Granule-bound and Soluble Starch Synthases in Post-Germination Pinus edulis Seedlings

Seedlings of the gymnosperm, Pinus edulis Engelm., have a distinctive pattern of starch accumulation following germination; however, the enzymes involved in starch synthesis have not been studied in gymnosperm species. In this study, enzymes and starch were extracted from P. edulis seedlings germinated in the dark at room temperature. Granule_bound proteins of 58 kD and 91 kD were recognized by a pea SS Ⅱ antiserum. The 58 kD granule_bound protein was purified and identified as granule_bound starch synthase Ⅰ by alignment of the N_terminal sequence with that of granule_bound starch synthase Ⅰ from several angiosperms. Elution of soluble starch synthase activity from a DEAE_Sepharose column showed two starch synthase activity peaks, indicating at least two isoforms of soluble starch synthases. Primer affinities of soluble starch synthases were investigated. Glycogen from rabbit was the best primer for soluble starch synthase. The enzymological properties of Pinus starch synthases appear to be similar to those reported for angiosperms.

Suppression of starch synthase I(SSI) by RNA interference alters starch biosynthesis and amylopectin chain distribution in rice plants subjected to high temperature

Based on known cDNAs of rice starch synthase isoforms,we constructed dsRNA interference vectors for starch synthase I(SSI)to produce transgenic plants containing starch with a moderately high amylose content.We investigated the effect of SSI suppression on grain quality traits,starch biosynthesis,and amylopectin chain distribution in rice plants exposed to two different temperature regimes.The activities and transcripts of BEs,DBEs,and other SS isoforms were further investigated to clarify the effect of SSI suppression on these key enzymes and their specific isoforms under different temperature treatments.Suppression of SSI by RNAi altered grain starch component and amylopectin chain distribution,but it exerted only a slight effect on total starch content(%)and accumulation amount(mg kernel?1)and on starch granule morphology and particle size distribution.Under normal temperature(NT),insignificant differences in kernel weight,chalky kernel proportion,chalky degree,and starch granule morphology between SSI-RNAi line and its wild type(WT)were observed.However,amylose content(AC)level and granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS)activity in rice endosperms were markedly increased by SSI-RNAi suppression.The chalky kernel proportion and chalky degree of SSIRNAi lines were significantly higher than those of WT under high temperature(HT)exposure at filling stage.Inhibition of SSI by RNAi affected amylopectin chain distribution and raised starch gelatinization temperature(GT)in two ways:directly from the SSI deficiency itself and indirectly by reducing BEIIb amounts in an SSI-deficient background.The deficiency of SSI expression led to an alteration in the susceptibility of grain chalkiness occurrence and starch gelatinization temperature to HT exposure,owing to a pleiotropic effect of SSI deficiency on the expression of other genes associated with starch biosynthesis.

Composition of Starch and Protein in the Endosperm of Newly Generated Double Recessive Waxy and Opaque 2 Maize （Zea mays L.） Genotypes

Waxy maize with its pure amylopectin starch is the staple food of many ethnic minorities in hilly regions of Southeast Asia （SEA）. A combination of waxy and quality protein maize （QPM） traits would improve the quality of protein of waxy maize for human consumption. Double recessive waxy-QPM （wx-o2） genotypes had been generated from Southern Chinese material by haploid induction of crosses heterozygous for the two quality traits with an absolutely conserved waxy type and an improved amino acid profile. The vitreous kernel trait （due to the additional modifier genes present in QPM） was lost in the wx-o2 plant material; this may be due to the waxy mutation, this is anyhow desirable for acceptance as waxy maize is preferred due to its soft grains. The content of the quality limiting amino acid lysine was greatly increased in double recessive wx-o2 genotypes compared to standard waxy maize, but still with a high variation among genotypes for future improvement. Conclusively, it was indeed possible to combine two grain quality mutations successfully within one genotype and prototypes of double quality wx-o2 are available now to contribute to meet human requirements in essential amino acids and thus reduce malnutrition in various regions of Asia.

