Arginine promotes seed energy metabolism,increasing wheat seed germination at low temperature

Low temperatures during germination inhibit seed growth,lead to small and weak seedlings,and significantly reduce the wheat yield.Alleviating the adverse effects of low temperature on wheat seed germination is highly important for achieving high and stable wheat yields.In this study,Tongmai 6(insensitive)and Zhengmai 113(sensitive),which have different low-temperature sensitivities during germination were treated with low temperature during germination.The transcriptome,metabolome and physiological data revealed that low temperature decreased the germination rate,downregulated the expression of a large number of genes involved in regulating glycometabolism,and inhibited carbon,nitrogen(especially amino acids)and energy metabolism in the seeds.Arginine content increased at low temperature,and its increase in the low-temperature-tolerant variety was significantly greater than that in the sensitive variety.Arginine priming experiment showed that treatment with an appropriate concentration of arginine improved the seed germination rate.The conversion of starch to soluble sugar significantly increased under exogenous arginine conditions,the content of key metabolites in energy metabolism increased,and the utilization of ATP in the seeds increased.Taken together,arginine priming increased seed germination at low temperature by relieving inhibition of seed carbon and nitrogen metabolism and improving seed energy metabolism.

Energy metabolism,immune function,and intestinal flora in rats with kidney-yin deficiency treated with raw or saltwater-processed Phellodendron chinense Schneid

Objective:To clarify the specific mechanisms of action of raw Phellodendron chinense Schneid.(RPC)and saltwater-processed PC(SPC)in the treatment of rats with a kidney-yin deficiency pattern(KYDP).Methods:Healthy rats were administered hydrocortisone to establish a KYDP model.The rats were divided into seven groups:blank control,model,positive control(Liuwei Dihuang pills),high-dose RPC,low-dose RPC,high-dose SPC,and low-dose SPC.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the levels of cAMP,cGMP,TRH,TSH,T3,T4,IFN-g,TNF-a,and testosterone in the serum and the levels of Na^(+)-K^(+)-ATPase and Ca ^(2+)-Mg ^(2+)-ATPase in the liver.TRH mRNA expression in the rat hypo-thalamus was measured using RT-PCR.THRa1+2 protein expression in the hypothalamus of rats was measured using Western blot.Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the expression levels of FAS,FasL,and TSHR.Flow cytometry was used to determine CD4^(+)and CD8^(+)T lymphocyte levels.Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology was used to evaluate the diversity of intestinal flora in KYDP rats.Results:The cAMP/cGMP ratio was significantly higher in the model group than in the blank control group(P=0.048).Compared with the model group,after administration,the levels of the above-mentioned serum and liver indexes decreased,except that of testosterone.The CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)ratio also decreased.Compared with the RPC group,the levels of T3,IFN-g,FAS,FasL,and TSHR in the SPC group decreased whereas that of testosterone increased.Additionally,immune function and intestinal flora diversity improved in the SPC group.SPC proved to be more effective in improving liver energy meta-bolism in KYDP rats than RPC.Conclusion:SPC had a better therapeutic effect on KYDP than RPC.The underlying mechanism of action may be related to improvements in liver energy metabolism,immune function,and intestinal flora diversity.

Impacts of cold exposure on energy metabolism

Cold stimulation has been shown to regulate glucose,lipid,and amino acid metabolism,while also increasing heat production and energy expenditure in the body.Disordered energy metabolism is a key factor in the onset and progression of chronic metabolic conditiones such as diabetes,obesity,and cardiovascular disease.Recent research has unveiled the myriad pathways through which cold stimulation affects human energy metabolism.This article provides an overview of how cold stimulation affects energy metabolism across the three major metabolic pathways.Furthermore,it explores the implications and potential therapeutic applications of cold stimulation in the prevention and treatment of various metabolic diseases.

Effects of Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction on Uterine Energy Metabolism and Serum Inflammatory Factors in Rats with Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

[Objectives]To observe the effects of Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction on uterine energy metabolism and serum inflammatory factors in the acute pelvic inflammatory disease(APID)model.[Methods]75 Wistar rats(females)were randomly divided into control group,model group and Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction low,medium and high dose groups(n=15).Except for the control group,the rat APID model was established by right uterine inoculation.On the fifth day after inoculation,the low,medium and high dose groups of Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction were administered at 4,8 and 16 g/kg,and the control group and model group received normal saline.Rats were killed 12 h after nondose administration,blood was collected from the abdominal aorta and measured by ELISA for serum interleukin-6(interleukin-6,IL-6),IL-8,and C-reactive proteins(CRP);the right uterus of rats was tested for high-energy phosphate adenosine phosphate(AMP),adenosine diphosphate(ADP),adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and total adenine nucleotides(TAN)level to evaluate the uterine energy metabolism.[Results]AMP,ADP,ATP and TAN were significantly higher in the Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction of low,medium and high dose than the model group,while the serum IL-6,IL-8 and CRP were significantly lower than the model group,and the difference between the low,medium and high doses(P<0.05).[Conclusions]The Wuwei Xiaodu Decoction can dose-dependent promote uterine energy metabolism and inhibit inflammatory response in APID model rats.

