Research on a TOPSIS energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems based on a GA-BP neural network

As the main link of ground engineering,crude oil gathering and transportation systems require huge energy consumption and complex structures.It is necessary to establish an energy efficiency evaluation system for crude oil gathering and transportation systems and identify the energy efficiency gaps.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system in an oilfield in western China is established.Combined with the big data analysis method,the GA-BP neural network is used to establish the energy efficiency index prediction model for crude oil gathering and transportation systems.The comprehensive energy consumption,gas consumption,power consumption,energy utilization rate,heat utilization rate,and power utilization rate of crude oil gathering and transportation systems are predicted.Considering the efficiency and unit consumption index of the crude oil gathering and transportation system,the energy efficiency evaluation system of the crude oil gathering and transportation system is established based on a game theory combined weighting method and TOPSIS evaluation method,and the subjective weight is determined by the triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process.The entropy weight method determines the objective weight,and the combined weight of game theory combines subjectivity with objectivity to comprehensively evaluate the comprehensive energy efficiency of crude oil gathering and transportation systems and their subsystems.Finally,the weak links in energy utilization are identified,and energy conservation and consumption reduction are improved.The above research provides technical support for the green,efficient and intelligent development of crude oil gathering and transportation systems.

Evaluation of Energy Efficiency and Analysis of Influencing Factors of Company CW’s Manufacturing Workshops

In this work,the Slacks-Based Measure(SBM)model within Data Envelopment Analysis was employed to establish a set of indicators for evaluating the energy efficiency of manufacturing workshops.The energy efficiency of 12 Company CW’s manufacturing workshops from 2016 to 2022 was assessed.The findings indicated that aside from a few workshops operating at the production frontier,the rest exhibit significant fluctuations in energy efficiency and generally low energy efficiency.Subsequently,a combined GRA-Tobit analysis model was introduced to identify factors influencing the energy efficiency of Company CW’s manufacturing workshops.Regression analysis revealed that technological investments,employee quality,workshop production scale,investment in clean energy,and the level of pollution control all significantly impact the energy efficiency of Company CW’s manufacturing workshops.By evaluating the energy efficiency of Company CW’s manufacturing workshops and studying their influencing factors,this research aids company managers in understanding the energy efficiency of the manufacturing process.It optimizes the combination of various production elements,thereby offering effective guidance for improving the energy efficiency issues of the company’s manufacturing workshops,which can contribute to enhancing the corporation’s overall energy efficiency.

Capacity-Power Consumption and Energy-Efficiency Evaluation of Green Wireless Networks

In this paper,we discuss in detail the basic issue of green design and consider an energy efficiency function as the metric to evaluate green cellular networks.Specifically,we investigate the transmit power required for an expected transmission capacity and propose a capacity-power formula based on the energy conservation and the Shannon capacity theorem.Two novel definitions of cell interference depth and handoff dynamic model are introduced and the corresponding expression of energy efficiency function is derived.Numerical results show that the energy efficiency function is closely correlated with the transmitted/received power required and the cell radius.Our work provides a useful basis for research and evaluation on green design and technology of cellular networks.

Integrated energy efficiency evaluation of a multi-source multi-load desalination micro-energy network

With increasing global shortage of fresh water resources,many countries are prioritizing desalination as a means of utilizing abundantly available seawater resources.Integrated energy efficiency evaluation is a scientific method for the quantitative analysis of energy efficiency based on multiple indicators and is very useful for investment,construction,and scientific decision-making for desalination projects.In this paper,the energy efficiency evaluation of the micro energy network (MEN) of desalination for multi-source and multi-load is studied,and the basic idea of comprehensive energy efficiency evaluation is analyzed.The process includes the use of a MEN model to establish an integrated energy efficiency evaluation index system,taking into consideration energy,equipment,economic,environmental,and social factors.A combined evaluation method considering subjective and objective comprehensive weights for multi-source multi-load desalination MENs is proposed to evaluate the energy efficiency of desalination and from multiple perspectives.

Energy and economic analysis of a hydrogen and ammonia co-generation system based on double chemical looping

In this work,a model of hydrogen production by double chemical looping is introduced.The efficiency benefit obtained was investigated.The chemical looping hydrogen generation unit is connected in series to the downstream of a chemical looping gasification unit as an additional system for 100 MWh coal gasification,with the function of supplementary combustion to produce hydrogen.Using Aspen Plus software for process simulation,the production of H_(2) and N_(2) in the series system is higher than that in the independent Chemical looping gasification and Chemical looping hydrogen generation systems,and the production of hydrogen is approximately 25.63%and 12.90%higher,respectively;The study found that when the gasification temperature is 900C,steam-carbon ratio is 0.84 and oxygen-carbon ratio is 1.5,the hydrogen production rate of the system was the maximum.At the same time,through heat exchange between logistics,high-pressure steam at 8.010×10^(4) kg·h^(-1) and medium-pressure steam at 1.101×10^(4) kg·h^(-1) are generated,and utility consumption is reduced by 61.58%,with utility costs decreasing by 48.69%.An economic estimation study found that the production cost of ammonia is 108.66 USD(t NH_(3))^(-1).Finally,cost of equipment is the main factors influencing ammonia production cost were proposed by sensitivity analysis.

