Variation Characteristics of Root Traits of Different Alfalfa Cultivars under Saline-Alkaline Stress and their Relationship with Soil Environmental Factors

Soil salinization is the main factor that threatens the growth and development of plants and limits the increase of yield.It is of great significance to study the key soil environmental factors affecting plant root traits to reveal the adaptation strategies of plants to saline-alkaline-stressed soil environments.In this study,the root biomass,root morphological parameters and root mineral nutrient content of two alfalfa cultivars with different sensitivities to alkaline stress were analyzed with black soil as the control group and the mixed saline-alkaline soil with a ratio of 7:3 between black soil and saline-alkaline soil as the saline-alkaline treatment group.At the same time,the correlation analysis of soil salinity indexes,soil nutrient indexes and the activities of key enzymes involved in soil carbon,nitrogen and phosphorus cycles was carried out.The results showed that compared with the control group,the pH,EC,and urease(URE)of the soil surrounding the roots of two alfalfa cultivars were significantly increased,while soil total nitrogen(TN),total phosphorus(TP),organic carbon(SOC),andα-glucosidase activity(AGC)were significantly decreased under saline-alkaline stress.There was no significant difference in root biomass and root morphological parameters of saline-alkaline tolerant cultivar GN under saline-alkaline stress.The number of root tips(RT),root surface area(RS)and root volume(RV)of AG were reduced by 61.16%,44.54%,and 45.31%,respectively,compared with control group.The ratios of K^(+)/Na^(+),Ca^(2+)/Na^(+)and Mg^(2+)/Na^(+)of GN were significantly higher than those of AG(p<0.05).The root fresh weight(RFW)and dry weight(RDW),root length(RL),RV and RT of alfalfa were positively regulated by soil SOC and TN,but negatively regulated by soil pH,EC,and URE(p<0.01).Root Ca^(2+)/Na+ratio was significantly positively correlated with soil TN,TP and SOC(p<0.01).The absorption of Mg and Ca ions in roots is significantly negatively regulated by soilβ-glucosidase activity(BGC)and acid phosphatase activity(APC)(p<0.05).This study improved knowledge of the relationship between root traits and soil environmental factors and offered a theoretical framework for elucidating how plant roots adapt to saline-alkaline stressed soil environments.

Study on Agronomic Characters and Storage Durability of a New Line of Endurable Storage Hybrid Rice Chucangyou No.1

[Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the storage durability of a new line of endurable storage hybrid rice Chucangyou No.1 selected by endurable storage genes of Yunhui 290.[Method] Agronomic characters of the new line and the control II you 838 and Shanyou 63 were comparatively studied,and storage durability of the new line and indica,japonica or hybrid rice were also comparatively analyzed by the accelerated ageing test.[Result] Agronomic characters of the new line were excellent,and germination rate in the artificial accelerated ageing test was significantly higher than those in other materials.[Conclusion] Chucangyou No.1 has the better storage durability,which can be used in large scale of extention.

Dynamic Changes of Nitrogen in Saline-alkaline Paddy Field and Its Potential Environmental Impacts

[Objective] The paper was to study the dynamic changes of nitrogen in saline-alkaline paddy field and its potential environment impacts. [Method] With typical sodic saline-alkaline paddy fields of Songnen Plain as study object,field test method was used to explore the dynamic changes was strong alkof nitrogen in paddy field of the region and its potential impact on environment. [Result] The soil in test regionaline with high CEC and C/N ratios,as well as poor preserving capacity of fertilizer. During the two-year field experiment,the indicators of salinization fluctuated. Initially,the concentrations of total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen reached their maximum values,then decreased over time as a result of heavy rain. The maximum of nitrate concentration appeared later than those of total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. Ammonia volatilization accounted for 18.9%-28.8% of the nitrogen loss. The total nitrogen concentration in surface water was higher than the national Class Ⅲ surface water environmental quality standard. The concentration of ammonia from the recession flow of agricultural field was considerably high,which would potentially threaten the fishery in the downstream of Chagan Lake. [Conclusion] The study provided theoretical basis for saline-alkaline soil management and conservation of water and fishery resources.

