Magnetostrictive and Kinematic Model Considering the Dynamic Hysteresis and Energy Loss for GMA

Due to the influence of magnetic hysteresis and energy loss inherent in giant magnetostrictive materials （GMM）, output displacement accuracy of giant magnetostrictive actuator （GMA） can not meet the precision and ultra precision machining. Using a GMM rod as the core driving element, a GMA which may be used in the field of precision and ultra precision drive engineering is designed through modular design method. Based on the Armstrong theory and elastic Gibbs free energy theory, a nonlinear magnetostriction model which considers magnetic hysteresis and energy loss characteristics is established. Moreover, the mechanical system differential equation model for GMA is established by utilizing D＇Alembert＇s principle. Experimental results show that the model can preferably predict magnetization property, magnetic potential orientation, energy loss for GMM. It is also able to describe magnetostrictive elongation and output displacement of GMA. Research results will provide a theoretical basis for solving the dynamic magnetic hysteresis, energy loss and working precision for GMA fundamentally.

Energy loss of an energetic Ga ion in hot Au plasmas

Self-consistent calculations of energy loss for a Ga ion moving in hot Au plasmas are made under the assumption of wide ranges of the projectile energy and the plasma temperature with all important mechanisms considered in detail.The relevant results are found to be quite different from those of an a particle or a proton.One important reason for this is the rapid increasing of the charge state of a Ga ion at plasma temperature.This reason also leads to the inelastic stopping which does not always decrease with the increase of plasma temperature,unlike the case of an a particle.The nuclear stopping becomes very important at high enough plasma temperature due to the heavy reduced mass of a Ga and an Au ion and the above-mentioned reason.The well-known binary collision model[Phys.Rev.126(1962)1]and its revised one[Phys.Rev.A 29(1984)2145]are not working or unsatisfactory in this case.

Optimization of Maturation of Radio-Cephalic Arteriovenous Fistula Using a Model Relating Energy Loss Rate and Vascular Geometric Parameters

The main reason for the early failure of radio-cephalic arteriovenous fistula (RCAVF) is non-maturity, which means that the blood flow rate in the fistula cannot increase to the expected value for dialysis. From a mechanical perspective, the vascular resistance at the artificially designed anastomosis causes an energy loss that affects blood flow rate growth and leads to early failure. This research studied how to maximize the RCAVF maturity and primary patency by controlling the energy loss rate. We theoretically analyzed and derived a model that evaluates the energy loss rate Eavf in RCAVF as a function of its blood vessel geometric parameters (GPs) for given flow rates. There was an aggregate of five controllable GPs in RCAVF: radial artery diameter (Dra), cephalic vein diameter (Dcv), blood vessel distance between artery and vein (h), anastomotic diameter (Da), and anastomotic angle (θ). Through this analysis, it was found that Eavf was inversely proportional to Dra, Dcv, Da, and θ, whereas proportional to h. Therefore, we recommended surgeons choose the vessels with large diameters, close distance, and increase the diameter and angle of the anastomosis to decrease the early failure of RCAVF. Simultaneously, we could explain the results of many clinical empiricisms with our formula. We found that increasing Dcv and θ was more significant in reducing Eavf than increasing Dra and Da. Based on our model, we could define two critical energy loss rates (CELa, CELb) to help surgeons evaluate the blood vessels and choose the ideal range of θ, and help them design the preoperative RCAVF plan for each patient to increase the maturity and the primary patency of RCAVF.

