic development level, energy intensity, and energy consumption structure. The paper constructs GM(1,1) model for carbon emission intensity from 2010-2019 using the gray prediction method,and calculates the carbon emission intensity of China’s inter-provincial 2022 by residual test, correlation test, variance, and small error probability test, and then predicts the carbon demand of each province and city in 2022 according to the expected average annual growth rate, and finally concludes that using carbon emission intensity as the carbon emission reduction target of each region, and it cannot fundamentally solve the problem of carbon pollution in China. Compared to the regional carbon emission reduction target, there is a greater degree of regional imbalance in carbon intensity between provinces in China, and the target of reducing carbon emission intensity somehow avoids the fact that the carbon emission reduction intensity target can be achieved without reducing the absolute amount of carbon emissions that continue to increase. The focus of achieving the “double carbon” target lies in the reduction of total carbon emissions, and the target of reducing carbon intensity will eventually be transformed into a binding target of total carbon emissions in the process of implementation, so attention should be shifted from recessiontype carbon reduction and efficiency-type carbon reduction to innovative carbon reduction. It is necessary to increase investment in renewable energy, and gradually expand the scope of application of photovoltaic, and wind power to ensure the reduction of total carbon emissions.

Emission Intensity in the Hydrogen Atom Calculated from a Non-Probabilistic Approach to the Electron Transitions

Quantum aspects of the Joule-Lenz law for the transmission of energy allowed us to calculate the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the hydrogen atom in a fully non-probabilistic way. The calculation has been extended to all transitions between p and s states having main quantum numbers not exceeding 6. An evident similarity between the intensity pattern obtained from the Joule-Lenz law and the corresponding quantum-mechanical transition pro-babilities has been shown.

Semiclassical and Quantum-Mechanical Formalism Applied in Calculating the Emission Intensity of the Atomic Hydrogen

The energy spectrum of the hydrogen atom has been applied in calculating the time rate of energy transitions between the quantum states of the atom. The formal basis of the approach has been provided by the quantum properties of energy and time deduced from the Joule-Lenz law. The rates of the energy transitions obtained in this way were compared with the quantum-mechanical probabilities of transitions calculated earlier by Bethe and Condon and Shortley for the same pairs of the quantum states.

A Distributed Computing Algorithm for Electricity Carbon Emission Flow and Carbon Emission Intensity

The calculation of the indirect carbon emis-sion is essential for power system policy making,carbon market development,and power grid planning.The em-bedded carbon emissions of the electricity system are commonly calculated by carbon emission flow theory.However,the calculation procedure is time-consuming,especially for a country with 500-1000 thousand nodes,making it challenging to obtain nationwide carbon emis-sions intensity precisely.Additionally,the calculation procedure requires to gather all the grid data with high classified levels from different power grid companies,which can prevent data sharing and cooperation among different companies.This paper proposes a distributed computing algorithm for indirect carbon emission that can reduce the time consumption and provide privacy protection.The core idea is to utilize the sparsity of the nodes’flow matrix of the nationwide grid to partition the computing procedure into parallel sub-procedures exe-cuted in multiple terminals.The flow and structure data of the regional grid are transformed irreversibly for pri-vacy protection,when transmitted between terminals.A 1-master-and-N-slave layout is adopted to verify the method.This algorithm is suitable for large grid compa-nies with headquarter and branches in provinces,such as the State Grid Corporation of China.

Magnetic emission intensity enhancement for amorphous alloys by constructing a multi-phase structure withα-Fe nanocrystals

The perturbation in the magnetic field generated by the rotation or oscillation of magnetic domains in magnetic materials can emit low-frequency electromagnetic waves,which are expected to be used in low-frequency communications.However,the magnetic emission intensity,defined by the perturbation ability,of current commercially applied amorphous alloys,such as Metglas,cannot meet the application requirements for low-frequency antennas due to the domain motion energy loss.Herein,a multi-phase Metglas amorphous alloy was constructed by incorporatingα-Fe nanocrystals using rapid annealing to manipulate the domain movement.It was found that 3.89 times higher magnetic emission intensity is obtained compared to the pristine due to the synergism of the deformation and displacement mechanisms.Moreover,the low-frequency magnetic emission performance verification was carried out by preparing magnetoelectric composites as the antenna vibrator by assembling the alloy and macro piezoelectric fiber composites(MFC).Enhancements of magnetic emission intensity are found at 93.3%and 49.2%at the first and second harmonic frequencies compared with the unmodified alloy vibrator.Therefore,the approach leads to the development of high-performance communication with a novel standard for evaluation.