Effects of soluble starch synthase genes on eating and cooking quality in semi waxy japonica rice with Wx^(mp)

The purpose of this study is to reveal the genetic mechanism of the variation of amylose content among different semi waxy or glutinous japonica rice in the background of Wxmp gene.Sixty-four semi waxy lines derived from the hybrid progenies of Wujing 13 and Milky Princess(Kantou 194)with polymorphism in soluble starch synthase gene SSIIa(SSII-3)and SSIIIa(SSIII-2)but no polymorphism in other starch synthase related genes were used as test materials.The genotypes of SSIIa and SSIIIa allele were identified by molecular markers,and the allelic effects of SSIIa and SSIIIa gene on amylose content(AC),gel consistency(GC),gelatinization temperature(GT)and rapid visco analyzer(RVA)profile characteristics were analyzed.The significant effects of SSIIa and SSIIIa alleles and the interactive effects between two genes on AC,GT,GC and RVA profile characteristics were found.The SSIIa and SSIIIa alleles from Wujing13 shown positive effects on AC with an average increase of 1.87 and 1.23%in 2 years respectively.There was no significant effect on GT for SSIIa or SSIIIa allele but remarkable influence on GT when the co-existence of the two genes.The genotype SSIIa^(mp)SSIIIa^(mp) shown 1.34℃higher GT than genotype SSIIawjSSIIIawj(mp and wj indicated that the gene was derived from Milky Princess and Wujing 13 respectively,the same as in the below).Different genes and alleles resulted in significant different GC.The genetic effect of SSIIawj and SSIIIamp on GC was 8.74 and 9.62mm respectively.The GC of SSIIa^(wj)SSIIIa^(mp) was 10.64 and 16.95mm higher than that of SSIIa^(mp)SSIIIa^(wj) and SSIIawjSSIIIawj,respectively.The allele SSIIa^(wj) could increase the peak viscosity(PKV),hot paste viscosity(HPV),cool paste viscosity(CPV)and breakdown viscosity(BDV),while decrease the consistency viscosity(CSV)and setback viscosity(SBV).However for the allele SSIIIa^(wj) the opposite was true.The genotype SSIIa^(wj)SSIIIa^(mp) had the largest PKV,HPV and CPV,the genotype SSIIa^(wj)SSIIIa^(wj) had the largest BDV and CSV,but the genotype SSIIa^(wj)SSIIIa^(mp) had the least SBV.According to the comprehensive effect of each trait,the genotype SSIIawjSSIIIamp was the best.The allelic variation and interaction effect of SSIIa and SSIIIa genes have important reference value for improving cooking and eating quality of semi waxy japonica rice.

Effects of the activities of key enzymes involved in starch biosynthesis on the fine structure of amylopectin in developing rice (Oryza sativa L.) endosperms

The dynamic changes of the activities of enzymes involving in starch biosynthesis, including ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthases (SSS), starch branching enzyme (SBE) and starch debranching enzymes (DBE) were studied, and changes of fine structure of amy- lopectin were characterized by isoamylase treatment during rice grain development, using trans anti-waxy gene rice plants. The relationships between the activities of those key enzymes were also analyzed. The amylose synthesis was significantly inhibited in transgenic Wanjing 9522, but the total starch content and final grain weight were less affected as compared with those of non-transgenic Wanjing 9522 rice cultivar. Analyses on the changes of activities of enzymes involving in starch bio- synthesis showed that different enzyme activities were expressed differently during rice endosperm development. Soluble starch synthase is relatively highly expressed in earlier stage of endosperm de- velopment, whilst maximal expression of granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) occurred in mid-stage of endosperm development. No obvious differences in changes of the activities of AGPase and SBE between two rice cultivars investigated, except the DBEs. Distribution patterns of branches of amy- lopectin changed continually during the development of rice grains and varied between two rice culti- vars. It was suggested that amylopectin synthesis be prior to the synthesis of amylose and different enzymes have different roles in controlling syntheses of branches of amylopectin.

