Energy exchange between (3+1)D colliding spatiotemporal optical solitons in dispersive media with cubic-quintic nonlinearity

We investigate the energy exchange between （3＋1）D colliding spatiotemporal solitons （STSs） in dispersive media with cubic-quintic （CQ） nonlinearity by numerical simulations. Energy exchange between two （3＋1）D head on colliding STSs caused by their phase difference is observed, just as occurring in other optical media. Moreover, energy exchange between two head-on colliding STSs with different speeds is firstly shown in the CQ and saturable media. This phenomenon, we believe, may arouse some interest in the future studies of soliton collision in optical media.

The Observed Near-Surface Energy Exchange Processes over Arctic Glacier in Summer

Under Arctic warming,near-surface energy transfers have significantly changed,but few studies have focused on energy exchange over Arctic glacier due to limitations in available observations.In this study,the atmospheric energy exchange processes over the Arctic glacier surface were analyzed by using observational data obtained in summer 2019 in comparison with those over the Arctic tundra surface.The energy budget over the glacier greatly differed from that over the tundra,characterized by less net shortwave radiation and downward sensible heat flux,due to the high albedo and icy surface.Most of the incoming solar radiation was injected into the glacier in summer,leading to snow ice melting.During the observation period,strong daily variations in near-surface heat transfer occurred over the Arctic glacier,with the maximum downward and upward heat fluxes occurring on 2 and 6 July 2019,respectively.Further analyses suggested that the maximum downward heat flux is mainly caused by the strong local thermal contrast above the glacier surface,while the maximum upward heat transfer cannot be explained by the classical turbulent heat transfer theory,possibly caused by countergradient heat transfer.Our results indicated that the near-surface energy exchange processes over Arctic glacier may be strongly related to local forcings,but a more in-depth investigation will be needed in the future when more observational data become available.

Energy exchange between charged relativistic fluids in f(T)gravity

This study focuses on the effects of a polytropic fluid on a charged gravitational source within f(T)gravity,where T is the torsion scalar.We investigate how the electromagnetic field affects the flow of energy in spherically symmetric and static celestial objects that contain relativistic fluids.By using the gravitational decoupling technique,we analyze the effects of polytropic fluid on the dynamics of the gravitational source,accompanied by the matching of the interior geometry with an exterior at the hypersurfaceΣ.Finally,with the help of the TolmanⅡV solution,we observe the conduct of energy conditions with the existence of charge using f(T)field equations and got the intended outcomes.

Optimal Expansion Planning Model for Integrated Energy System Considering Integrated Demand Response and Bidirectional Energy Exchange

The challenges of energy shortage and environmen-tal protection motivate people to take various measures to use energy wisely,and integrated energy systems are such a measure to tackle this challenge.In this paper,an optimal expansion planning model for an integrated energy system consisting of power grid,gas network and multiple energy hubs is proposed,where the planning objective is to minimize operational fuel cost and capital investment cost covering carbon capture equipment and energy hubs among others.To demonstrate the advantage of the proposed planning model,six case studies are investigated,and 13.47%annual cost savings can be achieved compared with the baseline planning scenario,which does not consider bidirectional energy exchange and integrated demand response program.Index Terms-Bidirectional energy exchange,energy hubs,integrated energy system,integrated demand response.

Energy exchange of an alpine grassland on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

The seasonal variability in the surface energy exchange of an alpine grassland on the eastern Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau was investigated using eddy covariance measurements. Based on the change of air temperature and the seasonal distribution of precipitation, a winter season and wet season were identified, which were separated by transitional periods. The annual mean net radiation （Rn） was about 39 % of the annual mean solar radiation （Rs）. Rn was relatively low during the winter season （21% of Rs） compared with the wet season （54 % of Rs）, which can be explained by the difference in surface albedo and moisture condition between the two seasons. Annually, the main consumer of net radiation was latent heat flux （LE）. During the winter season, sensible heat flux （H） was dominant because of the frozen soil condition and lack of precipita- tion. During the wet season, LE expended 66 % of Rn due to relatively high temperature and sufficient rainfall cou- pled with vegetation growth. Leaf area index （LAI） had important influence on energy partitioning during wet season. The high LAI due to high soil water content （θv） contributed to high surface conductance （go） and LE, and thus low Bowen ratio （β）. LE was strongly controlled by Rn from June to August when gc and θv were high. During the transitional periods, H and LE were nearly equally parti- tioned in the energy balance. The results also suggested that the freeze-thaw condition of soil and the seasonal distribution of precipitation had important impacts on the energy exchange in this alpine grassland.

