The global energy transition is a widespread phenomenon that requires international exchange of experiences and mutual learning.Germany’s success in its first phase of energy transition can be attributed to its adopt...The global energy transition is a widespread phenomenon that requires international exchange of experiences and mutual learning.Germany’s success in its first phase of energy transition can be attributed to its adoption of smart energy technology and implementation of electricity futures and spot marketization,which enabled the achievement of multiple energy spatial–temporal complementarities and overall grid balance through energy conversion and reconversion technologies.While China can draw from Germany’s experience to inform its own energy transition efforts,its 11-fold higher annual electricity consumption requires a distinct approach.We recommend a clean energy system based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO)as a suitable pathway for achieving sustainable energy in China,given that renewable energy is expected to guarantee 85%of China’s energy production by 2060,requiring significant future electricity storage capacity.Nonetheless,renewable energy storage remains a significant challenge.We propose four large-scale underground energy storage methods based on ENSYSCO to address this challenge,while considering China’s national conditions.These proposals have culminated in pilot projects for large-scale underground energy storage in China,which we believe is a necessary choice for achieving carbon neutrality in China and enabling efficient and safe grid integration of renewable energy within the framework of ENSYSCO.展开更多
To reduce the adverse effects of traditional domestic solid fuel,the central government began implementing a clean heating policy in northern China in 2017.Clean coal is an alternative low-cost fuel for rural househol...To reduce the adverse effects of traditional domestic solid fuel,the central government began implementing a clean heating policy in northern China in 2017.Clean coal is an alternative low-cost fuel for rural households at the present stage.In this study,18 households that used lump coal,biomass,and clean coal as the main fuel were selected to evaluate the benefits of clean heating transformation in Tongchuan,an energy city in the Fenwei Plain,China.Both indoor and personal exposure(PE)samples of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))were synchronically collected.Compared with the lump coal and biomass groups,the indoor PM_(2.5)concentration in the clean coal group is 43.6%and 20.0%lower,respectively,while the values are 16.8%and 21.3%lower,respectively,in the personal exposure samples.PM_(2.5)-bound elements Cd,Ni,Zn,and Mn strongly correlated with reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in all fuel groups,indicating that transition metals are the principal components to generate oxidative stress.Using a reliable estimation method,it is predicted that after the substitution of clean coal as a household fuel,the all-cause,cardiovascular,and respiratory disease that causes female deaths per year could be reduced by 16,6,and 3,respectively,in the lump coal group,and 22,8,and 3,respectively,in the biomass group.Even though the promotion of clean coal has led to impressive environmental and health benefits,the efficiencies are still limited.More environmental-friendly energy sources must be promoted in the rural regions of China.展开更多
China’s energy system requires a thorough transformation to achieve carbon neutrality.Here,leveraging the highly acclaimed the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model of China(China TIMES)that takes energy,the environmen...China’s energy system requires a thorough transformation to achieve carbon neutrality.Here,leveraging the highly acclaimed the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model of China(China TIMES)that takes energy,the environment,and the economy into consideration,four carbon-neutral scenarios are proposed and compared for different emission peak times and carbon emissions in 2050.The results show that China’s carbon emissions will peak at 10.3–10.4 Gt between 2025 and 2030.In 2050,renewables will account for 60%of total energy consumption(calorific value calculation)and 90%of total electricity generation,and the electrification rate will be close to 60%.The energy transition will bring sustained air quality improvement,with an 85%reduction in local air pollutants in 2050 compared with 2020 levels,and an early emission peak will yield more near-term benefits.Early peak attainment requires the extensive deployment of renewables over the next decade and an accelerated phasing out of coal after 2025.However,it will bring benefits such as obtaining better air quality sooner,reducing cumulative CO_(2) emissions,and buying more time for other sectors to transition.The pressure for more ambitious emission reductions in 2050 can be transmitted to the near future,affecting renewable energy development,energy service demand,and welfare losses.展开更多
This paper provides a theoretical model to explain the causality between China's energy transition and capital deepening found by the empirical study.We prove that in the equilibrium,China's energy transition ...This paper provides a theoretical model to explain the causality between China's energy transition and capital deepening found by the empirical study.We prove that in the equilibrium,China's energy transition is endogenously determined by capital deepening due to the homogeneity of electricity and the monopolistic competition features of China's electricity market.Price effect,which is the effect of change in relative factor price,will affect energy transition only if the policy intervenes electricity price in terms of the primary sources from which it is generated.We propose that investment can promote energy transition by stimulating capital deepening which is biased to clean energy development.In this regard,our paper provides a new way of thinking for other developing countries to design an effective energy transition policy.展开更多
The"Dual Carbon"Goal is one of the critical strategic tasks in China's new stage of development,and fiscal and tax policies play an essential role in promoting the"dual carbon target"process.Cu...The"Dual Carbon"Goal is one of the critical strategic tasks in China's new stage of development,and fiscal and tax policies play an essential role in promoting the"dual carbon target"process.Currently,China's fiscal and taxation policies to encourage the realization of the"dual carbon"target are faced with problems such as the lack of budgetary and tax regulation means and the lack of investment in the energy conservation industry.Throughout the mature experience of Britain,the United States,Japan,and other countries,although different,they all chose to levy carbon tax and tax incentives as the path to promote energy transformation.To further encourage energy conversion,China can choose to establish a carbon tax mechanism and promote and improve low-carbon preferential policies and other diversified fiscal and tax policies.展开更多