PPARs： diverse regulators in energy metabolism and metabolic diseases

The nuclear receptor PPARs are fundamentally important for energy homeostasis. Through their distinct yet overlapping functions and tissue distribution, the PPARs regulate many aspects of energy metabolism at the transcriptional level. Functional impairment or dysregulation of these receptors leads to a variety of metabolic diseases, while their ligands offer many metabolic benefits. Studies of these receptors have advanced our knowledge of the transcriptional basis of energy metabolism and helped us understand the pathogenic mechanisms of metabolic syndrome.

Oxidative stress disturbs energy metabolism of mitochondria in ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury

AIM: To study the role of mitochondrial energy disorder in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury. METHODS: Wistar rats were used in this study. A gastric mucosal injury model was established by giving the rats alcohol. Gross and microscopic appearance of gastric mucosa and ultrastructure of mitochondria were evaluated. Malondiadehyde (MDA) in gastric mucosa was measured with thiobarbituric acid. Expression of ATP synthase (ATPase) subunits 6 and 8 in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR). RESULTS:The gastric mucosal lesion index was correlated with the MDA content in gastric mucosa. As the concentration of ethanol was elevated and theexposure time to ethanol was extended, the content of MDA in gastric mucosa increased and the extent of damage aggravated. The ultrastructure of mitochondria was positively related to the ethanol concentration and exposure time. The expression of mtDNA ATPase subunits 6 and 8 mRNA declined with the increasing MDA content in gastric mucosa after gavage with ethanol. CONCLUSION: Ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury is related to oxidative stress, which disturbs energy metabolism of mitochondria and plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ethanol-induced gastric mucosa injury.

Effects of heme oxygenase-1-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on microcirculation and energy metabolism following liver transplantation

AIM To investigate the effects of heme oxygenase-1(HO-1)-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells(BMMSCs)on the microcirculation and energy metabolism of hepatic sinusoids following reduced-size liver transplantation(RLT)in a rat model.METHODS BMMSCs were isolated and cultured in vitro using an adherent method,and then transduced with HO-1-bearing recombinant adenovirus to construct HO-1/BMMSCs.A rat acute rejection model following 50%RLT was established using a two-cuff technique.Recipients were divided into three groups based on the treatment received:normal saline(NS),BMMSCs and HO-1/BMMSCs.Liver function was examined at six time points.The levels of endothelin-1(ET-1),endothelial nitric-oxide synthase(e NOS),inducible nitric-oxide synthase(i NOS),nitric oxide(NO),and hyaluronic acid(HA)were detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The portal vein pressure(PVP)was detected by Power Lab ML880.The expressions of ET-1,i NOS,e NOS,and von Willebrand factor(v WF)protein in the transplanted liver were detected using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting.ATPase in the transplanted liver was detected by chemical colorimetry,and the ultrastructural changes were observed under a transmission electron microscope.RESULTS HO-1/BMMSCs could alleviate the pathological changes and rejection activity index of the transplanted liver,and improve the liver function of rats following 50%RLT,with statistically significant differences compared with those of the NS group and BMMSCs group(P<0.05).In term of the microcirculation of hepatic sinusoids:The PVP on POD7 decreased significantly in the HO-1/BMMSCs and BMMSCs groups compared with that of the NS group(P<0.01);HO-1/BMMSCs could inhibit the expressions of ET-1 and i NOS,increase the expressions of e NOS and inhibit amounts of NO production,and maintain the equilibrium of ET-1/NO(P<0.05);and HO-1/BMMSCs increased the expression of v WF in hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells(SECs),and promoted the degradation of HA,compared with those of the NS group and BMMSCs group(P<0.05).In term of the energy metabolism of the transplanted liver,HO-1/BMMSCs repaired the damaged mitochondria,and improved the activity of mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase(ASTm)and ATPase,compared with the other two groups(P<0.05).CONCLUSION HO-1/BMMSCs can improve the microcirculation of hepatic sinusoids significantly,and recover the energy metabolism of damaged hepatocytes in rats following RLT,thus protecting the transplanted liver.