Energy Exchange Control in Multiple Microgrids with Transactive Energy Management

In recent years,the advent of microgrids with numerous renewable energy sources has created some fundamental challenges in the control,coordination,and management of energy trading between microgrids and the power grid.To respond to these challenges,some techniques such as the transactive energy(TE)technology are proposed to control energy sharing.Therefore,this paper uses TE technology for energy exchange control among the microgrids,and applies three operation cases for analyzing the energy trading control of four and ten microgrids with the aim of minimizing the energy cost of each microgrid,respectively.In this regard,Monte Carlo simulation and fast forward selection(FFS)methods are respectively exerted for scenario generation and reduction in uncertainty modeling process.The first case is assumed that all microgrids can only receive energy from the network and do not have any connection with each other.In order to maximize the energy cost saving of each microgrid,the second case is proposed to provide a positive percentage of cost saving for microgrids.All microgrids can also trade energy with each other to get the most benefit by reducing the dependency on the main grid.The third case is similar to the second case,but its target is to indicate the scalability of the models based on the proposed TE technology by considering ten commercial microgrids.Finally,the simulation results indicate that microgrids can achieve the positive amount of cost saving in the second and third cases.In addition,the total energy cost of microgrids has been reduced in comparison with the first case.

Effectiveness and Humidification Capacity Investigation of Liquid-to-air Membrane Energy Exchanger under Low Heat Capacity Ratios at Winter Air Conditions

In this research,a novel small-scale single-panel liquid-to-air membrane energy exchanger has been used to numerically investigate the effect of given number of heat transfer units(4.5),different cold inlet air temperature(1.7,5.0,10.0℃)and different low heat capacity ratio(0.4,0.5,0.6,0.7,0.8,0.9)on the steady-state performance of the energy exchanger.This small-scale energy exchanger represents the full-scale prototypes well,saving manufacturing costs and time.Lithium chloride is used as a salt solution in the system and the steady-state total effectiveness of the exchanger is evaluated for winter inlet air conditions.The results show that total effectiveness of the energy exchanger decreases with heat capacity ratio in the mentioned range.Maximum numerical total effectiveness of 97%is achieved for the energy exchanger.Increasing the heat capacity ratio values on given inlet air temperature,the humidification capacity of energy exhanger is also investigated in this paper.The humidification performance increases with heat capacity ratio.The highest humidification performance(4.53 g/kg)can be reached when inlet air temperature is 1.7℃,and heat capacity ratio is 1.0 in winter inlet air conditions in the range of low heat capacity ratio.

Parametric instability in the pure-quartic nonlinear Schrödinger equation

We study the nonlinear stage of modulation instability(MI)in the non-intergrable pure-quartic nonlinear Schrödinger equation where the fourth-order dispersion is modulated periodically.Using the three-mode truncation,we reveal the complex recurrence of parametric resonance(PR)breathers,where each recurrence is associated with two oscillation periods(PR period and internal oscillation period).The nonlinear stage of parametric instability admits the maximum energy exchange between the spectrum sidebands and central mode occurring outside the MI gain band.

Autumn Daily Characteristics of Land Surface Heat and Water Exchange over the Loess Plateau Mesa in China

The Loess Plateau, located in northern China, has a significant impact on the climate and ecosystem evolvement over the East Asian continent. In this paper, the preliminary autumn daily characteristics of land surface energy and water exchange over the Chinese Loess Plateau mesa region are evaluated by using data collected during the Loess Plateau land-atmosphere interaction pilot experiment （LOPEX04）, which was conducted from 25 August to 12 September 2004 near Pingliang city, Gansu Province of China. The experiment was carried out in a region with a typical landscape of the Chinese Loess Plateau, known as ＂loess mesa＂. The experiment＇s field land utilizations were cornfield and fallow farmland, with the fallow field later used for rotating winter wheat. The autumn daily characteristics of heat and water exchange evidently differed between the mesa cornfield and fallow, and the imbalance term of the surface energy was large. This is discussed in terms of sampling errors in the flux observations-footprint; energy storage terms of soil and vegetation layers; contribution from air advections; and low and high frequency loss of turbulent fluxes and instruments bias. Comparison of energy components between the mesa cornfield and the lowland cornfield did not reveal any obvious difference. Inadequacies of the field observation equipment and experimental design emerged during the study, and some new research topics have emerged from this pilot experiment for future investigation.

Energy and first law of thermodynamics for Born-Infeld-anti-de-Sitter black hole

We calculate the local energy and the energy density of the Reisner-Norstrom-anti-de-Sitter black hole, study the first law of thermodynamics and show the Smarr formula for the Born-Infeld-anti-de-Sitter black hole. Applying the first law of thermodynamics to the black hole region, we analyse the three energy exchange processes between the black hole region and the outer and the inner regions.