Colonization Characteristics and Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in the Rhizosphere of Iris lactea in Songnen Saline-alkaline Grassland

To understand arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungi resources and develop AM fungal species in ornamental plants with saline-alkaline tolerances,Iris lactea,which grows in the Songnen saline-alkaline grassland with a high ornamental value,was selected as the experimental material,and the colonization characteristics of its roots and the AM fungal diversity in its rhizosphere were explored.The results of the observations and calculations of mycorrhizae from ten different samples showed that AM fungi colonized the roots of I.lactea and formed Arum-type mycorrhizal structures.There was a significant correlation between soil spore density and pH value,while the colonization rate showed a fluctuating trend with increasing pH values.The observed colonization intensities were of Levels II(1%–10%)or III(11%–50%),and the vesicle abundances were of grades A2 or A3 among different sites.AM fungi produced a large number of mycelia and vesicles in the roots of I.lactea after colonization.Thirty-seven species belonging to 15 genera of AM fungi were isolated from the rhizosphere of I.lactea and identified by morphological identification.Funneliformis and Glomus were the dominant genera,accounting for 21.79%and 20.85%of the total number,respectively.F.mosseae and Rhizophagus intraradices were isolated in all samples with importance values of 58.62 and 51.19,respectively.These results are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the analysis of the salt tolerance mechanism of I.lactea and for the discovery,exploration and further screening of AM fungal resources with salinity tolerances in saline-alkaline soils.

Characteristics and Spatial Variability of Saline-Alkaline Soil Degradation in the Typical Yellow River Delta Area of Kenli County, China

As an important area of reserve land resources, the Yellow River Delta is faced with the problem of soil salinization. Grasping the characteristics of soil salinity as well as its spatial variation patterns is an important foundation of prevention, control and utilization of saline soil. This study selected Kenli County of the Yellow River Delta, obtained soil salinity data through field survey and lab experiment, and used statistical, GIS interpolation and buffer analysis methods to analyze the characteristics of soil salinity and its spatial variation patterns. Our results showed that the general soil salinity in the study area was mainly moderate and there was a significant positive correlation between different soil layers of 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cm and soil salinity increased with the increase of soil depth. The areas with high soil salinity in each soil layer mainly distributed in the east near the Bo Sea in the county, while the areas with lower soil salinity mainly distributed in the southwest, centre and the two sides of the Yellow River in the northeast. Soil salinity showed a trend of decrease with the increase in distance to the Bo Sea, while stretching from the Yellow River, it showed increase tendency with the increase in distance to the Yellow River. The order from high soil salinity to low of different vegetation types was naked land → suaeda glauca → tamarix → vervain → reed → couch grass → paddy → cotton → winter wheat → maize;the order for different geomorphic types was depression → slightly sloping ground → slow hillock → high flood land. This study preliminary delineated the characteristics of soil salinity as well as its spatial variation patterns in the study area, and provided scientific basis for soil resource sustainable utilization in the Yellow River Delta.

Studies of community structure and seasonal dynamics of planktonic copepods in saline-alkaline ponds

Species abundance and seasonal succession of copepods in saline-alkaline ponds were studied in Zhaodian Fish Farm, Gaoqing County, Shandong Province, from 5 April 1997 to 1 September 1998. The results indicated that in the conditions of salinity ranging from 1.36 to 20 g/L, total alkalinity changing from 2.4 to 7.2 mmol/L and pH 8–9, zooplankton in saline-alkaline ponds was composed of freshwater salt-tolerated species or halophile species, some of which are halobiont species and usually occurs in freshwater. In our study, copepods were predominant in many fish-culture ponds and all control ponds without fishes in spring, late autumn and early winter. Dominant species of copepods were Sinocalanus tenellus, Cyclops vicinus, Thermocyclops taiho- kuensis. The biomass of copepods in the control ponds without fishes was higher than that of the fish-culture ponds.

Priming for Saline-Alkaline Tolerance in Rice:Current Knowledge and Future Challenges

Soil salinization and/or alkalization is a major constraint to crop production worldwide.Approximately 60% of the cultivated land is affected by salt,over half of which is alkalized.Alkaline soils are characterized by high alkalinity and typically high salinity,which creates a complex saline-alkaline(SA) stress that affects plant growth.Rice cultivation has been accepted as an important strategy for effective utilization of SA land if water is available for irrigation.Nevertheless,as a salt-sensitive plant,rice plants suffer severe SA-induced damage,which results in poor plant growth and grain yield.Various approaches have been employed to improve rice productivity in SA land.Among them,the priming technique has emerged as a powerful method for enhancing SA tolerance in rice plants.In this review,we summarized how SA stress damages rice plants,and then presented how priming treatment can mitigate such damage.