Wnt gene expression in adult porcine longissimus dorsi and its association with muscle fiber type,energy metabolism,and meat quality

This study investigated the expression profiles of Writ genes in adult porcine Iongissimus dorsi （LD） from different porcine genotypes and their associations with meat quality. The results showed that Wnt5a gene expression level was the highest in Jinhua （JHP） pigs, followed by Zhongbai （ZBP）, DurocxZhongbai （DZB）, and Duroc×Yorkshire×Landrace （DYL） pigs, with significant differences between ZBP, DZB, and DYL （P〈0.05）. This genotypic order was reversed for Wnt7a, Wnt10b, and Wnt11 expression, with JHP and DYL having the lowest and highest expressive levels, respectively. Wnt5a expression was negatively correlated with pH,5 min and ApH （P〈0.01）, some glycolytic markers （P〈0.05）, and positively correlated with meat color （a＊）, shear force （SF） value （P〈0.05）, myosion heavy chain （MyHC） I mRNA proportion （P〈0.01）, turnover ratio of creatine phosphate （CP）, and creatine kinase （CK） activity （P〈0.05）. Opposite correlations were observed for Writ2, Wnt7a, Wnt10b, and Wnt11. These results revealed that Wnt5a, Wnt7a, Wnt10b, and Wnt11 gene expressions in adult porcine muscle contributed to differences between porcine genotypes and affected pork quality. Wnt5a gene expression could be beneficial for the formation of high quality pork by regulating muscle fiber types and postmortem energy metabolism.

Application of methyl jasmonate postharvest maintains the quality of Nanguo pears by regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of methyl jasmonate(Me JA)dipping treatment on mitochondrial energy metabolism and quality parameters of Nanguo pears during room temperature storage.The results showed that Me JA treatment suppressed the respiration rate and weight loss,and maintained the flesh firmness of Nanguo pears.Me JA also effectively maintained the content of ascorbic acid and titratable acidity in the fruit.Furthermore,the activities of H^(+)-ATPase,Ca^(2+)-ATPase,succinate dehydrogenase(SDH)and cytochrome C oxidase(CCO)of the Me JA-treated fruit were significantly higher than those of the untreated fruit.The contents of adenosine triphosphate(ATP)and adenosine diphosphate(ADP)and the energy charge were also enhanced by Me JA treatment.These results suggest that postharvest Me JA treatment could maintain the quality of Nanguo pears,in part by modulating mitochondrial energy metabolism during room temperature storage.

Effects of L-Tetrahydropalmatine on Energy Metabolism,Endothelin-1 and NO during Acute Cerebral Ischemia-reperfusion of Rats

To investigate the effects of L-tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP) on ener-gy metabolism, endothelin-1 (ET-1 ) and NO during acute cerebral ischemia-reperfusion of rats, 24 Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, with 6rats in each group: sham-operation group, simple ischemia group, ischemia-reperfusion group and treatment group (L-THP group). Cerebral ATP, lactate,ET-1 and NO levels were measured in all groups. Our results showed that treat-ment with L-THP could increase cerebral ATP levels, but decrease cerebral lac-tate, ET-1 and NO concentrations during ischemia-reperfusion in the treatmentgroup. It is concluded that L-THP could improve cerebral energy metabolism and protect the injured brain tissue, the mechanism of which might be related to suppression of overproduction of ET-1 and NO.

Regulatory effect and mechanisms of carbon monoxidereleasing molecule Ⅱ on hepatic energy metabolism in septic mice

AIM: To investigate the possible mechanisms of exogenous carbon monoxide-releasing molecule II (CORM-2) intervention on hepatic energy metabolism in experimental sepsis.

Metformin improves boar sperm quality via 5′-AMPactivated protein kinase-mediated energy metabolism in vitro

Sperm are specialized cells that require adenosine triphosphate(ATP) to support their function.Maintaining sperm energy homeostasis in vitro is vitally important to improve the efficacy of boar sperm preservation. Metformin can activate 5′-AMPactivated protein kinase(AMPK) to improve metabolic flexibility and maintain energy homeostasis. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether metformin can improve boar sperm quality through AMPK mediation of energy metabolism. Sperm motility parameters, membrane integrity,acrosomeintegrity,mitochondrial membrane potential(ΔΨm), ATP content, glucose uptake,and lactate efflux were analyzed.Localization and expression levels of AMPK and phospho-Thr172-AMPK(p-AMPK) were also detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. We found that metformin treatment significantly increased sperm motility parameters, ΔΨm, and ATP content during storage at 17 ℃. Moreover, results showed that AMPK was localized at the acrosomal region, connecting piece, and midpiece of sperm and p-AMPK was distributed at the post-acrosomal region, connecting piece, and midpiece. When sperm were incubated with metformin for 4 h at 37 ℃, sperm motility parameters, ΔΨm, ATP content,p-AMPK, glucose uptake, and lactate efflux all significantly increased, whereas the addition of Compound C treatment, an inhibitor of AMPK,counteracted these positive effects. Together, our results suggest that metformin promotes AMPK activation, which contributes to the maintenance of energy hemostasis and mitochondrial activity,thereby maintaining boar sperm functionality and improving the efficacy of semen preservation.

