Energy Cooperation between BRICS Countries(Ⅰ)

The economic rise of the BRICS countries(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) is closely tied to global energy politics and their increased consumption of global energy. Energy cooperation is one of the main forces behind the development of BRICS. Looking forward, energy concerns will undoubtedly remain an important influencing force for the BRICS, shaping their domestic politics and international relations. The pursuit of oil and gas(China, India, and South Africa) to support economic development and the search for stable petroleum markets(Brazil and Russia) have shaped BRICS relations with other countries and regions. This article is trying to elaborate on the reasons why BRICS Energy cooperation is beneficial for its members; also, this article regards the main challenges hindering cooperation, analyzes BRICS energy cooperation through the use of SWOT analysis and muses potential strategic points for BRICS countries up until 2050.

Research on Deepening Energy Cooperation between China and Countries along the Belt and Road

Promoting broader and deeper international energy cooperation is an important part of China’s energy development under the new development paradigm of“dual-circulation.”The proposal and practice of the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI)cooperation have encouraged closer energy cooperation between China and countries along the Belt and Road.Energy cooperation has become one of the areas with the fastest growth and the most remarkable achievements in the BRI construction,which has made an important contribution to the realization of China’s energy development with high quality under open conditions.To accelerate higher levels and more sustainable development of energy cooperation between China and the countries along the Belt and Road,it is necessary to further improve energy policy coordination mechanisms,widen the breadth and depth of energy facilities connectivity,promote unimpeded energy trade,and actively undertake innovative modes of financial support for energy cooperation as well as lay a sound social foundation for people-to-people bonds.

Speech on the Opening Ceremony of European Union-China "Energy Cooperation Industry Conference

Ladies, Gentlemen, Friends: Today, I feel greatly honoured to have opportunity to attend European Union-China《Energy Cooperation Industry Conference cosponsored by China State Science and Technology Commission and European Union of Federalists, held in Beijing. On this occasion, please allow me on behalf of the Ministry of Electric Power, People’s Republic of China, to express thanks for China State Science

Bulgaria,Boosting Energy Cooperation with China——Interview with Deputy Minister Yaneva,Ministry of Economy and Energy,the Republic of Bulgaria

Deputy Minister Yaneva of Economy and Energy,the Republic of Bul- garia,a nice lady with outstanding talents,headed a delegation of Bulgaria to visit China in late June,for the participation at the 13th Bulgarian-Chi- nese Intergovernmental Commission for Economic,Trade,Scientific and Technical Cooperation.As an important instrument,the Joint Commission played a significant role in promoting the overall development of the bilat- eral economic relations. China's Foreign Trade interviewed Deputy Minister Yaneva and she gave very constructive suggestions on promoting the bilateral economic and trade cooperation between the two countries,especially in the area of energy cooperation.The following is a written interview with Deputy Min- ister Yaneva.

Belt and Road Initiative and China’s International Energy Cooperation

In terms of energy supply, the Belt and Road Initiative has accelerated China’s international cooperation and has shaped, via that cooperation, the focus upon clean energy and low-carbon innovation.Under the Belt and Road framework, the market will play an increased role as multilateral organizations engage in new models of international energy cooperation. As the largest energy consumer and public goods provider, China’s transition in energy cooperation will profoundly impact regional energy security and development. The economic growth of partners will also enhance results.

China International Energy Cooperation:New Era,New Opportunities

On January 18,“China International Energy Cooperation Forum 2018:New Era,New Opportunities,New Vision and New Ideas”was successfully held on the campus of its organizer Renmin University of China.This forum received strong support from dozens of domestic and foreign research institutes,including the Renewable Energy Professional Committee of China Energy Research Society,Resource and Environmental Policy Institute of the Development Research Center of the State Council,the International Energy Research Institute of the International Cooperation Center of the National Development and Reform Commission,the CNPC Economics and Technological Research Institute,and the Center on Global Energy Policy of Columbia University.The forum was divided into four parts in two sessions of“Report Release”and“Expert Discussion”.Active and warm discussions were conducted around four topics:“The Position and Role of China in Global Energy Governance”,“The Potential Risks and Their Aversion in China’s International Energy Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative”,“How Can Chinese Energy Companies Enhance Their Global Competitiveness”,and“How to Increase the Safety of Overseas Interests in China’s Foreign Energy Investments”.The discussions were unanimously acknowledged by the

China-Australia Minerals and Energy Cooperation:Status Quo,New Features and Suggestions

Minerals and resources trade and investment play a pivotal role in economic and trade relations between China and Australia.In recent years,although China-Australia political relations have been at a low point,China?Australia minerals and energy cooperation has exhibited a different trend to that of political relations,and also from the engagement during previous periods.Minerals and energy trade has increased steadily,while investment is becoming more difficult,particularly for large projects.There has been a clear green transition in trade and investment in this functional area,and uncertainty has increased due to the influence of factors such as the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),the shale gas revolution and China-US trade disputes.Because this is one of the pillars for economic growth for both countries,and for their trade and investment ties,and because of the importance of low-carbon transition,the free trade system,and global and regional governance,minerals and energy cooperation can serve as a platform for improving and promoting bilateral relations.It has been suggested that China should seize the opportunity to improve bilateral relations by deepening two-way investment,joining hands with Australia on developing more products in more areas,and with new cooperation models.This research will be significant for understanding the status quo of China-Australia cooperation in minerals and energy,and for improving bilateral relations,and even international energy governance.