Ternary strategy: An analogue as third component reduces the energy loss and improves the efficiency of polymer solar cells

Ternary strategy is a convenient and effective method to boost the performance of polymer solar cells(PSCs).Utilizing a ternary strategy to trade-off between the energy loss and the efficiency of devices however requires further exploration.Here,through the hydroxyl(-OH)and acetoxy(-OCOMe)substitution atβ-position of the IC terminal group,we developed two new synthetic acceptors,BTIC-OH-βand BTICOCOMe-β,which were designed to confine the morphology aggregation.Introduction of an analogue as the third component provides a simple but efficient way to further balance the short current density(Jsc)and open-circuit voltage(Voc),leading to a champion efficiency based on PBDB-T:PBDB-TF:BTIC-OCOMe-β,effectively as high as 12.45%.The results were examined mainly in terms of the morphology characterization,electroluminescence external quantum efficiency(EQEEL),steady-state photoluminescence(PL)and transient technology.It suggested fine-tuning of the morphology by ratio modulation,reduction of the energy loss,construction of a promising pathway for charge transfer in the ternary system and enhancing the carrier extraction.In this way,a ternary strategy with an analogue donor could provide more routes to higher-quality solar cells.

Left ventricle energy loss in normo-and hypertensive subjects

Background Vector flow mapping is a novel echocardiographic technique that enables the visualization of the intraventricular flow. We aimed to evaluate and compare the index of hemodynamic dissipative energy loss in patients with hypertension and the ones with normotensive, unaffected control subjects. Methods & Results Transthoracic echocardiography was performed in eighty-nine hypertensive patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction, fifty-one hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy(LVH group) and thirty-eight hypertensive patients without LVH(non-LVH group). Forty-two healthy volunteers were enrolled as the control group. The stored images were analyzed to calculate the energy loss. The average energy loss of diastole in the LVH group was significantly increased(controls vs. non-LVH vs. LVH: 7.07 ± 0.91 vs. 12.44 ± 3.14 vs. 16.29 ± 3.17 J/s per m^3). Compared with the control group, the energy loss was significantly increased in the LVH group during the different periods in diastole. The energy loss in the non-LVH group was the greatest among the three groups during the atrial contraction period. Conclusions Energy loss provides a promising method for evaluating the energy efficiency in the left ventricle and may be a new indicator of left ventricular cardiac dysfunction.

Energy loss on of low energy ion N^＋q grazing the A1（111） surface

The total energy loss of N^＋q ions （for v 〈 Bohr velocity） grazing on the Al（111） has been simulated without any ＇fit＇ parameter and compared with the experimental data. The energy loss due to the charge exchange, happening before the N^＋q hits the Al（111） surface, is studied. The present simulation shows that the energy loss strongly depends on the charge state of the projectile and the lattice orientation of Al（111） surface. The calculated total energy loss agrees with experimental data very well.

Neutrino energy loss by electron capture on strongly screened iron group nuclei

The influences on the neutrino energy loss rates in iron group nuclei at the same density are investigated in the presence of strong electron screening and in the absence of electron screening. The results show that at a temperature of 15 × 10^9 K, the neutrino energy loss rates which come from the electron capture process for most iron group nuclei decrease no more than 2 orders of magnitude but for the others （such as ^53,55,56,57,58,59,6o Co, ^56,59Ni） they can decrease about 3 orders of magnitude due to strong electron screening （SES）, whereas, at a temperature of 10^9K the neutrino energy loss rates of the most iron group nuclei can be diminished greatly due to the SES. For example, ^61Fe, ^60Fe, and ^62Ni the neutrino energy loss rates decrease about 4, 15 and 16 orders of magnitude and for ^57Cr, ^58Cr, and ^60Cr decrease about 18, 12, and 10 orders of magnitude respectively. According to our calculations the neutrino energy loss rates of nuclei ^58Mn, ^59Mn, ^60Mn, and ^62Mn may decrease about 13 orders of magnitude at a temperature of 10^9 K due to the SES.

Strong Interaction Effect on Jet Energy Loss with Detailed Balance

The strong force effect on gluon distribution of quark-gluon plasma and its influence on jet energy loss with detailed balance are studied. We solve the possibility equation and obtain the value of non-extensive parameter q. In the presence of strong interaction, more gluons stay at low-energy state than the free gluon case. The strong interaction effect is found to be important for jet energy loss with detailed balance at intermediate jet energy. The energy gain via absorption increases with the strong interaction. This will affect the nuclear modification factor RAA and the parameter of q at intermediate jet energy.