Changes in Activities of the Key Enzymes Related to Starch Synthesis in Rice Grains During Grain Filling and Their Relationships with the Filling Rate and Cooking Quality

With 10 rice cultivars (lines) as materials, the changes in activities of adenosine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase(ADPGPase), starch synthase (SSase) and starch branching enzyme (Q-enzyme) in the grains during grain filling, and theirrelationships with the filling rate, gel consistency (GC), alkali spreading value (ASV) and amylose content (AC) werestudied. The results showed that changes in activities of ADPGPase, SSase and Q-enzyme exhibited a single peak duringgrain filling, and the time of the activity peaks for the former two enzymes was earlier than that of the maximum grain-fillingrate (Tmax), and the time reaching the peak for Q-enzyme was synchronous with Tmax. The activities at early grain fillingstage, and the mean and maximum activities of each enzyme during grain filling period were positively and significantly orvery significantly correlated with the mean and maximum grain filling rate and starch content (mg grain-1) in the grains.Activities of ADPGPase at all grain filling stages and those of Q-enzyme at the early and mid filling stages were notsignificantly correlated the cooking quality (GC, ASV and AC). SSase activities at the early filling stage were significantlyand negatively correlated with GC and ASV, and positively correlated with AC. Activities of SSase at mid and late grainfilling stages and Q-enzyme at the late filling stage were significantly and positively correlated with GC and ASV, andnegatively correlated with AC. Spraying zeatin or abscisic acid at early grain filling stage could obviously regulate theactivities of ADPGPase, SSase and Q-enzyme in the grains.

Effects of Weak Light on Starch Accumulation and Starch Synthesis Enzyme Activities in Rice at the Grain Filling Stage

Dynamic changes of starch, amylose, sucrose contents and the activities of starch synthesis enzymes under shading treatments alter flowering were studied using two rice varieties IR72 （indica） and Nipponbare （japonica） as materials. Under shading treatments, the starch, amylose and sucrose contents decreased, while ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase （ADPGPPase） activity only changed a little, soluble starch synthase activity and granule bound starch synthase activity decreased, soluble starch branching enzyme （SSBE, Q-enzyme） activity and granule bound starch branching enzyme （GBSBE, Q-enzyme） activity increased, and starch debranching enzyme （DBE, R-enzyme） activity varied with varieties. Correlation analyses showed that the changes of starch content were positively and significantly correlated with the changes of sucrose content in the weak light. Both ADPGPPase activity and SSBE activity were positively and significantly correlated with starch accumulation rate. It was implied that the decline of starch synthase activities was related to the decrease of starch content and the increase of the activity of starch branching enzyme played an important role in the decrease of the ratio of amylose to the total starch under the weak light.

Transformation of Sucrose to Starch and Protein in Rice Leaves and Grains under Two Establishment Methods

Six rice varieties, PR120, PR116, Feng Ai Zan, PR115, PAU201 and Punjab Mehak 1 were raised under aerobic and transplanting conditions to assess the effects of planting conditions on sucrose metabolising enzymes in relation to the transformation of free sugars to starch and protein in flag leaves and grains. Activities of sucrose synthase, sucrose phosphate synthase and acid invertase increased till flowering stage in leaves and mid-milky stage（14 d after flowering） in grains and thereafter declined in concomitant with the contents of reducing sugar. Under aerobic conditions, the activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase（cleavage） significantly decreased in conjunction with the decrease in non-reducing sugars and starch content in all the varieties. Disruption of starch biosynthesis under the influence of aerobic conditions in both leaves and grains and the higher build up of sugars possibly resulted in their favoured utilization in nitrogen metabolism. Feng Ai Zan, PR115 and PR120 maintained higher levels of sucrose synthase enzymes in grains and leaves and contents of metabolites（amino acid, protein and non-reducing sugar） under aerobic conditions, while PR116, Punjab Mehak 1 and PAU201 performed better under transplanting conditions, thus showing their adaptation to environmental stress. Yield gap between aerobic and transplanting rice is attributed primarily to the difference in sink activity and strength. Overall, it appear that up-regulation of sucrose synthase（synthesis） and sucrose phosphate synthase under aerobic conditions might be responsible in enhancing growth and productivity of rice varieties.

