Global trends and development of energy services industry in China

Energy service is an effective way to promote energy conservation by market mechanisms,including energy saving services,energy procurement,supply of many varieties of energy,supply of renewable energy technologies,energy-related consulting services,risk management,etc.China is a major energy consumer but energy is in short supply,and the efficiency of energy use is low.China's energy service industry has expanded rapidly,in terms of both the number of new Energy Service Companies entering the market and amount of capital invested in Energy Performance Contracting projects,but the energy service sector in China is still at an early stage of development.Developed countries began early in developing the energy service sector and their energy service market is mature,and the experience of developed countries shows that energy services play a significant role in advancing energy saving and emission reduction.Under the new situation,China needs combine energy services experience of developed countries,and take following measures to accelerate China's energy services rapid and healthy development,including the long-term aspects of policy planning,energy-saving core technology,finance and capital investment,public sector reductions,personnel training,and so on.

Bi-Level Bidding and Multi-Energy Retail Packages for Integrated Energy Service Providers Considering Multi-Energy Demand Elasticity

How to effectively use the multi-energy demand elasticity of users to bid in the multi-energy market and formulate multi-energy retail packages is an urgent problem which needs to be solved by integrated energy service providers(IESPs)to attract more users and reduce operating costs.This paper presents a unified clearing of electricity and natural gas based on a bi-level bidding and multi-energy retail price formulation method for IESPs considering multi-energy demand elasticity.First,we propose an operating structure of IESPs in the wholesale and retail energy markets.The multi-energy demand elasticity model of retail-side users and a retail price model for electricity,gas,heat and cooling are established.Secondly,a bi-level bidding model for IESPs considering multi-energy demand elasticity is established to provide IESPs with wholesale-side bidding decisions and retail-side energy retail price decisions.Finally,an example is given to verify the proposed method.The results show that the method improves the total social welfare of the electricity and natural gas markets by 7.99%and the profit of IESPs by 1.40%.It can reduce the variance of the electricity,gas,and cooling load curves,especially the reduction of the variance of the electricity load curve can which reach 79.90%.It can be seen that the research in this paper has a positive effect on repairing the limitations of integrated energy trading research and improving the economics of the operation of IESPs.

An improved methodology for evaluating energy service demand for China's passenger transport sector

China's energy service demand statistics for the passenger transport sector only cover travel activities for business purpose.The incomplete data have made it very difficult to conduct long-term scenario analysis for this sector.Thus,this study develops a methodology by refining and combining vehicle activity and travel behavior methods.By taking advantage of the two methods,the extent of uncertainty in estimates can be reduced.A detailed description of China's energy service demand in the passenger transport sector for the years 2013,2015,and 2017 are produced.Results show that there is a significant underestimation of total passenger transport turnover in governmental statistics.After reevaluation,the total passenger turnover doubled and increased by 146%,167%,and 187%,resulting in national total passenger turnover of 6783,8031,and 9406 billion passenger kilometers in 2013,2015,and 2017,respectively.The majority of missing statistics are caused by not accounting for non-operational road transport,which is dominated by private vehicles.After adjustment,the road sector share in total passenger turnover grew substantially from 30%to 40%to approximately 75%,with the proportion of urban travel continuing to increase.We found that without complete data on China's passenger turnover,it may result in more than three-fold overestimation for future travel demand,leading to inaccurate projections with much higher energy consumption and CO_(2) emissions.It is therefore very important to have a detailed and precise calculation of energy service demand in the passenger transport sector.The estimation framework and step-by-step process can also be applied to other developing countries which are confronting similar statistical issues.

Energy-Related Services as a Business:Eco-Transformation Logic to Support the Low-Carbon Transition

The transition to low-carbon development has been recognized as one of the most important directions for the transformation of national economies in most countries.Today we can identify two of the most common service-oriented logical models of this transition.These are models of Service-Dominant Logic and Product-Service Systems that are used in this study to create a service-oriented platformfor stimulating business development in the field of energy-related(ER)services.The establishment of such a platform is being considered based on the conceptual provisions of the global business ecosystem.Such a platform has been found to be a powerful tool for systemic coordinated cooperation between actors in the ER-services market and the relevant actors in the energy sector as well as in other industrial markets,unleashing the benefits of synergies,resulting from such cooperation.The logical models of attracting energy services companies to the creation of virtual communities(centers)for large-scale implementation of measures in the field of energy efficiency and renewable energy sources are presented in detail.The advantages of the practical implementation of logicalmodels are confirmed by calculations performed onmathematicalmodel adapted for engineering use in the field of ER-services.