Natural Products and Derivatives Targeting at Cancer Energy Metabolism:A Potential Treatment Strategy

In the 1920s,Dr Otto Warburg first suggested the significant difference in energy metabolism between malignant cancer cells and adjacent normal cells.Tumor cells mainly adopt the glycolysis as energy source to maintain tumor cell growth and biosynthesis under aerobic conditions.Investigation on energy metabolism pathway in cancer cells has aroused the interest of cancer researchers all around the world.In recent years,plentiful studics suggest that targeting the peculiar cancer energy metabolic pathways,including glycolysis,mitochondrial respiration,amino acid metabolism,and fatty acid oxidation may be an effective strategy to starve cancer cells by blocking essential nutrients.Natural products (NPs)are considered as the “treasure trove of small molecules drugs” and have played an extremely remarkable role in the discovery and development of anticancer drugs.And numerous NPs have been reported to act on cancer energy metabolism targets.Herein,a comprehensive overview about cancer energy metabolism targets and their natural-occurring inhibitors is prepared.

Effect of Yuxingeng Fluid (愈心梗液) on Myocardial Energy Metabolism in Wistar Rats with Acute Myocardial Infarction

Objective: To examine the effect of Yuxingeng fluid (愈心梗液, YXGF) on myocardial energy metabolism in Wistar rats with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by observing the ultrastructure of mitochondria and the enzyme activities of rat myocardial adenosine triphosphate (ATP), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and the content of glycogen. Methods; AMI models were established by ligature of left anterior descending coronary artery and then the rats with AMI were randomly divided into 7 groups: namely, blank group, model group, sham-operated group, captopil group, high-dose YXGF group, middle-dose YXGF group and low-dose YXGF group. From the next day after modeling, the rats were given YXGF through gastrogavage which lasted for 4 weeks. And then, the ultra-structure of mitochondria was observed by electronic microscope and the enzyme activities of ATP, SDH, ACP, ALP and the content of glycogen were determined. Results: Compared with model group, the other three groups of high-dose YXGF, middle-dose YXGF, low-dose YXGF and captopril group could protect the ultrastructure of mitochondria and significantly increase enzyme activities of ATP, SDH, ACP, ALP and the content of glycogen (P<0.01). Conclusion: YXGF can protect mitochondria and increase myocardial enzyme activities and the content of glycogen, which may be one of the mechanisms intervening in the pathological course of the early ventricular remodeling in rats with AMI.

Bone Remodeling and Energy Metabolism:New Perspectives

Bone mineral, adipose tissue and energy metabolism are interconnected by a complex and multilevel series of networks. Calcium and phosphorus are utilized for insulin secretion and synthesis of high energy compounds. Adipose tissue store lipids and cholecalciferol, which, in turn, can influence calcium balance and energy expenditure. Hormones long-thought to solely modulate energy and mineral homeostasis may influence adipocytic function. Osteoblasts are a target of insulin action in bone. Moreover, endocrine mediators, such as osteocalcin, are synthesized in the skeleton but regulate carbohydrate disposal and insulin secretion. Finally, osteoblasts and adipocytes originate from the same mesenchymal progenitor. The mutual crosstalk between osteoblasts and adipocytes within the bone marrow microenvironment plays a crucial role in bone remodeling. In the present review we provide an overview of the reciprocal control between bone and energy metabolism and its clinical implications.

Effect of food restriction on the energy metabolism of the Chinese bulbul（Pycnonotus sinensis）

Food resources play an important role in the regulation of animals’ physiology and behavior. We investigated the effect of short-term food restriction on metabolic thermogenesis of Chinese bulbuls（Pycnonotus sinensis） by measuring changes in body mass, body fat, basic metabolic rate（BMR）, and organ mass of wild-caught Chinese bulbuls from Wenzhou, China. Short-term food restriction induced a significant decrease in body mass and body fat but body mass returned to normal levels soon after food was no longer restricted. Food restriction caused a significant reduction in BMR after 7 days（P〈0.05）, which returned to normal levels after food restriction ceased. Log total BMR was positively correlated with log body mass（r2=0.126, P〈0.05）. The dry masses of livers and the digestive tract were higher in birds that had been subject to temporary food restriction than in control birds and those subject to continual food restriction（P〈0.001 and P〈0.05, respectively）. There was also significant differences in the dry mass of the lungs（P〈0.05）, heart（P〈0.01）, and spleen（P〈0.05） in birds subject to short-term food restriction compared to control birds and those subject to continual food restriction. BMR was positively correlated with body and organ（heart, kidney and stomach） mass. These results suggest that the Chinese bulbul adjusts to restricted food availability by utilizing its energy reserves, lowering its BMR and changing the weight of various internal organs so as to balance total energy requirements. These may all be survival strategies that allow birds to cope with unpredictable variation in food abundance.