Land use effects on soil organic carbon, nitrogen and salinity in saline-alkaline wetland

Land-use and soil management affects soil organic carbon （SOC） pools, nitrogen, salinity and the depth distribution. The objective of this study was to estimate land-use effects on the distribution of SOC, labile fractions C, nitrogen （N） and salinity in saline-alkaline wetlands in the middle reaches of the Heihe River Basin. Three land-use types were selected： intact saline-alkaline meadow wetland, artificial shrubbery （planting Tamarix） and farmland （cultivated for 18 years） of soils previously under meadow wetland. SOC, easily oxidized carbon, microbial biomass carbon, total N, NO3--N and salinity concentrations were measured. The results show that SOC and labile fraction carbon contents decreased significantly with increasing soil depth in the three land-use wetlands. The labile fraction carbon contents in the topsoil （0-20cm） in cultivated soils were significantly higher than that in intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil. The aboveground biomass and soil permeability were the primary influencing factors on the contents of SOC and the labile carbon in the intact meadow wetland and artificial shrubbery soil, however, the farming practice was a factor in cultivated soil. Agricultural measures can effectively reduce the salinity contents; however, it caused a significant increase of NO 3--N concentrations which posed a threat to groundwater quality in the study area.

Denitrification Potential of Marsh Soils in Two Natural Saline-alkaline Wetlands

Little information is available on denitrification potential of marsh soils in natural saline-alkaline wetlands. The denitrification potentials of an open wetland in the floodplain(Erbaifangzi wetland) and a closed wetland(Fulaowenpao wetland) in backwater areas in Jilin Province of Northeast China were monitored by an anaerobic incubation at 30℃ for 25 days. Our results showed that the relative denitrification index(RDI) increased gradually with incubation time, and showed a rapid increase in the first 5 days of incubation. The RDI values declined quickly from surface soils to subsurface soils and then kept a small change in deeper soils along soil profiles over the incubation time. Denitrification proceeded much faster in the top 20 cm soils of open wetland than in the closed wetland, whereas no significant differences in RDI values were observed in deeper soils between both wetlands. The RDIs were significantly negatively correlated with bulk density and sand content, while a significantly positive correlation with clay content, soil organic matter, total nitrogen and phosphorous. The maximum net NO–3-N loss through denitrification in 1 m depth were higher in the open wetland than the closed wetland with higher soil pH values. Future research should be focused on understanding the influencing mechanisms of soil alkalinity.

Susceptible time window and endurable duration of cotton fiber development to high temperature stress

The development of the cotton fiber is very sensitive to temperature variation, and high temperature stress often causes reduced fiber yield and fiber quality. Short-term high temperature stress often occurs during cotton production, but little is known about the specific timing and duration of stress that affects fiber development. To make this clear, pot experiments were carried in 2014 and 2015 in a climate chamber using cotton cultivars HY370WR（less sensitive variety） and Sumian 15（heat sensitive variety）, which present different temperature sensitivities. Changes of the most important fiber quality indices（i.e., fiber length, fiber strength and marcironaire） and three very important fiber development components（i.e., cellulose, sucrose and callose） were analyzed to define the time window and critical duration to the high temperature stress at 34°C（max38°C/min30°C）. When developing bolls were subjected to 5 days of high temperature stress at different days post-anthesis（DPA）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of imposed time followed square polynomial eq. as y=a＋bx＋cx^2, and the time around 15 DPA was the most sensitive period for fiber quality development in response to heat stress. When 15 DPA bolls were heat-stressed for different durations（2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 days）, the changes（Δ%） of fiber length, strength and micronire, as a function of stress duration followed logistic equations y=A_1-A_2/1＋（x/x_0）~p＋A_2. Referred to that 5, 10 and 15% are usually used as criteria to decide whether techniques are effective or changes are significant in crop culture practice and reguard to the fiber quality indices change range, we suggested that 5% changes of the major fiber quality indices（fiber length, fiber strength and micronaire） and 10% changes of fiber development components（cellulose, sucrose and callose） could be taken as criteria to judge whether fiber development and fiber quality have been significantly affected by high temperature stress. The key time window for cotton fiber development in response to the high temperature stress was 13–19 DPA, and the critical duration was about 5 days.