Beijing ZhongXin Onshore & Offshore Energy Services Inc.

Beijing ZhongXin Onshore & Offshore Energy Services Inc. (ZXEI) is a hitech innovation company approved by the Beijing Municipal Science & Technology Commission,

Addressing the trade-climate change-energy nexus: China's explorations in a global governance landscape

We have arrived at a critical juncture when it comes to understanding the numerous ways in which trade interacts with climate change and energy(trade-climate-energy nexus).Trade remains crucial for the sustainable development of the world's greatest trading nation:China.After clarifying the linkages within the trade,climate change and energy nexus,this article delves into China's specific needs and interests related to trade,climate change and energy.Then it explores the ways in which trade can contribute to China's needs,to sustainable energy development and to the goals of the global climate agreement that is under negotiation.One main findings are China is a key participant in negotiations on trade liberalization of environmental technologies and services.These negotiations are in China's interests in terms of innovative industries,technological upgrading,employment and public health.China could stand up for the interests of other emerging and developing countries and serve as an example in terms of transitioning to a low-carbon economy.Beyond trade barriers issues of domestic(energy)regulation such as fossil-fuel subsidies as well as investment,competition-policy,tradefacilitation and transit issues related to clean energy need to be addressed.Building trust between relevant actors across sectors and national borders will be of the essence in order to foster long-term cooperation on technological innovation.As a way forward,different approaches towards the governance of trade and climate change will be highlighted.Besides discussing the specific aspects of Chinese participation in global trade and climate change governance,this paper aims at offering broader insights into the nexus between trade,energy and climate governance in China.

Service-based Reliability Analysis of Integrated Electricity-heat Systems Considering Thermal Dynamics

The essential task of integrated electricity-heat systems(IEHSs)is to provide customers with reliable electric and heating services.From the perspective of customers,it is reasonable to analyze the reliabilities of IEHSs based on the ability to provide energy services with a reasonable assurance of continuity and quality,which are termed as service-based reliabilities.Due to the thermal inertia existing in IEHSs,the heating service performances can present slow dynamic characteristics,which has a great impact on the service satisfaction of customers.The neglect of such thermal dynamics will bring about inaccurate service-based reliability measurement,which can lead to the inefficient dispatch decisions of system operators.Therefore,it is necessary to provide a tool which can analyze the servicebased reliabilities of IEHSs considering the impacts of thermal dynamics.This paper firstly models the energy service performance of IEHSs in contingency states.Specifically,the nodal energy supplies are obtained from the optimal power and heat flow model under both variable hydraulic and thermal conditions,in which the transmission-side thermal dynamics are formulated.On this basis,the energy service performances for customers are further determined with the formulation of demandside thermal dynamics.Moreover,a service-based reliability analysis framework for the IEHSs is proposed utilizing the timesequential Monte Carlo simulation(TSMCS)technique with the embedded decomposition algorithm.Furthermore,the indices for quantifying service-based reliabilities are defined based on the traditional reliability indices,where dynamic service performances and service satisfactions of customers are both considered.Numerical simulations are carried out with a test system to validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.

Dual Interval Optimization Based Trading Strategy for ESCO in Day-ahead Market with Bilateral Contracts

Being capable of aggregating multiple energy resources, the energy service company(ESCO) has been regarded as a promising alternative for improving power system flexibility and facilitating the consumption of renewable resources in the electricity market. Considering the uncertain variables in day-ahead(DA) market trading, an ESCO can hardly determine their accurate probability distribution functions. Traditional interval optimization methods are used to process these uncertain variables without specific probability distribution functions.However, the lower and upper bounds of the intervals may change due to extreme weather conditions and other emergent events. Hence, a dual interval optimization based trading strategy(DIOTS) for ESCO in a DA market with bilateral contracts(BCs) is proposed. First, we transfer the dual interval optimization model into a simple model consisting of several interval optimization models. Then, a pessimistic preference ordering method is applied to solve the derived model. Case studies illustrating an actual test system corroborate the validity and the robustness of the proposed model, and also reveal that ECSO is critical in improving power system flexibility and facilitating the ability of absorbing renewable resources.