大小粒型藜麦籽粒表型、灌浆特性及淀粉合成酶活性的差异分析

【目的】籽粒大小是影响藜麦产量、商品性和加工特性的重要因素,考察灌浆期大小粒型藜麦籽粒表型、灌浆特性和淀粉合成酶活性的差异,可为大粒型藜麦品种的选育提供理论指导。【方法】选择千粒重大于5.0 g和小于3.0 g的藜麦材料各2份,在青海省农林科学院种质资源创新试验基地进行田间试验,比较自灌浆期始7 d、14 d、21 d和28 d籽粒表型、灌浆特性和淀粉合成酶活性等在大小粒型藜麦间的差异。【结果】(1)大小粒型藜麦籽粒面积、周长、直径、粒长、粒宽表型性状随着生育时期均极显著增大,且粒型间存在显著差异,并以籽粒面积和周长差异最大,大粒型藜麦分别显著高于小粒型藜麦9.12%~11.54%和21.49~23.92%。(2)灌浆期间大粒型藜麦百粒干质量始终显著高于同期小粒型藜麦,平均增幅在21.23%~31.04%;大小粒型藜麦灌浆速率随生育期均先上升后下降,均符合“慢—快—慢”的变化规律,但达到峰值时间和峰高明显不同,大粒型峰值出现早而高,小粒型则低而迟。(3)淀粉分支酶(SBE)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)和ADPG焦磷酸化酶(AGP)在大小粒型藜麦籽粒灌浆期呈现不同的变化趋势,SBE和SS活性表现为小粒型藜麦强于大粒型藜麦,而SSS和AGP活性则表现为大粒型藜麦强于小粒型藜麦。【结论】藜麦籽粒灌浆期间4种淀粉合成酶活性的差异,致使淀粉合成积累量和灌浆速率峰值的不同,进而形成籽粒表型性状的差异,而SSS和AGPase是影响藜麦籽粒大小形成的关键酶。

施磷量对不同耐低磷型水稻品质及淀粉合成酶活性的影响

适宜磷肥用量对水稻品质具有一定影响。为明确施磷量对不同耐低磷型水稻品质及其强、弱势粒淀粉合成相关酶活性的影响,以‘连粳7号’(弱耐低磷)和‘甬优2640’(强耐低磷)为供试水稻品种进行盆栽试验,设置4个磷肥施用量(按P_(2)O_(5)计):0 kg·hm^(-2)(P0)、60 kg·hm^(-2)(P60)、120 kg·hm^(-2)(P120)、180 kg·hm^(-2)(P180),分析不同施磷量下稻米品质与淀粉合成酶活性之间的关系,为高品质稻米栽培提供参考。结果表明:1)与P0相比,增施磷肥改善了稻米品质。随着施磷量增加,糙米率、精米率、整精米率呈先增加后降低趋势,垩白粒率、垩白面积、垩白度、碱消值、直链淀粉含量先降低后增加。‘连粳7号’与‘甬优2640’分别在P120、P60时稻米品质最优,糙米率、精米率和整精米率分别比P0增加19.6%、25.3%、79.7%(‘连粳7号’)与17.8%、23.5%、38.4%(‘甬优2640’);‘甬优2640’稻米品质优于‘连粳7号’。2)与P0相比,增施磷肥提高了水稻籽粒淀粉合成相关酶活性。腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(StSase)、蔗糖合成酶(SuSase)、淀粉分支酶(Q-酶)、三磷酸腺苷酶(ATPase)活性随施磷量增加先增加后降低。总体来看,‘连粳7号’与‘甬优2640’分别在P120、P60时淀粉合成相关酶活性最高,灌浆中期强势粒AGPase、StSase活性分别比P0增加18.4%、51.1%(‘连粳7号’)与20.0%、51.5%(‘甬优2640’);‘甬优2640’籽粒酶活性高于‘连粳7号’。3)不同耐低磷型品种淀粉合成相关酶活性与蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量相关性不同。淀粉合成相关酶显著或极显著影响‘连粳7号’蛋白质含量,对直链淀粉含量影响较小;淀粉合成相关酶活性显著或极显著影响‘甬优2640’直链淀粉含量,对蛋白质含量影响较小。‘连粳7号’与‘甬优2640’分别在P120、P60处理下能够提高强弱势粒中淀粉合成相关酶活性,促进籽粒中淀粉的合成与积累,有利于水稻品质改善。

