Recent advances in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in Billroth II gastrectomy patients: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy has been considered a challenging procedure due to the surgically altered gastrointestinal anatomy.However,there has been a paucity of comparative studies regarding ERCP in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy cases because of procedure-related morbidity and mortality and practical and ethical limitations.This systematic and comprehensive review was performed to obtain a recent perspective on ERCP in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients.AIM To systematically review the literature regarding ERCP in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients.METHODS A systematic review was performed on the literature published between May 1975 and January 2019.The following electronic databases were searched:PubMed,EMBASE,and Cochrane Library.The outcomes of successful afferent loop intubation and successful selective cannulation and occurrence of adverse events were assessed.RESULTS A total of 43 studies involving 2669 patients were included.The study designs were 36(83.7%)retrospective cohort studies,4(9.3%)retrospective comparative studies,2(4.7%)prospective comparative studies,and 1(2.3%)prospective cohort study.Of a total of 2669 patients,there were 1432 cases(55.6%)of sideviewing endoscopy,664(25.8%)cases of forward-viewing endoscopy,171(6.6%)cases of balloon-assisted enteroscopy,169(6.6%)cases of anterior obliqueviewing endoscopy,64(2.5%)cases of dual-lumen endoscopy,31(1.2%)cases of colonoscopy,and 14(0.5%)cases of multiple bending endoscopy.The overall success rate of afferent loop intubation was 91.3%(2437/2669),and the overall success rate of selective cannulation was 87.9%(2346/2437).A total of 195 cases(7.3%)of adverse events occurred.The success rates of afferent loop intubation and the selective cannulation rate for each type of endoscopy were as follows:side-viewing endoscopy 98.2%and 95.3%;forward-viewing endoscopy 97.4%and 95.2%;balloon-assisted enteroscopy 95.4%and 97.5%;oblique-viewing endoscopy 94.1%and 97.5%;and dual-lumen endoscopy 82.8%and 100%,respectively.The rate of bowel perforation was slightly higher in side-viewing endoscopy(3.6%)and balloon-assisted enteroscopy(4.1%)compared with forward-viewing endoscopy(1.7%)and anterior oblique-viewing endoscopy(1.2%).Mortality only occurred in side-viewing endoscopy(n=9,0.6%).CONCLUSION The performance of ERCP in the Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy population has been improving with choice of various type of endoscope and sphincter management.More comparative studies are needed to determine the optimal strategy to perform safe and effective ERCP in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients.

Utility of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography on biliopancreatic diseases in patients with Billroth Ⅱ-reconstructed stomach

AIM To examine the utility of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) on biliopancreatic diseases in the patients with Billroth II-reconstructed stomach.METHODS For 26 cases of biliopancreatic diseases in patients with Billroth Ⅱ-reconstructed stomach,ERCP was conducted using a straight-view scope or a retrograde obliqueviewing endoscope.All the cases were patients aiming at selective insertion into the bile duct.One patient aimed at diagnosis,and 25 patients aimed at treatment.The cases in which the endoscope reached the duodenal papilla and anastomosis,and insertion into the bile duct became possible,were considered successful.RESULTS The rate of reaching the duodenal papilla and anastomosis was 84.7%(22/26 patients).Among the cases without reaching the duodenal papilla and anastomosis,there were 2 in which the endoscope did not pass due to tumor-induced duodenal infiltration.In 1 case,the fiber did not reach the duodenal papilla due to long afferent loop.The success rate of insertion into the bile duct in patients in which the endoscope reached the duodenal papilla and anastomosis was 90.9%(20/22 patients),and the success rate of procedures including treatment was 86.3%(19/22 patients).After treatment,mild cholangitis was observed in 1 patient(4.5%,1/22 patients) but relieved conservatively.No other accidental symptom was observed.CONCLUSION It was considered that the ERCP for biliopancreatic diseases in patients with Billroth II-reconstructed stomach will become a less invasive,safe and useful examination and treatment approach.