Impacts of Sulfur and Microalgae Co-fertilization on Saline-alkaline Soil of Sunflower Field in Hetao Irrigation District

[Objectives]To evaluate the impacts of the elemental sulfur(S 0)and micro-algae(MA)co-fertilization on saline-alkaline soil of sunflower field in the Hetao Irrigation District(HID).[Methods]The greenhouse pot experiment was conducted with four treatments:control(CK),single S 0 fertilization(S),single MA fertilization(A),and S 0 and MA co-fertilization(SA)for comparing the selected soil properties and sunflower plant heights and weights in different treatments.[Results]The results showed that the mean soil organic matter(SOM)under the SA(25.08 g/kg)was significantly higher than that for the CK(20.59 g/kg),S(22.47 g/kg),and A(22.95 g/kg).The mean pH under the SA(7.75)was significantly lower than that for the CK(8.14),S(7.82),and A(7.96).The mean soil exchangeable Na+concentration under the SA was significantly lower than that for the S.The mean soil electrical conductivity(EC)under the SA was 9.76%lower than that for the S.The means of Cl-(1.22 g/kg)and SO 2-4(1.90 g/kg)in soil under the SA were lower than that for the S(1.30,2.06 g/kg)and A(1.31,1.97 g/kg),respectively.For plant height 3 at the late stage of plant growth,the mean plant height 3 under the SA(89.00 cm)was higher than that of the CK(69.60 cm)and A(74.33 cm).The total weights of the fresh sunflower heads,fresh stems,and dry seeds under the SA were higher than that for the CK,S,and A.[Conclusions]In conclusion,the S 0 and MA co-fertilization had positive effects on improving saline-alkaline soils,the soil under the S 0 and MA co-fertilization could be better conditions for promoting sunflower growth than that for the S,Z,and CK,and thereby the S 0 and MA co-fertilization could be a new idea to improve saline-alkaline soil in the cold and arid regions.

Optimized operation scheme of flash-memory-based neural network online training with ultra-high endurance

With the rapid development of machine learning,the demand for high-efficient computing becomes more and more urgent.To break the bottleneck of the traditional Von Neumann architecture,computing-in-memory(CIM)has attracted increasing attention in recent years.In this work,to provide a feasible CIM solution for the large-scale neural networks(NN)requiring continuous weight updating in online training,a flash-based computing-in-memory with high endurance(10^(9) cycles)and ultrafast programming speed is investigated.On the one hand,the proposed programming scheme of channel hot electron injection(CHEI)and hot hole injection(HHI)demonstrate high linearity,symmetric potentiation,and a depression process,which help to improve the training speed and accuracy.On the other hand,the low-damage programming scheme and memory window(MW)optimizations can suppress cell degradation effectively with improved computing accuracy.Even after 109 cycles,the leakage current(I_(off))of cells remains sub-10pA,ensuring the large-scale computing ability of memory.Further characterizations are done on read disturb to demonstrate its robust reliabilities.By processing CIFAR-10 tasks,it is evident that~90%accuracy can be achieved after 109 cycles in both ResNet50 and VGG16 NN.Our results suggest that flash-based CIM has great potential to overcome the limitations of traditional Von Neumann architectures and enable high-performance NN online training,which pave the way for further development of artificial intelligence(AI)accelerators.

Ningxia:Fish-Farming on Saline-Alkaline Land

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Liaoyannuo developed by the Res Inst of Saline-alkaline Utilization of Liaoning Province

Liaoyannuo, a glutinous japonica type rice, had an average yield of 8.08 t / ha in two-year provincial trials, which is 12.6% higher than the CK Fengjin. Its average yield in two-year provincial production trials was 9.53 t/ha, 15.2% higher than the CKs Liaoyan 5 and Fengjin, respectively. Liayannuo is of moderate resistance or resistance to blast, bacterial blight of rice, sheath and culm blight of rice, rice aspergillus, response to fertility and endurance to saline and alkaline, drought and cold temperature.

Effect of N-Acetylcysteine Combined with Lung Rehabilitation Therapy on Exercise Endurance and Quality of Life of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis-Related Interstitial Lung Disease