Industrial Carbon Emission Distribution and Regional Joint Emission Reduction:A Case Study of Cities in the Pearl River Basin,China

China’s low-carbon development path will make significant contributions to achieving global sustainable development goals.Due to the diverse natural and economic conditions across different regions in China,there exists an imbalance in the distribution of car-bon emissions.Therefore,regional cooperation serves as an effective means to attain low-carbon development.This study examined the pattern of carbon emissions and proposed a potential joint emission reduction strategy by utilizing the industrial carbon emission intens-ity(ICEI)as a crucial factor.We utilized social network analysis and Local Indicators of Spatial Association(LISA)space-time trans-ition matrix to investigate the spatiotemporal connections and discrepancies of ICEI in the cities of the Pearl River Basin(PRB),China from 2010 to 2020.The primary drivers of the ICEI were determined through geographical detectors and multi-scale geographically weighted regression.The results were as follows:1)the overall ICEI in the Pearl River Basin is showing a downward trend,and there is a significant spatial imbalance.2)There are numerous network connections between cities regarding the ICEI,but the network structure is relatively fragile and unstable.3)Economically developed cities such as Guangzhou,Foshan,and Dongguan are in the center of the network while playing an intermediary role.4)Energy consumption,industrialization,per capita GDP,urbanization,science and techno-logy,and productivity are found to be the most influential variables in the spatial differentiation of ICEI,and their combination in-creased the explanatory power of the geographic variation of ICEI.Finally,through the analysis of differences and connections in urban carbon emissions under different economic levels and ICEI,the study suggests joint carbon reduction strategies,which are centered on carbon transfer,financial support,and technological assistance among cities.

Spatial Spillover Effects of the Impact of Agricultural Mechanization on Carbon Emission Intensity in Agriculture:An Empirical Study Based on the Panel Data of 282 Cities

The extreme weather caused by the global warming effect has triggered huge losses to agricultural production.A hot issue for governments and scholars is how to effectively reduce carbon emission intensity in agriculture.The agricultural farming practices that are high pollution and high energy cosuming have exacerbated the vulnerability of regional agroecosystems.The sustainable development of agriculture is faced with the two dilemmas of a low utilization rate of green resources and the serious pollution of farmland.Further,environmental and ecological carrying capacities have reached theirlimits,seriouslyhinderingtthe high-quality development of low-carbon agriculture in China.Thus,based on the panel data of 282 cities,the Spatial Dubin Model(SDM)is employed to examine the impact of agricultural mechanization on carbon emission intensity in agriculture.It is found that from 1999 to 2019 carbon emission intensity in agriculture showed an overall downward trend;as of 2019,the agricultural field had completed the target of carbon emission reduction,,oneyear aheadof schedule.From a local perspective,approximately 14.89%6of fagricultural industries in prefecture-level city have still not achieved carbon emission reduction targets,and agricultural carbon emission reduction tasks were better completed in major grain-producing areas than in nonmajor grain-producing areas.Agricultural mechanization has significantly reduced carbonemission intensityyinlocal agriculture production.The impact of agricultural mechanizationoncarbon emission intensity in agriculture has not only a significant negative spatial spillover effect but also a significant effect on spatial carbon emission reduction.Compared with non-major ggrain-producingareas,agricultural mechanization plays a greater role in reducing spatial carbon emissions in major grain-producing areas.Further studies find that agricultural mechanization is conducive to overcome difficulties,such as instability of property rights and land fragmentation,and to achieve large-scale agricultural production,thereby reducing agricultural carbon emissions in nearby regions.However,the transfer of rurallabor,adjustments to the structure of agricultural cultivation,and the centralized use of rural land restrict the development of the crossregional service market for agricultural machinery,which in turn weaken its contribution to spatial carbon emission reduction.At the end of this paper,it is suggested that Chinese governments at all levels should introduce subsidy policies for the cross-regional operation of agricultural machinery to solve the problem of their service market failure.Efforts should be made to stimulate the market to develop more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly agricultural machinery products while strictly controlling changes in the use of arableland in non-grain-producing areas,which aims to serve further agricultural mechanization and boost the high-quality development of low-carbon agriculture.