Non-ionizing energy loss calculations for modeling electron-induced degradation of Cu(In,Ga)Se_2 thin-film solar cells

The lowest energies which make Cu,In,Ga,and Se atoms composing Cu（In,Ga）Se_2（CIGS） material displaced from their lattice sites are evaluated,respectively.The non-ionizing energy loss（NIEL） for electron in CIGS material is calculated analytically using the Mott differential cross section.The relation of the introduction rate（k） of the recombination centers to NIEL is modified,then the values of k at different electron energies are calculated.Degradation modeling of CIGS thin-film solar cells irradiated with various-energy electrons is performed according to the characterization of solar cells and the recombination centers.The validity of the modeling approach is verified by comparison with the experimental data.

Experimental and Numerical Study of Energy Losses in a Barbecue Oven in Burkina Faso

This work concerns an experimental and numerical study of energy losses in a typical oven usually used in the agro-food craft sector in Burkina Faso. The experimental results were obtained by infrared thermography of the oven and by monitoring the evolution of the wall temperatures using thermocouples connected to a data acquisition system. These results indicate that the energy losses are mainly through the walls of the oven. The numerical study based on the energy balance and corroborated by the experimental study made it possible to quantify these losses of energy which represents almost half of the fuel used. These results will allow us to work on a new, more efficient oven model for the grilling sector in Burkina Faso.

Performance-Economic and Energy Loss Analysis of 80 KWp Grid Connected Roof Top Transformer Less Photovoltaic Power Plant

In India most part receives 4 - 7 kWh of solar radiation per square meter per day with 200 - 250 sunny days in a year. Tamilnadu state also receives the highest annual radiation in India. In this paper, the grid connected photovoltaic plant has a peak power of 80 KWp supplies electricity requirement of GRT IET campus during day time (7 hrs) and reduces load demand and generates useful data for future implementation of such PV plant projects in the Tamilnadu region. Photovoltaic plant was installed in April 2015, monitored during 6 months, and the performance ratio and the various power losses (power electronics, temperature, soiling, internal, network, grid availability and interconnection) were calculated. The PV plant supplied 64,182.86 KWh to the grid from April to September 2015, ranging from 11,510.900 to 10,200.9 kWh. The final yield ranged from 143.886 (h/d) to 127.51 (y/d), reference yield ranged from 201.6 (h/d) to 155.31 (h/d) and performance ratio ranged from 71.3% to 82.1%, for a duration of six months, it had given a performance ratio of 83.82%, system efficiency was 4.16% and the capacity factor of GRT IET Campus for six months was 18.26%. Payback period in years = 9 years 4 months, energy saving per year = 204,400 KWh, cost reduction per year = 1,737,400, Indian rupee = 26,197.30 USD and total CO2 reductions per year = 102,200 tons CO2/year.

Internal Energy Losses and Contact Duration About a Circular Plate Colliding to a Half-Plane Target

Collisions between multibody systems are irreversible processes which cause loss of internal energy by a stress wave that propagates in the impacting bodies away from the region of impact. A coefficient of restitution relating to approach velocity is introduced to denote the losses of translational kinetic energy. A parameter β involved in internal energy losses has been obtained to calculate the coefficient of restitution. As a result, the internal energy losses caused by elastic stress waves and the contact duration in metals can be calculated numerically for the collision between circular cylinder and half plane. The metals include aluminum alloys, steel-mild 1020, steel-stainless austenitic 304, tungsten alloys, copper alloys, nickel alloys and titanium alloys. By introducing a coefficient of velocity-frequency, an exponential aggression equation related the normalized oscillating frequency and normalized approach velocity has been obtained by the numerical method.