Evaluation of rope shovel operators in surface coal mining using a Multi-Attribute Decision-Making model

Rope shovels are used to dig and load materials in surface mines. One of the main factors that influence the production rate and energy consumption of rope shovels is the performance of the operator. This paper presents a method for evaluating rope shovel operators using the Multi-Attribute Decision-Making （MADM） model. Data used in this research were collected from an operating surface coal mine in the southern United States. The MADM model consists of attributes, their weights of importance, and alter- natives. Shovel operators are considered the alternatives, The energy consumption model was developed with multiple regression analysis, and its variables were included in the MADM model as attributes. Preferences with respect to min/max of the defined attributes were obtained with multi-objective opti- mization. Multi-objective optimization was conducted with the overall goal of minimizing energy con- sumption and maximizing production rate. Weights of importance of the attributes were determined by the Analytical Hierarchy Process （AHP）, The overall evaluation of operators was performed by one of the MADM models, i.e., PROMETHEE If. The research results presented here may be used by mining professionals to held evaluate the performance of rode shovel operators in surface mining.

Energy Consumption and Thermal Performance in Different Residential Building Types in Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Zone

In China, REC （residential energy consumption） is the second largest energy use category （10%） following the industry. To fulfill the Chinese government＇s commitment that Chinese CO2 emissions would peak in 2030, as a result, improving the energy efficiency and reducing the emissions from the building sector is significantly important. A survey, in the form of a questionnaire, of energy consumption and thermal situation in different residential building types （detached house, multi-story building, high-rise building）, was undertaken in three cities （Shanghai, Hangzhou, and Changzhou） in hot-summer and cold-winter regions, these three cities were selected to represent the most flourishing economic provinces. This region in China was selected for the evaluation of EETP （energy and thermal performance analysis）, because of its special weather conditions, huge energy consumption （as both heating in winter and cooling in summer are necessary）, and other regional characteristics. 183 households were sampled and experiments were separately done in typical examples of three different building types. Systematic evaluation on EETP for three different residential building types, were put forward to assess the energy efficiency and thermal performance of three different building types.

An Energy Efficiency Assessment Method for Distribution Network Containing DG

Energy efficiency assessment of distribution network containing distributed generation is one of the core contents of power grid construction. Aiming at the lack of a quantitative evaluation method for energy efficiency of distribution network containing distributed generation, a novel energy efficiency assessment method based on the super-efficiency model is proposed. Starting from the basic elements and operational requirements of the distribution network containing distributed generation, the energy efficiency assessment metric set is constructed. On this basis, the concept of generalized energy efficiency function is defined, and the super-efficiency model is used to assess the energy efficiency of the distribution network containing distributed generation. Finally, an example is given to evaluate and analyze energy efficiency. The results confirm the validity of the proposed method.

Low Energy Certificate——An exploration on optimization and evaluation of energy-efficient building envelope

Energy saving is the crucial task of green architecture,energy-saving design and evaluation should be interactive.Low Energy Certificate(LEC),an interactive computer program for energy efficiency and certification of building envelope,is briefly introduced in this paper in aspects of certification standards,procedure,methods etc.Through the evaluation report of Innovation-pavilion PoI features,reference values of LEC are presented.

Characteristic and correlation analysis of influent and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants in Taihu Basin

The water quality and energy consumption of wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs)in Taihu Basin were evaluated on the basis of the operation data from 204 municipal WWTPs in the basin by using various statistical methods.The influent ammonia nitrogen(NH3-N)and total nitrogen(TN)of WWTPs in Taihu Basin showed normal distribution,whereas chemical oxygen demand(COD),biochemical oxygen demand(BOD5),suspended solid(SS),and total phosphorus(TP)showed positively skewed distribution.The influent BOD5/COD was 0.4%-0.6%,only 39.2%SS/BOD5 exceeded the standard by 36.3%,the average BOD5/TN was 3.82,and the probability of influent BOD5/TP>20 was 82.8%.The average energy consumption of WWTPs in Taihu Basin in 2017 was 0.458 kWh/m^3.The specific energy consumption of WWTPs with a daily treatment capacity of more than 5×10^4 m^3 in Taihu Basin was stable at 0.33 kWh/m^3.A power function relationship was observed between the reduction in COD and NH3-N and the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction,and the higher the pollutant reduction is,the lower the specific energy consumption of pollutant reduction presents.In addition,a linear relationship existed between the energy consumption of WWTPs and the specific energy consumption of influent volume and pollutant reduction.Therefore,upgrading and operation with less energy consumption of WWTPs is imperative and the suggestions for Taihu WWTPs based on stringent discharge standard are proposed in detail.