Structural Decomposition Analysis of the Decline in China's CO_2 Emission Intensity 2005–2010

Here we utilize input-output tables for 2005 and 2010 to calculate the change in carbon dioxide emission intensity. Results show that total carbon dioxide emissions were 6.79 and 9.30 billion tons, and carbon dioxide emission intensity was 0.37 and 0.33 ton per thousand CNY in 2005 and 2010, respectively. Carbon dioxide emission intensity declined 11% over these five years. We used structural decomposition analysis modeling to measure the effect of four factors on this reduction in intensity. We found that the contribution values of energy structure, energy efficiency, economic growth mode and economic structure were -0.001, -0.102, 0.050, and 0.013 ton per thousand CNY, respectively. Changes in energy efficiency and energy structure are major factors promoting decreases in carbon dioxide emission intensity; the effect of the former is more distinct than the latter. Economic growth mode and economic structure are major factors that increase carbon dioxide emission intensity, whereby the effect of the former is more distinct than the latter.

Does the Belt and Road Initiative Increase the Carbon Emission Intensity of Paticipating Countries?

The impact that the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)has had on carbon emissions is a hotly debated issue.Using a panel dataset of 178 countries from 2002 to 2017,and applying the quantile difference-in-difference method in different industries,this study finds that,first,the BRI overall tends to reduce the carbon emission intensity of BRI countries.Second,the impact of BRI on reducing the carbon emission intensity is significant for BRI countries at higher(0.8 and 0.9)and lower(0.2 and 0.3)carbon emission intensity quantiles but it is insignificant for those at medium levels.Third,the BRI has significant impacts on reducing carbon emission intensity in the energy-intensive industries,and this effect is the highest at the quantile level of 0.9 for all three industries considered here:transportation,electric and heating,and manufacturing and construction.These results indicate that establishing BRI cooperation with China will improve the environment and enhance the sustainable development ability of BRI countries.

Impact of Greenization on the Marginal Utility of Intensity of Carbon Emissions and Factors Affecting it in China

The impact of greenization on the marginal utility of the intensity of carbon emissions in China and factors influ-encing this relationship are explored in this study.China’s level of greenization is evaluated by using an index system developed based on the comprehensive index method.The intensity of carbon emissions is determined by using the standards for the coefficients of conversion of coal equivalent and coefficients of carbon emission.The impact of greenization on the marginal utility of the intensity of carbon emissions is then evaluated by using an elastic formula and factors affecting this relationship are verified by regression analysis.The results are as fol-lows:(1)China’s level of greenization has exhibited a trend of constant increase.The intensity of carbon emissions has followed a continual downward trend while the impact of greenization on the marginal utility of the intensity of these emissions has been declining.(2)Urbanization as well as scientific and technological developments have slowed the reduction in the marginal utility of the intensity of carbon emissions,whereas the structure of energy consumption has expedited it under the diminishing impact of greenization.The standard of living of the popu-lation,intensity of environmental regulation,and environmental quality have had different influences under dif-ferent conditions.