Effects of microwave radiation on brain energy metabolism and related mechanisms

With the rapid development of electronic technologies, anxiety regarding the potential health hazards induced by microwave radiation(MW) has been growing in recent years. The brain is one of the most sensitive target organs for microwave radiation, where mitochondrial injury occurs earlier and more severely than in other organs. Energy metabolism disorders do play an important role during the process of microwave radiation-induced brain damage. In this paper, we will review the biological effects of microwave radiation, the features of brain energy supply and consumption and the effects of microwave radiation on mitochondrial energy metabolism and potential related mechanisms.

Dried Rehmannia root protects against glutamate-induced cytotoxity to PC12 cells through energy metabolism-related pathways

Rehmannia has been shown to be clinically effective in treating neurodegenerative diseases; however, the neuroprotective mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, we established a model of neurodegenerative disease using PC12 cytotoxic injury induced by glutamate. The cells were treated with 20 mM glutamate in the absence or presence of water extracts of dried Rehmannia root of varying concentrations（70%, 50% and 30%）. The different concentrations of Rehmannia water extract significantly increased the activity of glutamate-injured cells, reduced the release of lactate dehydrogenase, inhibited apoptosis, increased the concentrations of NADH, NAD and ATP in cells, ameliorated mitochondrial membrane potential, and reduced the levels of light chain 3. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that Rehmannia water extracts exert a cytoprotective effect against glutamate-induced PC12 cell injury via energy metabolism-related pathways.

Variation in energy metabolism structure of microbial community during bioleaching chalcopyrites with different iron-sulfur ratios

The energy metabolism structure of microbial community plays an important role in the process of biohydrometallurgy.In this article,an artificial microbial community composed of three strains(Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,Leptospirillum ferriphilum and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans)was used to leach three kinds of chalcopyrites with different iron-sulfur ratios.After 36 d of leaching,the chalcopyrite with iron-sulfur ratio of about 1:1 achieved the highest copper extraction(69.62%).In the early stage,iron oxidizing bacteria predominated,and the expression of rus and rio was 8 times higher than that in the late stage.In the late stage,sulfur oxidizing bacteria predominated,and the expression of tetH and HdrAB was 4 times higher than that in the early stage.Furthermore,the three bioleaching systems above were added with elemental sulfur(3 g/L);the chalcopyrite with iron-sulfur ratio of about 2:1 achieved the highest copper extraction(80.63%).The results suggest that the energy metabolism structure of the microbial community could be changed by changing the iron-sulfur ratio during the leaching process for improving the leaching efficiency of chalcopyrite.

Effect of captopril on myocardial energy metabolism in chronic pressure overload rats

Objective To investigate the effects of captopril on cardiac function and levels of energy-rich phosphates in pressure overload induced left ventricular hypertrophy rats. Methods One hundred and twenty SD rats were randomly divided into three groups： sham operation group （SH group, n=40）,coarctation of abdominal aorta group （CAA group, n=40） and captopril treatment lmg~ 100g1 ~ d-1） group （CAP group, n=40）. Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure （LVEDP）, left venh-icular mass index （LVMI）, levels of energy-rich phosphates and morphological changes of the myocardial mitochondria were compared at the 62 and 82 week after operation. Results At 62 week, in CAA group, LVMI and LVEDP were increased and _ dp/dtmax was decreased, while ATP and ADP were decreased and AMP was increased （P〈0.01）. These changes were much obvious at 8th week （P〈0.01）. Compared with those of CAA group, the parameters of heart function and energy-rich phosphates （ATP, ADP, AMP, TAN） in CAP group were improved significantly（P〈0.01） at the 6th and 8th week. In CAP group, the parameters of heart function and energy-rich phosphates （ADP, AMP, TAN） were much better at 8~ week than those at 6th week. The morphological change of mitochondria was less in CAP group than that in CAA group. Conclusion Captopril significantly improves myocardial energy metabolism in pressure overload rats and protects the function of myocardial mitochondria