Energy Cooperation along the Belt and Road: Status-quo, Problems and Suggestions

The "Belt and Road Initiative"was proposed by China in order to deepen international cooperation. The promotion of this initiative will have a positive and far-reaching impact on the sustainable development of China's economy.Energy cooperation has become an important part of China's opening up to the outside world. It is of great sign^cance in safeguarding national security,ensuring stable supply of energy,improving China's rights of speech in international energy markets,and helping China's energy companies to "go global".So far, energy cooperation along the Belt and Road has achieved a good start.Oil and gas companies such as CNPC and Sinopec have moved very fast in overseas cooperation,and new energy companies are actively following up.In order to achieve practical results in China's energy cooperation,this paper analyzesseveral problems and puts forward policy proposals.

Expected Benefits and Potential Risks of Energy Cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative

Energy trade is the barometer of global trade in goods and plays an integral role international trade. As an important part of the implementation of the "Belt and Road"Initiative,multilateral partnership in energy trade is one of the most cooperative and promising areas for the countries along the "Belt and Road".Since the implementation of the initiative five years ago,cooperation in energy trade between China and the countries along the "Belt and Road"has been deepening.This development not only benefits the energy producers,energy consumers and energy corridors,but it also elevates China's influence and leadership in the regional energy market,contributing to the construction of a new international energy order.

Giving Play to the Leading Role of Energy Cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative

Over the past two decades, as the main battlefield of China's international energy cooperation, countries along the Belt and Road have had good foundations in the foreign investment. Through China's efforts to build the Belt and Road, energy cooperation has enjoyed first-mover advantages. Looking ahead, the countries along the Belt and Road are predicted to enjoy a promising future in energy cooperation because of their abundant energy resources, their role as complements to China's economic development, and their vast amounts of cooperation potential. At the same time, we are also keenly aware that there are a number of risks caused by geopolitics, policy changes, price fluctuations and legal compliance in energy cooperation among the countries along the Belt and Road. Moreover, it is urgent for Chinese enterprises to enhance their international capabilities. In this context, it is necessary to further maintain and make full use of their first-mover advantages and play a guiding and demonstrating role. Enterprises should actively adapt to new changes, while the government should make progress in policy coordination, facility connectivity, unimpeded trade, financed integration and people-to-people bonds, so as to keep deepening international energy cooperation and to build an energy silk road and a community with a shared future for energy.

Energy Cooperation between BRICS Countries(Ⅱ)

The economic rise of the BRICS countries(Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) is closely tied to global energy politics and their increased consumption of global energy. Energy cooperation is one of the main forces behind the development of BRICS. Looking forward, energy concerns will undoubtedly remain an important influencing force for the BRICS, shaping their domestic politics and international relations. The pursuit of oil and gas(China, India, and South Africa) to support economic development and the search for stable petroleum markets(Brazil and Russia) have shaped BRICS relations with other countries and regions. This article is trying to elaborate on the reasons why BRICS Energy cooperation is beneficial for its members; also, this article regards the main challenges hindering cooperation, analyzes BRICS energy cooperation through the use of SWOT analysis and muses potential strategic points for BRICS countries up until 2050.

Strategy of Xinjiang-Central Asia Energy Cooperation in Silk Road Economic Belt

The Silk Road Economic Belt is the updated version of regional economy and trade cooperation. It focuses on cooperation and development in energy, providing broad connotation and denotation and space for XinjiangCentral Asia to cooperate with each other in energy. Although it has bright prospect, the energy cooperation will still be restricted by the complex environment of Central Asia and the internal factors of Xinjiang, such as its unique economic model and industrial structure. Thus, in order to realize mutually beneficial cooperation, which is the common target of Silk Road Economic Belt, Xinjiang and Central Asia need to strengthen energy dialogue and expand the energy diplomacy, promote the construction process of Xinjiang energy strategy base, establish and perfect the information platform of Central Asia energy cooperation.

A Study of the Catalyst and the Practical Significance of the Energy Cooperation Between China and Russia in the New Period

On 3,September,2015,China signed more than 20 cooperation agreements,six of which were about oil and gas. This is a breakthrough since the 400 billion natural gas supply deal which was signed in May 2014. These great achievements are inseparable from the continuous efforts of the new generation of collective leadership and multi- level and all- dimensional cooperation under the background of "China dream". This paper aims to discuss the stimulative factors of the developments and breakthroughs from the aspects of the internal efforts between the two governments and external influences of international environment. Lastly,the paper explores the great significance of energy cooperation between China and Russia to the realization of "China dream".