Which scope is appropriate for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography after Billroth II reconstruction:An esophagogastroduodenoscope or a colonoscope?

BACKGROUND Recently,with the advent of more advanced devices and endoscopic techniques,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in Billroth II(B-II)patients has been increasingly performed.However,the procedures are difficult,and the techniques and strategies have not been defined.AIM To reveal the appropriate scope for ERCP in B-II patients.METHODS Sixty ERCP procedures were performed on B-II patients between June 2005 and May 2018 at Fukushima Medical University Hospital,and in 44 cases,this was the first ERCP procedure performed by esophagogastroduodenoscopy(EGDS)or colonoscopy(CS)after B-II gastrectomy.These cases were divided into two groups:17 cases of ERCP performed by EGDS(EGDS group)and 27 cases of ERCP performed by CS(CS group).The patient characteristics and ERCP procedures were compared between the EGDS and CS groups.RESULTS The procedural time was significantly shorter in the EGDS group than in the CS group[median(range):60(20-100)vs 90(40-128)min,P value<0.01].CS was an independent factor of a longer ERCP procedural time according to the univariate and multivariate analyses(odds ratio:3.97,95%CI:1.05-15.0,P value=0.04).CONCLUSION Compared to CS,EGDS shortened the procedural time of ERCP in B-II patients.

Current status of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with surgically altered anatomy

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)in patients with surgically altered anatomy must be performed by a highly experienced endoscopist.The challenges are accessing the afferent limb in different types of reconstruction,cannulating a papilla with a reverse orientation,and performing therapeutic interventions with uncommon endoscopic accessories.The development of endoscopic techniques has led to higher success rates in this group of patients.Device-assisted ERCP is the endoscopic procedure of choice for high success rates in short-limb reconstruction;however,these success rate is lower in long-limb reconstruction.ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography is now popular because it can be performed independent of the limb length;however,it must be performed by a highly experienced and skilled endoscopist.Stent deployment and small stone removal can be performed immediately after ERCP assisted by endoscopic ultrasonography,but the second session is needed for other difficult procedures such as cholangioscopy-guided electrohydraulic lithotripsy.Laparoscopic-assisted ERCP has an almost 100%success rate in longlimb reconstruction because of the use of a conventional side-view duodenoscope,which is compatible with standard accessories.This requires cooperation between the surgeon and endoscopist and is suitable in urgent situations requiring concomitant cholecystectomy.This review focuses on the advantages,disadvantages,and outcomes of various procedures that are suitable in different situations and reconstruction types.Emerging new techniques and their outcomes are also discussed.

Short-type single balloon enteroscope for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography with altered gastrointestinal anatomy