Holographic energy loss near critical temperature in an anisotropic background

We study the energy loss of a quark moving in a strongly coupled quark gluon plasma under the influence of anisotropy.The heavy quark drag force,diffusion coefficient,and jet quenching parameter are calculated using the Einstein–Maxwell-dilaton model,where the anisotropic background is characterized by an arbitrary dynamical parameter A.Our findings indicate that as the anisotropic factor A increases,the drag force and jet quenching parameter both increase,while the diffusion coefficient decreases.Additionally,we observe that the energy loss becomes more significant when the quark moves perpendicular to the anisotropy direction in the transverse plane.The enhancement of the rescaled jet quenching parameters near critical temperature Tc,as well as drag forces for a fast-moving heavy quark is observed,which presents one of the typical features of quantum chromodynamics phase transition.

Selective fluorination on donor and acceptor for management of efficiency and energy loss in non-fullerene organic photovoltaics

Although fluorination has been proved effective to modulate optoelectronic properties and film morphology,knowledge of managing power conversion efficiency(PCE)and energy loss(Eloss)of organic photovoltaics(OPVs)by selective fluorination on the donor and/or acceptor is lacking.Herein we designed and synthesized three 1,2,3-benzotriazole(BTA)-based linear polymers(PE45,PE46 and PE47)with different numbers of fluorine atom substitution on the conjugated phenyl side chain.Two classic non-fullerene acceptors(NFAs)Y5(without fluorination)and Y6(with fluorination)were utilized to manage the device efficiency and energy loss.The results revealed that increasing fluorine substitutions on polymer donor improved the OPV efficiencies when the fluorinated Y6 was used as the acceptor,whereas decreased the PCEs when the non-fluorinated Y5 was used as the acceptor.The energy loss declined with the growing fluorine substitutions on polymer donor,and Y5 systems gave the lower values in comparison with the corresponding Y6 cases.It turns out that PE47:Y6 achieved the highest PCE of 15.58%with an open-circuit voltage(VOC)of 0.84 V(Eloss=0.56 e V)due to the highest and balanced hole/electron mobilities,suppressed bimolecular recombination and fibril network morphology,which is the highest value in the BTA-based polymers.Furthermore,PE47:Y5 attained an ultralow non-radiative energy loss of 0.15 e V,which is one of the lowest values among the reported OPVs.Our work could not only give a direct path on how to manage the efficiency and energy loss by selective fluorination on donor and acceptor,but also show a deep understanding on charge generation,transport and collection induced by selective fluorination.

ENERGY-LOSS FUNCTIONS DERIVED FROM REELS SPECTRA FOR ALUMINUM

The effective energy loss functions for Al have been derived from differential i nverse inelastic mean free path based on the extended Landau approach. It has be en revealed that the effective energy loss function is very close in value to th e theoretical surface energy loss function in the lower energy loss region but g radually approaches the theoretical bulk energy loss function in the higher ener gy loss region. Moreover, the intensity corresponding to surface excitation in e ffective energy loss functions decreases with the increase of primary electron e nergy. These facts show that the present effective energy loss function describe s not only surface excitation but also bulk excitation. At last, REELS spectra s imulated by Monte Carlo method based on use of the effective energy loss functio ns has reproduced the experimental REELS spectra with considerable success.

The calculation of mechanical energy loss for incompressible steady pipe flow of homogeneous fluid

The calculation of the mechanical energy loss is one of the fundamental problems in the field of Hydraulics and Engineering Fluid Mechanics. However, for a non-uniform flow the relation between the mechanical energy loss in a volume of fluid and the kinematical and dynamical characteristics of the flow field is not clearly established. In this paper a new mechanical energy equation for the incompressible steady non-uniform pipe flow of homogeneous fluid is derived, which includes the variation of the mean turbulent kinetic energy, and the formula for the calculation of the mechanical energy transformation loss for the non-uniform flow between two cross sections is obtained based on this equation. This formula can be simplified to the Darcy-Weisbach formula for the uniform flow as widely used in Hydraulics. Furthermore, the contributions of the mechanical energy loss relative to the time averaged velocity gradient and the dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy in the turbulent uniform pipe flow are discussed, and the contributions of the mechanical energy loss in the viscous sublayer, the buffer layer and the region above the buffer layer for the turbulent uniform flow are also analyzed.

