Is there a place for endoscopic management in postcholecystectomy iatrogenic bile duct injuries?

In this editorial we comment on the article by Emara et al published in the recent issue of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.Previously,surgery was the primary treatment for bile duct injuries(BDI).The treatment of BDI has advanced due to technological breakthroughs and minimally invasive procedures.Endoscopic and percutaneous treatments have largely supplanted surgery as the primary treatment for most instances in recent years.Patient management,including the specific technique,is typically impacted by local knowledge and the kind and severity of the injury.Endoscopic therapy is a highly successful treatment for postoperative benign bile duct stenosis and offers superior long-term outcomes compared to surgical correction.Based on the damage features of BDI,therapeutic options include endoscopic duodenal papillary sphincterotomy,endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,and endoscopic biliary stent implantation.

Endoscopic management of benign biliary strictures:Looking for the best stent to place

Benign biliary strictures(BBS)might occur due to different pancreaticobiliary conditions.The etiology and location of biliary strictures are responsible of a wide array of clinical manifestations.The endoscopic approach endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography represents the first-line treatment for BBS,considering interventional radiology and surgery when endoscopic treatment fails or it is not suitable.The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of possible endoscopic treatments for the optimal management of this subset of patients.

Advances in endoscopic management of biliary complications after living donor liver transplantation: Comprehensive review of the literature

Apart from noticeable improvements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive agents, biliary complications remain the major causes of morbidity and mortality after living donor liver transplantation(LDLT). Bile leakage and stricture are the predominant complications. The reported incidence of biliary complications is 15%-40%, and these are known to occur more frequently in living donors than in deceased donors. Despite the absence of a confirmed therapeutic algorithm, many approaches have been used for treatment, including surgical, endoscopic, and percutaneous transhepatic techniques. In recent years, nonsurgical approaches have largely replaced reoperation. Among these, the endoscopic approach is currently the preferred initial treatment for patients who undergo duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction. Previously, endoscopic management was achieved most optimally through balloon dilatation and single or multiple stents placement. Recently, there have been significant developments in endoscopic devices, such as novel biliary stents, as well as advances in endoscopic technologies, including deep enteroscopy, the rendezvous technique, magnetic compression anastomosis, and direct cholangioscopy. These developments have resulted in almost all patients being managed by the endoscopic approach. Multiple recent publications suggest superior long-term results, with overall success rates ranging from 58% to 75%. This article summarizes the advances in endoscopic management of patients with biliary complications after LDLT.

Endoscopic Management of Foreign Bodies in the Upper Gastrointestinal Tract in Yaoundé(Cameroon)

Background/Aims: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common clinical situation. In some cases, it could be life-threatening, requiring interventional digestive endoscopy. Knowing the main FBs observed could help to prevent their ingestion or to improve management. The aim of this study is to report the results of upper digestive endoscopies performed for ingestion of FBs in Yaoundé (Cameroon). Methods: We recorded all patients who did a gastroscopy for FB ingestion from January 2000 to April 2020 in three medical centers of Yaoundé. We collected data concerning the socio-demographic characteristics of patients, foreign body type, endoscopic management and outcome. Results: A total of 9380 upper digestive endoscopies were performed, with 51 FBs ingestion (0.54%). Male were 27 (52.9%). The mean age was 25.8 ± 22.3 years (8 months to 75 years). Coins were the most frequent FB (23.5%), only observed in children, followed by fishbones (17.6%), only observed in adults. We also observed dental wears (11.8%), metallic objects (11.8%), non-metallic objects (3.9%), batteries (3.9%), toothpick (2%), packet of tablets (2%), and bezoars (2%). The FB was unknown at 21.6%. The most frequent localization was the esophagus in 29/36 patients (80.5%). Endoscopic removal was a success in 35/36 patients (97.2%). A surgery has been performed on one patient. We didn’t register any death. Conclusion: Most common FBs ingested in Yaoundé are coins and fishbones. The upper digestive endoscopy has a high success rate.

Advances in endoscopic diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer

Colorectal cancer(CRC)is a leading global health concern,and early identification and precise prognosis play a vital role in enhancing patient results.Endoscopy is a minimally invasive imaging technique that is crucial for the screening,diagnosis,and treatment of CRC.This editorial discusses the importance of advances in endoscopic techniques,the integration of artificial intelligence,and the potential of novel technologies in enhancing the diagnosis and management of CRC.

Current management of concomitant cholelithiasis and common bile duct stones

The management policy of concomitant cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis is based on a one-or two-stage procedure.It basically includes either laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)with laparoscopic common bile duct(CBD)exploration(LCBDE)in the same operation or LC with preoperative,postoperative and even intraoperative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography-endoscopic sphincterotomy(ERCP-ES)for stone clearance.The most frequently used worldwide option is preoperative ERCP-ES and stone removal followed by LC,preferably on the next day.In cases where preoperative ERCP-ES is not feasible,the proposed alternative of intraoperative rendezvous ERCP-ES simultaneously with LC has been advocated.The intraoperative extraction of CBD stones is superior to postoperative rendezvous ERCP-ES.However,there is no consensus on the superiority of laparoendoscopic rendezvous.This is equivalent to a traditional two-stage procedure.Endoscopic papillary large balloon dilation reduces recurrence.LCBDE and intraoperative ERCP have similar good outcomes.The risk of recurrence after ERCP-ES is greater than that after LCBDE.Laparoscopic ultrasonography may delineate the anatomy and detect CBD stones.The majority of surgeons prefer the transcductal instead of the transcystic approach for CBDE with or without T-tube drainage,but the transcystic approach must be used where possible.LCBDE is a safe and effective choice when performed by an experienced surgeon.However,the requirement of specific equipment and advanced training are drawbacks.The percutaneous approach is an alternative when ERCP fails.Surgical or endoscopic reintervention for retained stones may be needed.For asymptomatic CBD stones,ERCP clearance is the firstchoice method.Both one-stage and two-stage management are acceptable and can ensure improved quality of life.