AIM:To evaluate the effectiveness of a short-type single-balloon-enteroscope(SBE) for endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) in patients with a reconstructed intestine.METHODS:Short-type SBE was developed to perform ERCP in postoperative patients with a reconstructed intestine.Short-type SBE is a direct-viewing endoscope with the following specifications:working length,1520 mm;total length,1840 mm;channel diameter,3.2 mm.In addition,short-type SBE has a water-jet channel.The study group comprised 22 patients who underwent 31 sessions of short-type SBE-assisted ERCP from June 2011 through May 2012.Reconstruction was performed by Billroth-Ⅱ(B-Ⅱ) gastrectomy in 6 patients(8 sessions),Roux-en-Y(R-Y) gastrectomy in 14 patients(21 sessions),and R-Y hepaticojejunostomy in 2 patients(2 sessions).We retrospectively studied the rate of reaching the blind end(papilla of Vater or choledochojejunal anastomosis),mean time required to reach the blind end,diagnostic success rate(defined as the rate of successfully imaging the bile and pancreatic ducts),therapeutic success rate(defined as the rate of successfully completing endoscopic treatment),mean procedure time,and complications.RESULTS:Among the 31 sessions of ERCP,the rate of reaching the blind end was 88% in B-Ⅱ gastrectomy,91% in R-Y gastrectomy,and 100% in R-Y hepaticojejunostomy.The mean time required to reach the papilla was 18.3 min in B-Ⅱ gastrectomy,21.1 min in R-Y gastrectomy,and 32.5 min in R-Y hepaticojejunostomy.The diagnostic success rates in all patients and those with an intact papilla were respectively 86% and 86% in B-Ⅱ gastrectomy,90% and 87% in R-Y gastrectomy,and 100% in R-Y hepaticojejunostomy.The therapeutic success rates in all patients and those with an intact papilla were respectively 100% and 100% in B-Ⅱ gastrectomy,94% and 92% in R-Y gastrectomy,and 100% in R-Y hepaticojejunostomy.Because the channel diameter was 3.2 mm,stone extraction could be performed with a wire-guided basket in 12 sessions,and wireguided intraductal ultrasonography could be performed in 8 sessions.As for complications,hyperamylasemia(defined as a rise in serum amylase levels to more than 3 times the upper limit of normal) occurred in 1 patient(7 sessions) with a B-Ⅱ gastrectomy and 4 patients(19 sessions) with an R-Y gastrectomy.After ERCP in patients with an R-Y gastrectomy,2 patients(19 sessions) had pancreatitis,1 patient(21 sessions) had gastrointestinal perforation,and 1 patient(19 sessions) had papillary bleeding.Pancreatitis and bleeding were both mild.Gastrointestinal perforation improved after conservative treatment.CONCLUSION:Short-type SBE is effective for ERCP in patients with a reconstructed intestine and allows most conventional ERCP devices to be used.

Risk factors for perforation during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in post-reconstruction intestinal tract

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) in patients with surgically altered anatomy has been a major challenge to gastrointestinal endoscopists with low success rates for reaching the target site as well as high complication rates. The knowledge of ERCP-related risk factors is important for reducing unexpected complications.AIM To identify ERCP-related risk factors for perforation in patients with surgically altered anatomy.METHODS The medical records of 187 patients with surgically altered anatomy who underwent ERCP at our institution between April 2009 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. An analysis of patient data, including age, sex, type of reconstruction, cause of surgery, aim of ERCP, success rate of reaching target site,success rate of procedure, adverse events, type of scope, time to reach the target site, and duration of procedure, was performed. In patients with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction, additional potential risk factors were the shape of the inserted scope and whether the anastomosis was antecolic or retrocolic.RESULTS All patients(n = 187) had surgical anatomy, such as Billroth-Ⅰ(n = 22), Billroth-Ⅱ(n = 33), Roux-en-Y(n = 54), Child, or Whipple reconstruction(n = 75). ERCP was performed for biliary drainage in 43 cases(23%), stone removal in 29 cases(16%),and stricture dilation of anastomosis in 59 cases(32%). The scope was unable to reach the target site in 17 cases(9%), and an aimed procedure could not be accomplished in 54 cases(29%). Adverse events were pancreatitis(3%),hyperamylasemia(10%), cholangitis(6%), cholestasis(4%), excessive sedation(1%), perforation(2%), and others(3%). Perforation occurred in three cases, all of which were in patients with Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction; in these patients, further analysis revealed loop-shaped insertion of the scope to be a significant risk for perforation(P = 0.01).CONCLUSION Risk factors for perforation during ERCP in patients with surgically altered anatomy were Billroth-Ⅱ reconstruction and looping of the scope during BillrothⅡ procedure.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in patients with altered anatomy: How to deal with the challenges?