Evaluating the energy impact potential of energy efficiency measures for retrofit applications:A case study with U.S.medium office buildings

Quantifying the energy savings of various energy efficiency measures(EEMs)for an energy retrofit project often necessitates an energy audit and detailed whole building energy modeling to evaluate the EEMs;however,this is often cost-prohibitive for small and medium buildings.In order to provide a defined guideline for projects with assumed common baseline characteristics,this paper applies a sensitivity analysis method to evaluate the impact of individual EEMs and groups these into packages to produce deep energy savings for a sample prototype medium office building across 15 climate zones in the United States.We start with one baseline model for each climate zone and nine candidate EEMs with a range of efficiency levels for each EEM.Three energy performance indicators(EPIs)are defined,which are annual electricity use intensity,annual natural gas use intensity,and annual energy cost.Then,a Standard Regression Coefficient(SRC)sensitivity analysis method is applied to determine the sensitivity of each EEM with respect to the three EPIs,and the relative sensitivity of all EEMs are calculated to evaluate their energy impacts.For the selected range of efficiency levels,the results indicate that the EEMs with higher energy impacts(i.e.,higher sensitivity)in most climate zones are high-performance windows,reduced interior lighting power,and reduced interior plug and process loads.However,the sensitivity of the EEMs also vary by climate zone and EPI;for example,improved opaque envelope insulation and efficiency of cooling and heating systems are found to have a high energy impact in cold and hot climates.

Energy Disaggregation of Industrial Machinery Utilizing Artificial Neural Networks for Non-intrusive Load Monitoring

This paper explores the application of non-intrusive load monitoring techniques in the industrial sector for disaggregating the energy consumption of machinery in manufacturing processes. With an increasing focus on energy efficiency and decarbonization measures, achieving energy transparency in production becomes crucial. Utilizing non-intrusive load monitoring, energy data analysis and processing can provide valuable insights for informed decision-making on energy efficiency improvements and emission reductions. While non-intrusive load monitoring has been extensively researched in the building and residential sectors, the application in the industrial manufacturing domain needs to be further explored. This paper addresses this research gap by adapting established non-intrusive load monitoring techniques to an industrial dataset. By employing artificial neural networks for energy disaggregation, the determination of energy consumption of industrial machinery is made possible. Therefore, a generally applicable cross-energy carrier method to disaggregate the energy consumption of machinery in manufacturing processes is developed using a design science research approach and validated through a practical case study utilizing a compressed air demonstrator. The results show that the utilization of artificial neural networks is well-suited for energy disaggregation of industrial data, effectively identifying on and off states, multi-level states and continuously variable states. Non-intrusive load monitoring should be further considered in the research of emerging artificial intelligence technologies in energy consumption evaluation. It can be a viable alternative for intrusive load monitoring and is a prerequisite to installing energy meters for every machine.

Friction factor and heat transfer of nanofluid in the turbulent flow through a 90°bend

Heat transfer and energy performance of Al_(2)O_(3)/water nanofluid in a 90°bend with circular cross-section are investigated in the range of Reynolds number(Re)from 5000 to 30000,particle volume concentration(Φ)from 0.005%to 4%,Schmidt number(Sc)from 9870 to 296100,Dean number(De)from 6636 to 14847.The momentum and energy equations of nanofluid together with the dynamic equation for nanoparticles are solved numerically with the particle convection,diffusion,coagulation and breakage taken into consideration.Some results are validated by comparing with the available experimental or numerical results.The effect of Re,Φ,Sc and De on the friction factor and heat transfer of Al_(2)O_(3)/water nanofluidis discussed.The results showed that the particle number decreases along the pipeline.Increasing De,Sc leads to a decrease and increase ofΦ,respectively.The mean particle diameter and particle polydispersity increase with increasing Debut with decreasing Sc.The friction factor increases with increasingΦ,Sc De and Pr but with decreasing Sc.The ratio of energy performance evaluation criterion(PEC)for the Al_(2)O_(3)/water nanofluid to the base fluid increases with increasing Re,Φand De,but with decreasing Sc.Finally,the expression of ratio of energy PEC for the nanofluid to the base fluid as a function of Re,Φ,Sc and De is derived.