Germany＇s Energy Transition and the European Electricity Market： Mutually Beneficial？

Germany＇s energy system is in transition towards less nuclear, lower carbon emissions and more renewables. Notwithstanding widespread neglect of its European dimension, this Energiewende will further exacerbate current network fluctuations due to the significant increase in wind and solar power. Key data from Denmark show that this transition will soon bring the German national power system to its limits for absorbing the resulting intermittency, and increase the need for more cross-border power transfers. Yet network analysis of import/export data shows that Germany＇s position in the European power system is contrary to the Danish case. The need for a European solution for Germany＇s energy transition will therefore soon become evident. In order to establish the necessary infrastructure, the Energiewende needs hence to be guided by an economic approach designed to prevent further fractures in the Internal Electricity Market. Constructive negotiations with neighbouring countries on market designs and price signals will be important preconditions. The article emphasizes the still neglected European paradox of Germany＇s energy transition and presents working examples and possible solutions to uphold electricity supply in Europe＇s power house.

Molecular Exchanging Energy of Anionic/Cationic Surfactants System on the Surface of Solution

In order to study synergism of the mixed surfactants system with molecular exchanging energy (E), the Lennard-Jones formula has been firstly introduced to evaluate the E of the mixed system, CH3(CH2)nOSO 3 /CH3(CH2)nN+(CH3)3 directly from their molecular structure. The comparison of the calculated and the observed results showed that this method is practical.

The Pionic Effect on the Binding Energy of Relativistic Particle-Hole Excitation in Nuclear Matter

The renormalization of pion-exchange nucleon self-energy in nuclear matter is doneby dispersion relation.The exchange and correlation energies(in the ring approximation)ofpion,σ and ω mesons are derived and used to calculate the binding energy of nuctear matter atzero temperature.We find that the pionic contribution to the binding energy fails to lift the highdensity end of the binding energy curve,that is,the binding energy can not saturate without adensity dependent correction to the σNN and ωNN coupling constants.But the binding energycan saturate in the relativistic Hartree approximation plus the exchange and correlation energiesof л meson.

Dataset of Comparative Observations for Land Surface Processes over the Semi-Arid Alpine Grassland against Alpine Lakes in the Source Region of the Yellow River

Thousands of lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) play a critical role in the regional water cycle, weather, and climate. In recent years, the areas of TP lakes underwent drastic changes and have become a research hotspot. However, the characteristics of the lake-atmosphere interaction over the high-altitude lakes are still unclear, which inhibits model development and the accurate simulation of lake climate effects. The source region of the Yellow River(SRYR) has the largest outflow lake and freshwater lake on the TP and is one of the most densely distributed lakes on the TP. Since 2011,three observation sites have been set up in the Ngoring Lake basin in the SRYR to monitor the lake-atmosphere interaction and the differences among water-heat exchanges over the land and lake surfaces. This study presents an eight-year(2012–19), half-hourly, observation-based dataset related to lake–atmosphere interactions composed of three sites. The three sites represent the lake surface, the lakeside, and the land. The observations contain the basic meteorological elements,surface radiation, eddy covariance system, soil temperature, and moisture(for land). Information related to the sites and instruments, the continuity and completeness of data, and the differences among the observational results at different sites are described in this study. These data have been used in the previous study to reveal a few energy and water exchange characteristics of TP lakes and to validate and improve the lake and land surface model. The dataset is available at National Cryosphere Desert Data Center and Science Data Bank.

Motion and acceleration of electrons in high-intensity laser standing waves

The motion and the energy of electrons driven by the ponderomotive force in linearly polarized high-intensity laser standing wave fields are considered. The results show that there exists a threshold laser intensity, above which the motion of electrons incident parallel to the electric field of the laser standing waves undergoes a transition from regulation to chaos. We propose that the huge energy exchange between the electrons and the strong laser standing waves is triggered by inelastic scattering, which is related to the chaos patterns. It is shown that an electron＇s energy gain of tens of MeV can be realized for a laser intensity of 10^20 W/cm^2.

Operation Strategy of EV Battery Charging and Swapping Station

An operation strategy of the electric vehicle （EV） battery charging and swapping station is proposed in the paper. The strategy is established based on comprehensively consideration of the EV charging behaviors and the possible mutual actions between battery charging and swapping. Three energy management strategies can be used in the station： charging period shifting, energy exchange between EVs, and energy supporting from surplus swapping batteries. Then an optimization model which minimizes the total energy management costs of the station is built. The Monte Carlo simulation is applied to analyze the characteristics of the EV battery charging load, and a heuristic algorithm is used to solve the strategy providing the relevant information of EVs and the battery charging and swapping station. The operation strategy can efficiently reduce battery charging during the high electricity price periods and make more reasonable use of the resources. Simulations prove the feasibility and rationality of the strategy.