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) in patients with surgically altered anatomy is challenging. Several operative interventions of both the gastrointestinal tract and the biliary and/or pancreatic system lead to altered anatomy, rendering ERCP more difficult or even impossible with a conventional side-viewing duodenoscope. Adapted endoscopes are avail-able to reach the biliopancreatic system and to perform ERCP in patients with altered anatomy. However, both technical difficulties and complications determine the procedure's success. Different technical approaches have been described and are highly dependent on local expertise and endoscopic equipment. Standard-ized practical guidelines are currently unavailable. This review focuses on the challenges encountered during ERCP in patients with altered anatomy and how to deal with them. The first challenge is reaching the papilla or the bilioenteric/pancreatoenteric anastomosis in the patient with postoperative altered anatomy. The sec-ond challenge is the cannulation of the biliopancreatic system and performing all conventional ERCP interven-tions and the third challenge is the control of possible complications. The available literature data on this topicis reviewed and illustrated with clinical cases.

Long-term outcomes of endoscopic papillary balloon dilation for removal of bile duct stones in Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy patients

Background： Endoscopic papillary balloon dilation （EPBD） for common bile duct （CBD） stones removal in Billroth II gastrectomy patients is feasible. However, the long-term outcomes of this technique are notclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the procedural and long-term outcomes of EPBD for removal of CBD stones in Billroth II gastrectomy patients.

Common bile duct morphology is associated with recurrence of common bile duct stones in Billroth II anatomy patients

BACKGROUND Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is the primary choice for removing common bile duct(CBD)stones in Billroth II anatomy patients.The recurrence of CBD stones is still a challenging problem.AIM To evaluate CBD morphology and other predictors affecting CBD stone recurrence.METHODS A retrospective case-control analysis was performed on 138 CBD stones patients with a history of Billroth II gastrectomy,who underwent therapeutic ERCP for stone extraction at our center from January 2011 to October 2020.CBD morphology and other predictors affecting CBD stone recurrence were examined by univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis.RESULTS CBD morphology(P<0.01)and CBD diameter≥1.5 cm(odds ratio[OR]=6.15,95%confidence interval[CI]:1.87-20.24,P<0.01)were the two independent risk factors.In multivariate analysis,the recurrence rate of patients with S type was 16.79 times that of patients with straight type(OR=16.79,95%CI:4.26-66.09,P<0.01),the recurrence rate of patients with polyline type was 4.97 times that of patients with straight type(OR=4.97,95%CI:1.42-17.38,P=0.01),and the recurrence rate of S type patients was 3.38 times that of patients with polyline type(OR=3.38,95%CI:1.07-10.72,P=0.04).CONCLUSION CBD morphology,especially S type and polyline type,is associated with increased recurrence of CBD stones in Billroth II anatomy patients.

Double balloon endoscopy increases the ERCP success rate in patients with a history of Billroth Ⅱ gastrectomy

AIM:To evaluate the effect of double balloon endoscope(DBE)on the endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography(ERCP)success rate in patients with a history of BillrothⅡ(BⅡ)gastrectomy.METHODS:From April 2006 to March 2007,32 patients with a BⅡgastrectomy underwent 34 ERCP attempts.In all cases,the ERCP procedures were started using a duodenoscope.If intubation of the afferent loop or reaching the papilla failed,we changed to DBE for the ERCP procedure(DBE-ERCP).We assessed the success rate of afferent loop intubation,reaching the major papilla,selective cannulation,possibility of therapeutic approaches,procedure-related complications,and the overall success rate.RESULTS:Among the 32 patients with a history of BⅡgastrectomy,the duodenoscope was successfully passed up to the papilla in 22 patients(69%),and cannulation was successfully performed in 20 patients(63%).Six patients(2 with failure in afferent loop intubation and 4 with failure in reaching the papilla)underwent DBE-ERCP.The DBE reached the papilla in all the 6 patients(100%)and selective cannulation was successful in 5 patients(83%).Four patients(67%)who had common bile duct stones were successfully treated.One patient underwent diagnostic ERCP only and the other one,in whom selective cannulation failed,was diagnosed with papilla cancer proven by biopsy.There were no complications related to the DBE.The overall ERCP success rate increased to 88%(28/32).CONCLUSION:The overall ERCP success rate increases with DBE in patients with a previous BⅡgastrectomy.