Impact of the Construction of Ecological Civilization Demonstration Areas on Carbon Emission Intensity

The development path from attaching importance to environmental protection to the theory of ecological conservation,then to piloting ecological civilization demonstration areas,marks that China’s ecological conservation has gradually moved from theoretical construction to practical exploration,based on the new idea that“lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets.”It is still an ordeal for China’s ecological conservation in the context of global warming how to reduce carbon emission intensity while maintaining sustained economic growth.Under the dual constraints of peaking carbon dioxide emissions before 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality before 2060(“dual carbon”goals),this paper employs the five national ecological civilization pilot demonstration areas(ECDAs)established in 2014 as quasi-natural experiments based on the panel data of 30 Chinese provincial regions from 2003 to 2019.Based on the analysis of the policy implementation background and the theoretical mechanism of its impact on carbon emission intensity,the synthetic control method and difference in differences method are adopted to test the impact of the construction of ECDAs on carbon emission intensity and examine the spatial spillover effect of the pilot policies.The study shows that the construction of ECDAs has significantly reduced carbon emission intensity as a whole,especially in Fujian,Guizhou,and Yunnan Provinces.Moreover,the conclusions successfully pass the robustness test.The mechanism analysis results demonstrate that the construction of ECDAs can lower carbon emission intensity through the positive incentives from boosting technological progress and developing green finance,and the reversal pressure mechanism of optimizing the energy structure and improving the market segmentation.The analysis results of the spatial spillover effect indicate that the construction of ECDAs plays a significant role in reducing carbon emission intensity in the region and its adjacent areas.Therefore,China should introduce ECDAs and the experience gained to more regions.Meanwhile,China should spare no effort to seek multi-dimensional paths to reduce carbon emissions in view of regional differences in green development,and strengthen cross-regional communications and cooperation to realize the goals of carbon emission reduction.

A hefty target of reducing the intensity of carbon dioxide emissions

At the end of January, China formally handed over the report on pollution reduction targets to the United Nations.

Spatial and temporal variation of energy carbon emissions in Yantai from 2001 to 2011

In order to understand the characteristics of spatial and temporal variation,as well as provide effective ideas on carbon emissions and regulatory policy in Yantai,this article analyzed spatial and temporal variation of carbon emissions in Yantai based on energy consumption statistics for a variety of energy sorts together with industrial sectors from 2001 to 2011.The results were as following:First of all,Yantai's carbon emissions grew by an average of 5.5%per year during the last 10 years,and there was a peak of 10.48 million carbon in the year of 2011.Second,compared with the gross domestic product(GDP) growth rate,the figures for energy carbon emissions growth rate were smaller;however the problem of carbon emissions were still more obvious.Furthermore,carbon emissions in Yantai increased rapidly before 2008;while after 2008,it increased more slowly and gradually become stable.Third,the energy consumption was different among regions in Yantai.For instance,the energy consumption in Longkou city was the largest,which occupied 50%of the total carbon emissions in Yantai;and the energy consumption in Chang Island was generally less than 1%of the Longkou consumption.Finally,there were relative close relationships among the spatial difference of carbon emissions,regional resources endowment,economic development,industrial structure,and energy efficiency.

Estimation of CO_2 Emissions of Locomotives in China(1975-2005)

Based on annual statistical data collected by the Chinese Railway Statistic Center, the CO2 emissions of locomotives during 1975-2005 were calculated and the emission intensity and its dynamic characteristics were analyzed. The results show that the CO2 emissions of steam locomotives decreased while that of diesel locomotives increased with time, due to the continuous shift from steam to diesel and electric locomotives. The total CO2 emissions of steam and diesel locomo- tives in China decreased from 42.23 Mt in 1975 to 16.40 Mt in 2005. The emission intensity of CO2 from the two kinds of locomotives decreased at an average rate of 2.4 g （converted t kin）-1 per year. The percentage of the CO2 emissions of locomotives to the total CO2 emissions in the sector of transportation, storage and post in China also decreased persistently from 1980 to 2005.