芋淀粉合成酶基因家族的鉴定、生物信息学及表达分析

【目的】鉴定芋淀粉合成酶(CeSS)基因家族,并对其生物信息学及表达模式进行分析,为芋产量、品质和营养性状的遗传改良提供参考。【方法】使用HMMER 3.12b软件以SS基因家族典型保守结构域Glyco_transf_5为模型,鉴定芋基因组中SS基因家族信息,利用生物信息学软件分析其分子结构特征、系统发育关系及顺式作用元件,采用转录组和实时荧光定量PCR技术检测其在正常生长发育条件和干旱胁迫下的转录表达。【结果】在芋基因组中鉴定了6个SS基因(CeSS1、CeSS2、CeSS3⁃1、CeSS3⁃2、CeSS4和CeGBSS1)。6个预测的芋SS基因长度为4980~61347 bp,对应的CDS长度为1275~2895 bp,编码蛋白的氨基酸残基数量为424~964个,分子质量为48067.43~109391.75 Da,理论等电点为5.18~6.11。系统进化分析显示6个芋SS蛋白分布在5个亚家族。基因结构分析显示,6个CeSS基因外显子数量为7~15个。在6个CeSS蛋白中鉴定出10个保守motif,其中7个获得注释。在保守结构域上,CeSS1、CeSS2、CeSS4和CeGBSS1蛋白均含有淀粉合成酶催化结构域(motif 2和motif 5)和糖基转移酶群组1(motif 1和motif 3),而CeSS3⁃1蛋白含有motif 1、motif 3和motif 5,CeSS3⁃2蛋白只含有motif 2。基因启动子区域顺式作用元件分析表明,共预测到73个顺式作用元件,其中36个具有功能注释,除了具有核心元件TATA⁃box和CAAT⁃box外,还涉及大量与光响应、激素响应、胁迫响应及生长发育等相关元件。在正常生长发育条件下,6个CeSS基因在叶片和球茎的整体表达量均高于叶柄和根,其中CeGBSS1基因的表达量远高于其他基因,且在叶片和球茎的相对表达量极显著高于叶柄和根(P<0.01,下同);在球茎不同发育阶段,CeGBSS1基因在所有的发育阶段均有较高表达量,且在30~90 d发育过程中呈上升趋势,其余基因的表达量较低。在干旱胁迫下,6个CeSS基因在叶片的相对表达量较对照组显著(P<0.05)或极显著下降。【结论】在芋基因组中鉴定了6个SS基因,并明确其分子结构特征和表达模式,其中CeGBSS1基因可能是芋淀粉生物合成的关键基因。

芋可溶性淀粉合成酶CeSS基因家族的克隆和表达分析

为探索芋淀粉合成机理,本研究从靖江香沙芋中克隆获得了3个芋可溶性淀粉合酶(CeSS)家族基因。3个基因CeSSI、CeSSII、CeSSIII碱基序列全长分别为1932 bp、2409 bp、3606 bp,编码形成3个亲水性蛋白质。系统进化分析结果显示,3个蛋白质CeSSI、CeSSII、CeSSIII与海枣、芦笋、药用稻等单子叶植物的亲缘关系较近。表达分析结果表明,这3个CeSS基因广泛存在于芋的叶片、叶柄、母芋和子芋中。CeSSI和CeSSII的表达水平随芋球茎的发育而显著增加,在种植150 d达到峰值,而CeSSIII在成熟后期(种植180 d)的芋球茎中表达量较高。