Surgical management of acute pancreatitis: Historical perspectives, challenges, and current management approaches

Acute pancreatitis(AP)is a serious condition presenting catastrophic consequences.In severe AP,the mortality rate is high,and some patients initially diagnosed with mild-to-moderate AP can progress to a life-threatening severe state.Treatment of AP has evolved over the years.Drainage was the first surgical procedure performed for AP;however,later,surgical approaches were replaced by more conservative approaches due to the availability of advanced medical care and improved understanding of the course of AP.Currently,surgery is used to manage several complications of AP,such as pseudocysts,pancreatic fistulas,and biliary tract obstruction.Patients who are unresponsive to conservative treatment or have complications are typically considered for surgical intervention.This review focuses on the surgical approaches(endoscopic,percutaneous,and open)that have been established in recent studies to treat this acute condition and summarizes the common management guidelines for AP,discussing the relevant indications,significance,and complications.It is evident that despite their reduced involvement,surgeons lead the multidisciplinary care of patients with AP;however,given the gaps in existing knowledge,more research is required to standardize surgical protocols for AP.

MUTYH-associated polyposis: Is it time to change upper gastrointestinal surveillance? A single-center case series and a literature overview

BACKGROUND The presence of Spigelman stage(SS)IV duodenal polyposis is considered the most significant risk factor for duodenal cancer in patients with MUTYH-associated polyposis(MAP).However,advanced SS disease is rarely reported in MAP patients,and no clear recommendations on small bowel(SB)surveillance have been proposed in this patient setting.AIM To research more because that case reports of duodenal cancers in MAP suggest that they may develop in the absence of advanced benign SS disease and often involve the distal portion of the duodenum.METHODS We describe a series of MAP patients followed up at the Regina Elena National Cancer Institute of Rome(Italy).A literature overview on previously reported SB cancers in MAP is also provided.RESULTS We identified two(6%)SB adenocarcinomas with no previous history of duodenal polyposis.Our observations,supported by literature evidence,suggest that the formula for staging duodenal polyposis and predicting risk factors for distal duodenum and jejunal cancer may need to be adjusted to take this into account rather than focusing solely on the presence or absence of SS IV disease.Core Tip:Case reports of duodenal cancers in MUTYH-associated polyposis suggest that they may develop in the absence of advanced Spigelman stage(SS)benign disease and often involve the distal portion of the duodenum.In our case series,we identified two(6%)small-bowel adenocarcinomas with no previous history of duodenal polyposis.Our observations,supported by literature evidence,suggest that the formula for staging duodenal polyposis and predicting risk factors for distal duodenum and jejunal cancer should be adjusted to take into consideration the presence of SS IV disease,rather than focusing only on this feature.suggestive of invasive adenocarcinoma.

Percutaneous resection of upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma:When,how,and is it safe?

Introduction:In the management of upper tract urothelial cell carcinoma(UTUC)endoscopic,nephron sparing procedures like ureterorenoscopy(URS)or percutaneous tumour resection(PCTR)still play a very limited role.This could lead to possible unnecessary radical nephroureterectomies(RNU),still being the gold standard treatment.The risk of chronic kidney disease(CKD)later in life is important.In this study we present the results of 24-year experience with PCTR in a single institution.Methods:We identified 44 patients who underwent PCTR between 1992 and 2015.Radical resection was achieved in 40 patients who were included in this study.Demographic and clinical data,including tumour recurrence,progression to RNU,tumour grade and overall survival(OS)were retrospectively acquired.An outcome analysis was conducted.Results:Median age at diagnosis was 68 years(range 42-94 years).Low grade tumours were found in 37 patients(92.5%)and high grade tumours in three patients(7.5%).Median followup was 53 months during which 20 patients developed upper tract recurrences(50.0%).The longest time to recurrence was 97 months.At follow-up 11 patients(27.5%)underwent an RNU and two patients died from UTUC.RNU could be avoided in 29 patients(72.5%).In this study we found that multifocality is a significant risk factor for recurrence,but not for stage progression to RNU.Conclusion:PCTR is a surgically and oncologically safe procedure.Renal preservation in patients with UTUC who are eligible for percutaneous resection can be achieved in the majority of patients.Selection criteria for PCTR should be further refined,leading to a wider application of PCTR in the future.Follow-up needs invasive procedures and should be long term.

Current laser therapy options for endoscopic treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma

Endoscopic management via retrograde ureteroscopic laser ablation of upper tract urothelial carcinoma(UTUC)has become the preferred treatment modality for low-risk tumors.The most popular ablative lasers over the past 15-20 years have been the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet(Ho∶YAG)and neodymium(Nd∶YAG)lasers,but recently the thulium(Th∶YAG)laser has emerged as a potential alternative.This review compares the mechanism of action,physiological properties and effects,and oncologic outcomes of Ho∶YAG/Nd∶YAG lasers versus the Th∶YAG laser for UTUC treatment.Potential advantages of the Th∶YAG laser over existing technologies are outlined,followed by a discussion of emerging laser technologies in UTUC management.