China-Arab Energy Cooperation: Construct new Energy Silk Road

It is an important part of the Belt and Road initiative that Chinaand Arab countries to strengthen energy cooperation and jointlybuild the energy Silk Road. China-Arab has made remarkable progressin energy cooperation, especially in the fields of oil and gascooperation and new energy cooperation. China and Arab countriesare also strengthening strategic docking, promoting energytransition and cooperation in the field of new energy, and workingto form a clean energy production and modern energy consumptionsystem. China and Arab countries should deepenenergy cooperation by taking their complementary advantages,improve the docking mechanism of energy cooperation, promotecooperation in the whole energy industry chain, and avoid geopoliticalrisks through co-development. In the future, the energytransition will also bring great opportunities for deepening China-Arab energy cooperation. At the same time, political and economicrisks will still be an important challenge for China-Arabenergy cooperation. However, the sound political foundationbetween China and Arab countries is the long-term advantage ofChina-Arab energy cooperation.

The Belt and Road Initiatives and China＇s International Energy Cooperation： Progress, Mechanisms, and Recommendations

China＇s international energy cooperation and energy security are important parts of The Belt and Road initiatives. China and the countries along the Belt and Road continue to promote cooperation, actively use the existing bilateral and multilateral cooperation mechanisms to promote the regional and inter-regional energy cooperation. Countries along the Belt and Road are rich in oil and gas resources; their demand on the diversification of export meet with the diversification demand on imports of consumption countries; and their oil refining and chemical technology as well as construction capacity is weak, which provides a lot of new opportunities in cooperation for Chinese enterprises. However, the energy cooperation of Chinese enterprises are also facing some challenges in the complex environment of energy cooperation, the interference of big powers, non-traditional security threats, and energy policy factors. Finally, the paper puts forward the strategic thinking of China＇s international energy cooperation under the new situation.

The potential of energy cooperation between China and Australia under the Belt and Road Initiative

While there is a proliferation of studies on China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI),there is a gap in the literature in terms of an exploration of the costs and benefits from the perspective of the energy sector,in both the areas of sectoral development and energy transition.This paper uses Australia as a case study.The paper is the first to quantify the impact of the BRI in the energy sector,and the analysis informs the current debates on the BRI in Australia.We find that energy cooperation under the BRI enhances the performance of energy companies,but the Chinese energy investment in Australia faces mounting challenges.We suggest some areas for cooperation and such cooperation could be extended to third countries.Amid the increasing trade and political tensions,the two countries need continued,level-headed discussions and debates about the potential cooperation areas at all levels.

Dilemmas and Obstacles： Multilateral Energy Cooperation Among BRICS Countries

Multilateral energy cooperation among BRICS countries remains largely at the stage of initiatives with few substantial actions that have been taken so far. Three main reasons can account for it. One is a contending concern of energy security that constrains energy cooperation between energy producing countries and energy consuming countries. The second is energy diplomacy with self-help logic as the main principle, which discourages BRICS countries from taking collective actions to secure their energy security. The third one is the international energy system that conditions BRICS countries to participate in the international energy cooperation. As a result, multilateral energy cooperation is of secondary importance in the agenda of BRICS countries, and the degree of their involvement in global energy cooperation is relatively low.

Sino-Russian Energy Cooperation and Geo-Strategic Issues

Due to the rapid growth of China’s demands for energy resources, energy security hasbecome a more and more important issue in making future energy decisions. China’senergy policy is founded on the principle of “multiple energy supplies and imports”. Itwould be one of the best solutions if China could make use of its various advantages,attentively develop its multi-energy cooperation with other countries, and seek for acooperative program that is accessible to many sides such as China, Russia, Japan andSouth Korea. Nevertheless, under current circumstances, how to realize “multiple energysupply and import” is not only a focal point for China’s energy security but also one of thetricky issues for the Chinese government. In this paper, the author has put forward someviewpoints and policy suggestions on Sino-Russian energy cooperation and other geo-economic strategic problems.

China’s Energy Cooperation with Middle East Oil-producing Countries

China is rich in coal, but insufficient in petroleum and gas. The energy shortage is not a general shortage but a structural imbalance. In recent years, China's dependence on foreign oil supplies keeps increasing to meet the needs of China's rapid economic growth. China's top leadership, for this goal, has committed itself to energy diplomacy and vigorously promoted China's energy cooperation with Middle East oil-producing countries. In the current conditions, carrying out energy cooperation with the Middle East oil-producing countries is inevitable and beneficial to China’s security. China and the Middle East oil-producing countries have maintained friendly and cooperative relations: mutual political, economic complementarities and cultural fusion, which create a favorable environment for cooperation for extracting and removing the Middle East oil. As for the problems and difficulties exposed in carrying out energy cooperation in the Middle East, China should bravely face them and seriously resolve them.