ERCP for patients who have undergone Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)is efficacious in patients who have undergone Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomies,but the success rate decreases in patients who also have experienced Braun anastomoses.There are currently no reports describing the preferred enterography route for cannulation in these patients.We first review the patient’s previous surgery records,which most often indicate that the efferent loop is at the greater curvature of the stomach.We recommend extending the duodenoscope along the greater curvature of the stomach and then advancing it through the"lower entrance"at the site of the gastrojejunal anastomosis,along the efferent loop,and through the"middle entrance"at the site of the Braun anastomosis to reach the papilla of Vater.Ten patients who had each undergone BillrothⅡgastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis between January 2009 and December 2011 were included in our study.The overall success rate of enterography was 90% for the patients who had undergone BillrothⅡgastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis,and the therapeutic success rate was 80%.We believe that this enterography route for ERCP is optimal for a patient who has had BillrothⅡgastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis and helps to increase the success rate of the procedure.

Retrieval-balloon-assisted enterography for ERCP after Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis

AIM: To describe an optimal route to the Braun anastomosis including the use of retrieval-balloon-assisted enterography.METHODS: Patients who received a Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy(n = 109) and a Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy with Braun anastomosis(n = 20) between January 2009 and May 2013 were analyzed in this study. Endoscopic ret-rograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) was performed under fluoroscopic control using a total length of 120 cm oblique-viewing duodenoscope with a 3.7-mm diameter working channel. For this procedure, we used a triplelumen retrieval balloon catheter in which a 0.035-inch guidewire could be inserted into the "open-channel" guidewire lumen while the balloon could be simultaneously injected and inflated through the other 2 lumens.RESULTS: For the patients with Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis, successful access to the papilla was gained in 17 patients(85%) and there was therapeutic success in 16 patients(80%). One patient had afferent loop perforation, but postoperative bleeding did not occur. For Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy, there was failure in accessing the papilla in 15 patients(13.8%). ERCP was unsuccessful because of tumor infiltration(6 patients), a long afferent loop(9 patients), and cannulation failure(4 patients). The papilla was successfully accessed in 94 patients(86.2%), and there was therapeutic success in 90 patients(82.6%). Afferent loop perforation did not occur in any of these patients. One patient had hemorrhage 2 h after ERCP, which was successfully managed with conservative treatment.CONCLUSION: Retrieval-balloon-assisted enterography along an optimal route may improve the ERCP success rate after Billroth Ⅱ gastroenterostomy and Braun anastomosis.

胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆道疾病的前视镜下治疗

目的介绍和探讨应用前视镜对胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆道疾病患者的内镜下治疗的价值。方法对2007年1月～2010年12月两院消化内镜中心经内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)治疗的26例胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后合并胆道疾病患者的病例进行回顾性分析,以评价前视镜对胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆道疾病患者的内镜下治疗的价值。结果 26例胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后合并胆道疾病患者中行治疗性ERCP成功21(80.8%)例,失败5(19.2%)例。在21例成功插管中,使用柱状球囊扩张法10例,胆道支架加针形刀切开十二指肠乳头5例,小切开加大气囊扩张法4例,未进行括约肌处理2例。内引流4例,鼻胆管外引流4例,成功取石13例。术后轻中度发热2例,高淀粉酶血症2例,胰腺炎1例,无出血和穿孔发生。结论前视镜是治疗胃大部切除毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆道疾病患者的安全有效手段,可以提高成功率和避免穿孔严重并发症发生,但操作具有难度,可在有技术条件的医院选择性开展。

透明帽辅助胃镜在毕罗Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后合并胆管疾病患者ERCP的临床应用