Objective:To explore the effect of N-acetylcysteine combined with lung rehabilitation therapy on exercise endurance and quality of life in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-related interstitial lung disease(RA-ILD).Methods:Fifty-six patients with RA-ILD admitted to Xijing Hospital from May 2022 to January 2024 were randomly divided into two groups:a non-rehabilitation group and a pulmonary rehabilitation group,with 28 patients in each group.Both groups received routine treatment.Additionally,the non-rehabilitation group received N-acetylcysteine treatment,while the lung rehabilitation group received lung rehabilitation treatment in addition to N-acetylcysteine.The improvement in exercise endurance and dyspnea between the two groups after treatment was compared and the quality of life of the patients was observed.Results:After treatment,the exercise endurance score in the lung rehabilitation group(335.67±45.29)was higher than that in the non-rehabilitation group(P<0.05).The dyspnea score in the lung rehabilitation group(0.72±0.16)was lower than that in the non-rehabilitation group(P<0.05).Additionally,FVC(3.18±0.58 L),FEV1(2.28±0.56 L),FEV1/FVC(69.69±5.56),and DLCO(60.53±5.92 mL/mmHg/min)were higher in the lung rehabilitation group compared to the non-rehabilitation group after treatment(P<0.05).Conclusion:Lung rehabilitation therapy combined with N-acetylcysteine treatment can effectively improve dyspnea symptoms,lung function,and exercise endurance in patients with RA-ILD.This approach helps to improve patient’s quality of life and is beneficial for their prognosis.

欧盟ENDURE研究计划及其对中国农业工程化研发的启示

农业功能的拓展使农业科研多学科合作成为必然。欧盟成立之来,积极探索成员国间在农业生产、农产品供给、农产品价格和农业产业结构调整等方面一体化发展,确保了欧盟食品安全生产和农业竞争力。其中ENDURE研究计划为适应欧洲农业高度多样化的需求,通过集群创新整体优化欧洲农作物保护策略,集成交叉学科探索生态工程、景观生态学和品种对区域农业条件的适应,使欧洲农业生产更加稳定和可预测。多学科集成研究的科学组织方式也为中国农业工程化研发提供了参考。

耐力训练大鼠抗动脉粥样硬化线粒体自噬通路中抗增殖蛋白2的作用

背景:运动可降低血脂,减缓动脉粥样硬化发展。动脉粥样硬化起始于线粒体功能障碍,而抗增殖蛋白2蛋白受耐力训练调控,参与线粒体自噬。目的:验证耐力训练干预动脉粥样硬化中抗增殖蛋白2蛋白在线粒体自噬通路中的作用。方法:将40只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照组、运动组、动脉粥样硬化组和动脉粥样硬化运动组,每组10只,后2组大鼠高脂饮食(9周)联合维生素D注射(第1,3,6周)构建大鼠动脉粥样硬化模型,同时2个运动组大鼠进行跑台递增训练干预9周。干预结束后进行血脂和病理检测观察造模及干预效果;酶标法和Western blot检测线粒体膜电位和自噬相关蛋白表达;免疫荧光观察主动脉中线粒体自噬蛋白的共定位情况。结果与结论:(1)血脂和病理切片显示,与动脉粥样硬化组相比,动脉粥样硬化运动组大鼠血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇、总胆固醇水平和主动脉脂质沉积面积显著降低(P<0.001)。(2)线粒体膜电位显示,动脉粥样硬化运动组大鼠主动脉线粒体膜电位的显著降低得到逆转(P<0.01)。(3)Western blot显示,与对照组相比,动脉粥样硬化组大鼠线粒体抗增殖蛋白2、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、PINK1和Parkin蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05),PARL和PGAM5蛋白表达降低(P<0.05);与动脉粥样硬化组相比,动脉粥样硬化运动组大鼠线粒体PINK1和Parkin蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05),抗增殖蛋白2、LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ、PARL和PGAM5蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05)。(4)免疫荧光结果显示,动脉粥样硬化组较对照组LC3和PINK1与TOMM20共定位显著增加(P<0.05),动脉粥样硬化运动组较动脉粥样硬化组LC3与TOMM20共定位显著增加(P<0.05);动脉粥样硬化组较对照组LC3和PARL与抗增殖蛋白2共定位显著增加(P<0.01),动脉粥样硬化运动组较动脉粥样硬化组LC3与抗增殖蛋白2共定位显著增加(P<0.01),PARL蛋白与抗增殖蛋白2共定位显著降低(P<0.01)。(5)结果表明,耐力训练可诱导线粒体内膜自噬受体抗增殖蛋白2表达,促进抗增殖蛋白2与线粒体自噬接头蛋白的结合完成线粒体自噬,恢复线粒体功能,减缓动脉粥样硬化发生。