The Structure and Emission Properties of SiO_2 Nanometer Film Containing Ag

Colloidal silver particles are formed on float glass by heat treatment with coated silica film containing Ag by sol-gel process . The Sn2+ on surface of float glass influences the formation of colloidal Ag particles . The microstructure of the film and the granularity of silver particles were studied by TEM and HEED. The emission property of the samples was measured. The results show that aggregation of metal particles degrades emission intensity , and that content of Ag, withdrawing speed and heat treatment temperature of samples has a greater effect on photoluminescence.

The Driving Forces of CO2 Emission in China： 2002-2007

This paper provides a computation on both the China＇s aggregate CO2 emission volume and the emission of each sector over the period of 2002-2007, based on the input-output analysis. Further analysis is also given on the various determinants of the change in the emission volume, with the aid of structural decomposition analysis （SDA） based on a residual-free method. Based on the input-output table of China in 2002 and 2007, the merge of sectors and the adjustment of price change have been made during the study. The emissions of carbon dioxide in China increased from 2,887.3 million ton to 5,664.6 million ton during 2002-2007. The average rate of increase is 13.3%, faster than the average rate of gross domestic product （GDP） growth 11.6% slightly. According to the process of SDA, the changes in emission are analyzed in terms of four different factors. Among the four factors studied in the paper, it is found that the change of emission intensity and structure of demand are the main reason of the decrease of emission, while production technology and scale effect increase the emission volume. The paper also finds that although the direct emission intensity decreased during the study period, the total emission intensity increased with the annual rate of 3.8%, which reflects the result of energy policy is not equal in different sectors.

Effect of China's industrial structure adjustment on carbon emissions

Confronting the contradiction between the rapid development of economy and the effective protection of environment, and developing low carbon economy by optimizing the industrial structure have become one of the effective way to attract more attention. In the paper, we made a research on the correlation between china's three main industries and carbon emission intensity to find out the main factors which affect the intensity of carbon emission in China by measuring the gross emission in china's 28 main provinces in 2003-2013 and using Grey correlation analysis based on the change tendency. The results indicate that the second industry has the largest correlation with carbon emission intensity; the tertiary industry helps reduce the intensity of carbon emission, but it is not very obvious; the first industry has the least impact on carbon emission intensity. In the last part, according to the characteristics of industrial structure and carbon emission, we put forward the suggestions and strategies on the adjustment of china's industrial structure in future with the results analysis.

Electrodynamics of the Joule-Lenz Law Applied to the Energy Emission Done by a Free Electron or Harmonically-Oscillating Microparticle

We demonstrate that the intensity of the energy emission obtained from the Joule-Lenz law applied to the case of a single free-electron particle or a harmonic oscillator does not depend on the change of size of the corresponding energy interval () and time interval () because the ratio of??to??representing the emission rate remains constant. For a free electron, this property holds on condition the calculations of??and??refer to the states having a sufficiently large quantum index n.

Carbon Emission of Regional Land Use and Its Decomposition Analysis: Case Study of Nanjing City, China

Through the matching relationship between land use types and carbon emission items, this paper estimated carbon emissions of different land use types in Nanjing City, China and analyzed the influencing factors of carbon emissions by Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index（LMDI） model. The main conclusions are as follows： 1） Total anthropogenic carbon emission of Nanjing increased from 1.22928 ×10^7 t in 2000 to 3.06939 × 10^7 t in 2009, in which the carbon emission of Inhabitation, mining ＆ manufacturing land accounted for 93% of the total. 2） The average land use carbon emission intensity of Nanjing in 2009 was 46.63 t/ha, in which carbon emission intensity of Inhabitation, mining ＆ manufacturing land was the highest（200.52 t/ha）, which was much higher than that of other land use types. 3） The average carbon source intensity in Nanjing was 16 times of the average carbon sink intensity（2.83 t/ha） in 2009, indicating that Nanjing was confronted with serious carbon deficit and huge carbon cycle pressure. 4） Land use area per unit GDP was an inhibitory factor for the increase of carbon emissions, while the other factors were all contributing factors. 5） Carbon emission effect evaluation should be introduced into land use activities to formulate low-carbon land use strategies in regional development.