Origin and evolution of the main starch biosynthetic enzymes

Starch,a semi-crystalline energy storage form primarily found in plant plastids plays a crucial role in various food or no-food applications.Despite the starch biosynthetic pathway’s main enzymes have been characterized,their origin and evolution remained a subject of debate.In this study,we conducted the comprehensive phylogenetic and structural analysis of three types of starch biosynthetic enzymes:starch synthase(SS),starch branching enzyme(SBE)and isoamylase-type debranching enzyme(ISA)from 51,151 annotated genomes.Our findings provide valuable insights into the possible scenario for the origin and evolution of the starch biosynthetic pathway.Initially,the ancestor of SBE can be traced back to an unidentified bacterium that existed before the formation of the last eukaryotic common ancestor(LECA)via horizontal gene transfer(HGT).This transfer event likely provided the eukaryote ancestor with the ability to synthesize glycogen.Furthermore,during the emergence of Archaeplastida,one clade of SS was transferred from Deltaproteobacteria by HGT,while ISA and the other clade of SS originated from Chlamydiae through endosymbiosis gene transfer(EGT).Both these transfer events collectively contributed to the establishment of the original starch biosynthetic pathway.Subsequently,after the divergence of Viridiplantae from Rhodophyta,all three enzymes underwent multiple duplications and N-terminus extension domain modifications,resulting in the formation of functionally specialized isoforms and ultimately leading to the complete starch biosynthetic pathway.By shedding light on the evolutionary origins of key enzymes involved in the starch biosynthetic pathway,this study provides important insights into the evolutionary events of plants.

灌浆期高温对两种品质类型小麦品种籽粒淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响

以徐州26(高蛋白含量)和扬麦9号(低蛋白含量)2个不同品质类型小麦品种为材料,利用人工气候室模拟小麦花后高温条件,研究了灌浆期高温对籽粒淀粉积累及淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响。结果表明,与适温处理(20℃)相比,高温(28℃)显著降低了籽粒中总淀粉及支链淀粉的含量,而对直链淀粉含量的影响较小,导致支/直链淀粉的比例显著降低。高温提高了灌浆初期小麦籽粒中蔗糖合成酶(SS)和结合态淀粉合成酶(GBSS)活性,但明显降低了灌浆后期SS、GBSS和可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性。品种间相比,灌浆初期高温处理提高了扬麦9号籽粒GBSS活性,但显著降低了徐州26籽粒SSS活性,说明高温抑制2种类型小麦籽粒淀粉合成的酶学机制不同。此外,不同昼夜温差处理(8℃和12℃)间比较发现,高温下两品种籽粒淀粉含量没有明显差异,适温下2品种淀粉含量以温差较大的处理含量较高。灌浆中后期,高温下SS活性随温差增大而升高,SSS和GBSS则以温差小的处理较高;适温下3种关键酶活性均以温差大的处理为高。总之,灌浆期温度较温差对小麦籽粒淀粉合成的影响大。

小麦籽粒灌浆过程中有关淀粉合成酶的活性及其效应

在不同土壤肥力条件下 ,对不同品质类型小麦品种的籽粒淀粉积累及淀粉合成过程中的关键酶 - ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶与淀粉粒结合态淀粉合成酶活性变化进行了研究。结果表明 ,ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶与总淀粉和支链淀粉积累速率呈极显著正相关 ;淀粉粒结合态淀粉合成酶与直链淀粉积累速率呈极显著正相关 ,在灌浆中前期与总淀粉积累速率相关不显著 ,后期呈极显著正相关。说明 ADPG焦磷酸化酶、可溶性淀粉合成酶对总淀粉和支链淀粉积累起着重要的调节作用 ,淀粉粒结合态淀粉合成酶对直链淀粉积累起重要作用。可溶性淀粉合成酶活性高、淀粉粒结合态淀粉合成酶活性低的品种 ,支链淀粉含量高 ,直链淀粉含量低 ,支 /直比例大。增加施氮量能够提高灌浆中后期淀粉合成有关酶的活性 ,提高淀粉的积累速率。文中还研究了不同品种的 RVA谱特征值和土壤肥力、施氮量对 RVA参数的影响。

水稻灌浆期籽粒中淀粉合成关键酶的活性变化及其与灌浆速率和蒸煮品质的关系

以10个水稻品种(系)为材料,研究了灌浆期籽粒中腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADPGPase)、淀粉合成酶(SSase)和淀粉分支酶(Q-酶)活性变化及其与灌浆速率、胶稠度(GC)、碱化值(ASV)和直链淀粉含量(AC)的关系。结果表明,籽粒中ADPGPase、SSase和Q-酶活性变化呈单峰曲线,前两个酶活性峰值出现的时间在最大灌浆速率的时间(Tmax)之前,Q-酶活性峰值的时间与Tmax趋于同步。上述各酶在灌浆前期的活性、灌浆期的最大活性和平均活性与平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率和籽粒中淀粉的含量(mg·粒-1)均呈显著或极显著正相关。灌浆各期籽粒中ADPGPase活性以及灌浆前、中期的Q-酶活性与蒸煮品质(GC,ASV和AC)的相关均不显著;灌浆前期SSase活性与GC和ASV呈显著负相关,与AC呈显著正相关,灌浆中期和后期的SSase活性以及灌浆后期的Q-酶活性与GC和ASV呈显著正相关,与AC呈显著负相关。灌浆前期喷施玉米素或脱落酸对籽粒中的ADPGPase、SSase和Q-酶活性有明显的调控作用。