最大脂肪氧化强度运动改善超重或肥胖人群身体成分、心肺耐力和脂质代谢的Meta分析

背景 研究证实,超重或肥胖人群体质(体成分、心肺耐力、脂质代谢)与肥胖密切相关,并可能存在双向关联。最大脂肪氧化强度(FATmax)运动作为一种新型运动干预手段,可有效促进体质改善,但改善效果的量化关系需要进一步探讨。目的 系统评价FATmax运动对超重或肥胖人群体质相关指标的干预效果。方法 检索Pubm Med、Web of Science、EBSCO、中国知网、维普网、万方数据知识服务平台,检索FATmax运动对超重或肥胖患者身体成分、心肺耐力、脂质代谢相关指标干预效果的随机对照试验,检索时间为2001年1月—2024年1月。基于Cochrane风险偏倚评估工具评估纳入文献的质量,Meta分析由Rev Man 5.4软件完成。结果 共纳入16项随机对照试验,包含568例超重或肥胖患者。Meta分析结果显示,与对照组相比,FATmax运动干预组身体成分[BMI:WMD=-1.82,P<0.01;体脂百分比(BFR):WMD=-2.86,P<0.01;腰臀比(WHR):WMD=-0.04,P<0.01]、心肺耐力[最大摄氧量(VO2_(max)):WMD=3.34,P<0.01],除总胆固醇(TC)外脂质代谢状况[三酰甘油(TG):WMD=-0.24,P<0.05;高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C):WMD=0.14,P<0.05;低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C):WMD=-0.27,P<0.05]显著改善。经亚组分析得出最佳干预方案为:干预周期≥12周,3~5次/周的训练,60 min/次的跑步,以优化身体成分;而提升VO2_(max)的最佳方案为5次/周、<60 min/次的组合运动。在脂质代谢方面,对TG的改善最佳方案为3次/周、60 min/次的跑步;对HDL-C的最佳改善方案为4次/周、60 min/次的组合运动;对LDL-C则是4次/周、>60 min/次的组合运动。结论 FATmax运动可显著改善超重或肥胖患者BMI、BFR、WHR、VO2_(max)、TG、HDL-C、LDL-C结局指标,但对TC并无改善作用。

Endurance tests are the most reliable core stability related measurements

Purpose:To determine the intra-tester reliability of clinical measurements that assess five components related to core stability:strength. endurance,flexibility,motor control,and function. Methods:Participants were 15 college-aged males who had not suffered any orthopedic injury in the past year.Core strength measurements included eight isometric tests and a sit-up test.The four core endurance tests were the trunk flexor test,trunk extensor test,and bilateral side bridge tests.Flexibility tests included the sit-and-reach test and active range of the trunk and hip joint motions.Proprioception via passive reposition tests of the hips and a single limb balance test on an unsteady platform were used to evaluate core motor control.Functional measurements consisted of a squat test and a single leg hop test for time and distance.Measurements were performed during two data collection sessions with a week’s rest between the sessions.Intra-class correlation coefficients were calculated to establish reliability. Results:The overall intra-rater reliability for all core stability related measurements ranged from low(ICC = 0.35,left hip reposition) to very high(ICC = 0.98,sit-and-reach).As a group,the core endurance tests were observed to be the most reliable. Conclusion:There are highly reliable tests in each of the five groups.Overall,core endurance tests are the most reliable measurements,followed by the flexibility,strength,neuromuscular control,and functional tests,respectively.

Endurance exercise and gut microbiota:A review

Background: The physiological and biochemical demands of intense exercise elicit both muscle-based and systemic responses. The main adaptations to endurance exercise include the correction of electrolyte imbalance, a decrease in glycogen storage and the increase of oxidative stress, intestinal permeability, muscle damage, and systemic inflammatory response. Adaptations to exercise might be influenced by the gut microbiota, which plays an important role in the production, storage, and expenditure of energy obtained from the diet as well as in inflammation,redox reactions, and hydration status.Methods: A systematic and comprehensive search of electronic databases, including MEDLINE, Scopus, Clinical Trials.gov, Science Direct,Springer Link, and EMBASE was done. The search process was completed using the keywords: "endurance", "exercise", "immune response","microbiota", "nutrition", and "probiotics".Results: Reviewed literature supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota might be able to provide a measureable, effective marker of an athlete's immune function and that microbial composition analysis might also be sensitive enough to detect exercise-induced stress and metabolic disorders. The review also supports the hypothesis that modifying the microbiota through the use of probiotics could be an important therapeutic tool to improve athletes' overall general health, performance, and energy availability while controlling inflammation and redox levels.Conclusion: The present review provides a comprehensive overview of how gut microbiota may have a key role in controlling the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses as well as improving metabolism and energy expenditure during intense exercise.