目的探讨透明帽辅助胃镜在毕罗Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后合并胆管疾病患者的ERCP内镜治疗经验。方法 11例毕罗Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后合并胆管疾病患者选择透明帽辅助胃镜ERCP,插管成功者行EST和(或)EPBD、ENBD、ERBD及EMBE等治疗。结果所有病例在毕罗Ⅱ式胃大部切除术后均插管造影成功(100%),其中9例胆总管结石分别行EST 7例、EPBD 2例,胆总管结石取净率100%;胆管癌1例行EMBE,胆道手术后胆管狭窄1例行ERBD,均顺利完成。ESD术后高淀粉酶血症1例,未发生胰腺炎、消化道穿孔和大出血等严重并发症。结论透明帽辅助胃镜在毕罗Ⅱ式合并胆管疾病的ERCP诊治中有助于空肠袢内的进镜,便于胆管插管及结石的清除,提高ERCP的成功率,减少严重并发症的发生。

Billroth Ⅱ式胃切除术后患者ERCP诊治

目的 总结BillrothⅡ式胃切除术后患者进行ERCP诊治的经验,对其手术操作的成功率、安全性和有效性进行评估.方法 回顾性分析2007年1月至2009年11月间,75例BillrothⅡ式术后因胆道疾患接受ERCP诊治患者的临床资料.结果 75例患者中,顺利进入空肠输入襻69例（92%）,其中选择性胆道插管成功68例,3例行诊断性胆道造影检查,65例为治疗性操作.后者中16例行EST＋取石＋鼻胆管引流术,19例行塑料支架胆管引流术,18例金属支架胆管引流术,12例内镜下球囊扩张术＋取石＋鼻胆管引流术.1例患者因空肠输入襻穿孔（1.3%）急诊行手术治疗,2例（2.6%）并发术后急性胰腺炎,经保守治疗痊愈,无出血相关并发症.结论 对于BillrothⅡ式术后患有胆道疾病的患者,进行ERCP诊治是安全、可行的.

Billroth-Ⅱ式胃切除患者的经内镜逆行胰胆管造影与治疗

为诊断和治疗Ｂｉｌｒｏｔｈ－Ⅱ式（毕Ⅱ式）胃切除术后患者的胆胰疾病，６１例毕Ⅱ式胃肠重建患者接受经内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ＥＲＣＰ）及治疗。乳头插管成功率为７５．４％，胆道造影成功率６３．９％；胆管引流９例，括约肌切开取石１例。全组有３例（４．９％）发生肠穿孔。作者对造成ＥＲＣＰ及治疗操作困难的原因进行了分析，指出其成功率主要取决于胃肠重建的方式，采用前视或侧视型内镜对成功率的影响不大，并对此类患者的内镜治疗及肠穿孔的防治进行了探讨。

探讨ERCP在消化道重建胃肠Billroth Ⅱ吻合术后胆总管结石患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)在消化道重建胃肠BillrothⅡ吻合(胃肠毕Ⅱ式吻合)术后胆总管结石患者中的应用价值。方法 采用回顾性队列研究方法,回顾分析河北医科大学第二医院肝胆外科2015年12月—2017年11月收治的189 例胆总管结石患者行ERCP取石治疗的病例资料。根据有无消化道胃肠毕Ⅱ式吻合术病史进行分组,既往未行消化道手术的胆总管结石患者行ERCP取石治疗的为正常组(n=167),既往曾行消化道手术的患者行ERCP取石治疗的为重建组(n=22),对比两组患者的手术操作时间、取石成功率、术后并发症发生率、术后住院时间及住院费用指标。正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,偏态分布的计量资料以M(范围)表示。计数资料比较采用检验χ2检验或Fisher确切概率法。结果 消化道正常组手术操作时间为(40.18±11.80) min、ERCP取石成功率为97.60%为(163/167),重建组的手术操作时间为(61.81±13.21) min、ERCP取石成功率为81.82%(18/22),两组相比差异均有统计学意义(t=0.105, χ2=10.400,P<0.05);消化道正常组的并发症发生率为16.17%(27/167)、术后住院时间(3.47±1.55) d、住院费用(20 620.69±3 117.88) 元,重建组的并发症发生率为18.18%(4/22)、术后住院时间(4.18±2.08) d、住院费用(22 426.41±5 916.30) 元,两组相比差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.000,t=4.204,t=10.828,P>0.05)。结论 消化道重建胃肠毕Ⅱ式吻合术后胆总管结石患者行ERCP取石是安全可行的,有较高的取石成功率,创伤小,值得推广。