Effect of copper impurity on the optical loss and Nd^(3+) nonradiative energy loss of Nd-doped phosphate laser glass

N31-type phosphate laser glasses doped with different concentrations of Cu were prepared. Their optical loss coefficient at 1053 nm wavelength and nonradiative transition rate from the Nd3＋ 4F3/2 state were determined and analyzed in detail. The optical loss coefficient per unit of Cu2＋ （cm–1/ppmw） and the fluorescence decay rate （Hz/ppmw） caused by Cu2＋ and Nd3＋ interaction were 0.0024 and 7.9, respectively. Cu impurity affected both optical loss at 1053 nm and fluorescent emission of Nd3＋ 4F3/2 state seriously in N31 laser glass.

Reducing energy loss via tuning energy levels of polymer acceptors for efficient all-polymer solar cells

The open-circuit voltage(Voc) of all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs) is typically lower than 0.9 V even for the most efficient ones.Large energy loss is the main reason for limiting Voc and efficiency of all-PSCs. Herein, through materials design using electron deficient building blocks based on bithiophene imides, the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital(LUMO) energy levels of polymer acceptors can be effectively tuned, which resulted in a reduced energy loss induced by charge generation and recombination loss due to the suppressed charge-transfer(CT) state absorption. Despite a negligible driving force, all-PSC based on the polymer donor and acceptor combination with well-aligned energy levels exhibited efficient charge transfer and achieved an external quantum efficiency over 70% while maintaining a large Voc of 1.02 V, leading to a 9.21% efficiency. Through various spectroscopy approaches, this work sheds light on the mechanism of energy loss in all-PSCs, which paves an avenue to achieving efficient all-PSCs with large Voc and drives the further development of all-PSCs.

High-performance all-polymer solar cells with only 0.47 eV energy loss

The field of all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs)has experienced rapid development during the past few years,mainly driven by the development of efficient polymer acceptors.However,the power conversion efficiencies(PCEs)of the all-PSCs are still limited by insufficient light absorption of the donor/acceptor blend and large energy loss in devices.We herein designed a polymer acceptor PYT1 constructed n-type molecular acceptor Y5-C20 as the key building block and blended it with a polymer donor PM6 to obtain an all-polymer photoactive layer.The optimized PM6:PYT1 all-PSCs achieved a record higher PCE of 13.43%with a very low energy loss of 0.47 eV and a photoresponse of up to 900 nm compared with the Y5-C20 based device with a best PCE of 9.42%.Furthermore,the PCEs of the PM6:PYT1 all-PSCs are relatively insensitive to the 1-chloronaphthalene(CN)additive contents and active layer thickness.Our results also highlight the effect of CN additive on PM6:PYT1 morphology,i.e.,charge generation,and transport find an optimized balance,and radiative and non-radiative loss is simultaneously reduced in the blend.This work promotes the development of high-performance polymer acceptors and heralds a brighter future of all-PSCs for commercial applications.

Theoretical analysis and numerical simulation of mechanical energy loss and wall resistance of steady open channel flow

The mechanical energy loss and the wall resistance are very important in practical engineering. These problems are investigated through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation in this paper, The results are as follows. （1） A new mechanical energy equation for the total flow is obtained, and a general formula for the calculation of the mechanical energy loss is proposed. （2） The general relationship between the wall resistance and the mechanical energy loss for the steady channel flow is obtained, the simplified form of which for the steady uniform channel flow is in consistent with the formula used in Hydraulics deduced by 7r theorem and dimensional analysis. （3） The steady channel flow over a backward facing step with a small expansion ratio is numerica- lly simulated, and the mechanical energy loss, the wall resistance as well as the relationship between the wall resistance and the mechanical energy loss are calculated and analyzed.