作物淀粉合成关键酶及其基因表达的研究进展

ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase polypetide,AGPase)、颗粒结合淀粉合成酶(Granule-bound starch synthase,GBSS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(Soluble starch synthase,SSS)、淀粉分支酶(Starch branching enzyme,SBE)、淀粉去分支酶(Starch debranching enzyme,DBE)等是淀粉合成过程中的关键酶。本文主要介绍了前人关于这五种酶各同工型的结构、功能、各同工酶基因在不同组织和不同生育时期的表达特异性,及它们的基因表达与淀粉合成的关系等方面的研究进展,旨在为相关研究提供参考。

灌浆结实期弱光对水稻籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的影响

选用IR72(籼稻)和日本晴(粳稻)为材料,在开花后进行遮光处理,对弱光条件下籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量的动态变化及相关酶的活性进行了研究。在弱光条件下,两品种籽粒的淀粉含量减少,直链淀粉含量下降,蔗糖含量降低,ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性的变化较小,可溶性淀粉合成酶和颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶活性减弱,可溶性淀粉分支酶Q酶和颗粒结合型淀粉分支酶活性增强,淀粉去分支酶活性因品种而异,IR72表现为减弱,日本晴则为增强。相关分析表明,遮光下蔗糖输入量的减少量和淀粉合成量的下降量呈显著正相关;ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶活性与淀粉积累速率呈显著正相关。分析指出,遮光下淀粉合成酶活性的降低与淀粉合成量的下降有关,淀粉分支酶活性的升高是直链淀粉占淀粉总量的比率减少的重要原因。

甜瓜果实发育过程中糖积累与蔗糖代谢相关酶的关系

以伊丽莎白和乌引1号2个厚皮甜瓜品种为试材,测定了不同发育时期果实中的糖、淀粉含量以及蔗糖代谢相关酶—酸性转化酶(AI)、中性转化酶(NI)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性变化等,并对甜瓜果实糖积累的生理机制进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)2个品种果实中糖积累动态十分相似,即成熟期之前,糖积累缓慢,特别是蔗糖几乎很少积累;进入成熟期,果实中蔗糖迅速积累,而单糖略有下降。(2)AI、NI的活性变化对2种甜瓜果实中糖的积累和构成具有重要影响,SS对2种甜瓜果实中糖积累的作用较小,SPS活性升高与成熟期伊丽莎白果实中蔗糖的积累相一致。(3)果实中糖的积累与淀粉含量变化无明显关系。

唐菖蒲球茎形成期蔗糖和淀粉代谢及其相关酶活性

以唐菖蒲品种‘RoseSupreme’为材料,研究叶片、新球、匍匐茎和籽球中蔗糖、淀粉含量及其相关酶活性变化。结果表明:唐菖蒲叶片中蔗糖含量顺序为叶片>新球、籽球>匍匐茎。叶片和匍匐茎中淀粉含量较新球和籽球低。叶片、新球和籽球中蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性较高。唐菖蒲生长发育前期各部位蔗糖合成酶(SS)活性均较低,但后期新球中的SS活性快速升高,叶片中则快速下降。酸性转化酶(AI)活性的高低顺序是叶片>匍匐茎>籽球>新球。叶片中性转化酶(NI)活性较其他部位高,匍匐茎不断增加,新球是先增加后降低。Q酶活性除了叶片外,其他部位均不断增加;总淀粉酶活性变化趋势均是先增加后降低。在唐菖蒲生长发育过程中,蔗糖代谢主要受SPS、SS、AI和NI的综合调控,Q酶和淀粉酶在球茎发育过程中对淀粉代谢起重要作用。