结肠镜在胃大部切除Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合术后胆总管结石取石中的应用

回顾性分析15例胃大部切除Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合术患者资料。15例患者均于十二指肠镜或结肠镜辅助下行逆行胰胆管造影胆总管结石取石术。结果显示在胃大部切除Billroth-Ⅱ式吻合术后，于结肠镜辅助下进行胆总管结石取石治疗不但可以取得与十二指肠镜相同的效果，并且降低了手术操作难度，缩短了手术时间，提高了手术成功率。

治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术在胃大部切除术后合并胆总管结石中的应用

目的探讨治疗性内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对胃大部切除BillrothⅡ吻合术后合并胆总管结石的治疗价值。方法对1999年5月至2007年8月就诊于沈阳军区总医院消化内镜中心经ERCP治疗的26例胃大部切除BillrothⅡ吻合术后合并胆总管结石患者的病例资料进行回顾性分析,以评价治疗性ERCP在该病中的应用价值。结果治疗性ERCP在胃大部切除BillrothⅡ吻合术后合并胆结石治疗中成功率为92.31%(24/26)。使用胆道支架加针形刀法切开十二指肠乳头11例(45.83%),球囊扩张法4例(16.67%),切开刀电切法5例(20.83%),未进行括约肌处理4例(16.67%)。结石完全清除19例,清除率为73.08%,取出部分结石后行内引流或外引流处理5例,单纯行鼻胆管外引流2例。术后轻中度发热2例,肠道穿孔1例,高淀粉酶血症2例,无胰腺炎发生。结论治疗性ERCP是治疗胃大部切除BillrothⅡ吻合术后合并胆总管结石的有效手段,但操作具有难度,可有一定的并发症,可在有技术条件的医院选择性开展。

毕Ⅱ式胃切除术后ERCP进镜失败的危险因素分析

目的探讨毕Ⅱ式胃切除术后经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)进镜失败的危险因素。方法回顾性分析2008年1月至2017年12月在上海长海医院消化内镜中心行ERCP治疗的261例毕II式胃切除术后患者的临床资料,对可能影响其进镜失败的相关因素进行多因素logistic回归分析,并采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析评估所获得的潜在因素对事件的预测能力。结果纳入的261例患者共行345例次ERCP操作,进镜成功率为82.3%(284/345),插管成功率为89.1%(253/284).ERCP技术性操作失败的主要原因是内镜未能到达十二指肠盲端及找到壶腹乳头(66.3%,61/92)和选择性胆胰管插管失败(33.7%,31/92)。ERCP术后并发症发生率为14.2%(49/345),其中术后胰腺炎发生率为3.2%(11/345)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,首次ERCP操作(OR=7.717,95%C/:2.581~23.068,P<0.001)、合并Braun吻合(OR=8.737,95%CI:2.479-30.797,P=0.001)和无透明帽辅助前视镜(0R=2.774,95%CI:1.283-5.997,P=0.009)是进镜失败的独立危险因素。根据各危险因素在logistic回归分析中的B值进行赋分,无透明帽辅助前视镜为1分,首次ERCP操作为2分,合并Braun吻合为2分,所绘制的ROC曲线下面积为0.773。当临界值为2.5分时,敏感度和特异度分别为75.0%和70.8%。结论首次ERCP操作、合并Braun吻合和无透明帽辅助前视镜是影响毕n式胃切除术后ERCP进镜失败的危险因素。对操作失败高危患者早期识别干预有助于提高进镜成功率。