Some important scientific problems in current lithospheric physics research in China

China has achieved much during recent years in the area of lithospheric physics research and promoted the development of the geosciences （Teng, 2004）. However, in the 21^st century, national needs and policy challenges the science of lithospheric physics. I suggest a general analysis, research, and development direction for lithospheric physics and point out clearly the content, core problems, and key scientific problems in this field. The realization of the earth and the discovery of the basic mechanisms of mountains, basins, minerals, and natural disasters depend basically on high-resolution observations of geophysics, the delineation of the fine structure of crust and mantle （2D and 3D） inside the lithosphere, substance and energy exchanges in the deep earth, the process of deep physical, mechanical, and chemical actions, and deep dynamical response. Therefore, geophysics should be the pioneer in the geosciences field in the first half of the 21^st century. I end with an analysis and discussion of some problems and difficulties in the research of lithospheric physics.

Nanosize Catalysis Nanoscale Moleculars Structures

The catalytic system is investigated in a computer chromatography. The sorbent represents the nanostructure composite with hardpolymer electrolyt. As the nanostructure polymeric system, it used dendrimer who are absorbed on a surface with formation of monolayer. In chromatography column watch dimensional effect. The size of a particle carries out a role of temperature. In the article, investigate solvatation and dimensional effect reaction self-assembling gas dimmers. Distance critical radius H＋ transfer define equation： rcr = 2rs. Reaction accompaniment transfer energy. Transfer energy realize on exchange-resonanse mechanism.

Influence of Some Factors on the Efficiency of Heat Storage Accumulator in the Bed of a Stone in a Plastic Tunnel

The study was conducted in a plastic tunnel in which the heat storage system was installed in the stone accumulator. The system consists of a suction pipe warm air fan and perforated pipes placed in the stone＇s accumulator. The accumulator used a bed of stone （porphyry-type stones of dimension in the range 37 mm to 65 ram）. In the accumulator, there are four sections with dimensions of 1.7 m × 11 m, each of which contains a perforated pipe for hot air distribution within the battery, and separate conduits for supplying air to the interior of the tunnel. The paper presents the results of analysis related to performance （as a result of heat and mass transfer） in cycles of charging and discharging of the accumulator.

A holistic perspective on Earth system science

Earth system can be categorized into three parts, solid Earth system, surface Earth system, and Sun-Earth space system. These three subsystems not only have mutual transmission and coupling relationships in both energy and matter but also involve multiple scales from microscopic to macroscopic. Earth system science is characterized by its globality and unity with a holistic view and a systematic view at multiple scales in both space and time. It focuses not only on the physical, chemical and biological interactions between various geospheres but also on the properties, behaviors, processes, and mechanisms of the entire Earth and its spheres. Although significant progress has been made in the study of internal disciplines of these three subsystems,there is still insufficient understanding of their overall behavior and interactions between individuals, thus facing challenges of different types and levels. The solid Earth system is composed of the crust, mantle, and core. Existing observational techniques struggle to penetrate deep into the mantle, making direct observation and data acquisition difficult;the extreme environments within Earth, such as high temperature, high pressure, and strong magnetic fields, also pose great challenges to observational equipment and scientific experiments. The surface Earth system is an open complex mega-system, in which there are complex interactions and feedback mechanisms among its geospheres(such as atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, pedosphere and lithosphere), leading to difficulties in understanding of its overall behavior and long-term evolution. Biological activities have become increasingly significant in affecting the surface Earth system. The coupling between the internal and external Earth systems becomes more complex. Distinguishing and quantifying the impacts of Earth spherical interactions and biological activities on the surface Earth system is a major challenge. The Sun-Earth space system involves multiple physical processes such as solar activity, Earth's magnetic field, atmosphere, and space weather. Solar activity significantly affects the Earth's space environment, but existing observational and reconstruction methods and prediction models still lack precision and timeliness.Thus it is important to improve the prediction capability of solar activity and reduce the impact of space weather disasters. How to cross different scales and establish coupled models of multiple physical processes is a significant challenge in the study of the Sun-Earth space system. Because the various processes and phenomena within and between these three Earth subsystems often span multiple scales in both space and time and exhibit strong nonlinear characteristics, understanding their behaviors and processes becomes complex and variable, posing great challenges for theoretical modelling and numerical simulation. Therefore,the study of Earth system science requires in-depth interdisciplinary integration to jointly reveal the basic laws and operating mechanisms of Earth system.