Since 2017,Finland and China have been developing a future-oriented partnership based on mutual economic and business interests.The starting point for this work is the recognition of significant differences in size,cu...Since 2017,Finland and China have been developing a future-oriented partnership based on mutual economic and business interests.The starting point for this work is the recognition of significant differences in size,culture,and political as well as economic systems between the two sides.The Sino-Finnish cooperation in energy transition can provide a good example of mutually beneficial partnership where countries complement each other in terms of knowhow and resources.This paper brings together the main findings from the policy study on energy transition in Finland and China.It aims to identify potential policy initiatives for expanding Sino-Finnish cooperation towards green growth.展开更多
China has proposed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.Although previous studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways in China,the diversity observed in these studies in terms of model construction and parameter...China has proposed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.Although previous studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways in China,the diversity observed in these studies in terms of model construction and parameter setting has led to inconsistent conclusions on some key issues,such as energy transition.This study employs a multi-model comparison method to examine the significance of China's carbon neutrality target on its energy systems by assessing 67 carbon neutrality scenarios in China that are collected from the ADVANCE database,and identifying the differences between energy transition pathways under BEF60 scenarios(i.e.scenarios realising carbon neutrality by 2060)and AFT60 scenarios(i.e.scenarios realising carbon neutrality after 2060).Results show that China needs a larger deployment of low-carbon electricity,a higher electrification rate and more carbon sequestration amount under BEF60 scenarios than those under AFT60 scenarios.Meanwhile,the magnitude of the difference between the two categories of scenarios varies significantly in terms of different outcome indicators.Those that present significant disparities include the deployment scale of solar power(increasing by 160%),the electrification rate of the building sector(increasing by 27%)and the carbon sequestration amount of biomass power with carbon capture and storage(increasing by 380%).In addition,this study selects six indicators to present the technological and economic characteristics of various energy systems of China at the point of net-zero emissions.Exploring the relationships between characteristics,this research identifies the common features among various net-zero energy systems.A great share of non-biomass renewable power generation is always associated with a relatively high per capita energy use,implying that high renewables penetration may relax restrictions on energy consumption,which should be addressed for China when making efforts to promote energy transition.展开更多
Geopolitics of energy transition has increasingly become the frontier and hot research area of world energy geography and global political science.Different historical periods are characterised by obvious differences ...Geopolitics of energy transition has increasingly become the frontier and hot research area of world energy geography and global political science.Different historical periods are characterised by obvious differences in energy connotations,attributes,and geopolitical characteristics.In the new energy era,energy geopolitics becomes more diversified,complex,and comprehensive.In this paper,we compare the geopolitical characteristics of energy in the fossil fuel and renewable energy periods,and provide an overview of current study trends in new energy geopolitics.Recent research shows that the global energy transition will intensify the reconstruction of geopolitical patterns,change the relationship between geopolitical security and conflict dominated by traditional energy security,alter the role of different countries in global energy geopolitical games,reshape national energy relationships formed in the traditional oil and gas era.In addition,geopolitics will be affected by new energy technologies,availability of key rare materials,and energy cybersecurity measures.Despite considerable attention to this research topic,the likely geopolitical impact of energy transition remains uncertain,and there is still room for the development and improvement of the theoretical framework,technical methods,and research perspective.Looking forward to the future,the research into geopolitics of energy transition urgently needs to strengthen its theoretical basis and rely on the scientific and quantitative methods.The practical conclusions of the research into geopolitics of energy transition should strengthen major national energy security decisions,explore the geographical effect of energy transition,and determine the impact of energy transition on energy security.Research into geopolitics of energy transition should be carried out taking into account international academic frontiers such as climate change,“carbon peak”and“carbon neutral”goals,and global energy governance,to enrich the research perspective of world energy geography.展开更多
The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Ident...The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Identifying the factors that drive rural household energy consumption and the transition is important.This study performed a micro-survey of 1060 rural households in five countries in the Pan-Third Pole region and empirically analyzed the relationships between off-farm income,energy consumption,and energy transitions.The off-farm income of rural households was found to have a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on energy expenditure,indicating that energy expenditure increased with increasing off-farm income.Off-farm income has a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on the proportion of commercial energy but a significantly negative effect on the proportion of noncommercial energy.These results indicate that increasing off-farm income can adjust the energy consumption structure of rural households.Furthermore,a robustness check by substituting independent variables,instrumental variable method(IV),and propensity score matching method(PSM)provided strong evidence to prove the robustness of the results.The heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of off-farm income on energy expenditure and transitions differed among countries,off-farm income had no significant impact on energy expenditure in Cambodia and Myanmar,but it worked for China,Nepal,and Thailand.Finally,policy implications are proposed to promote energy transition in the Pan-Third pole region:providing more full-time or part-time off-farm employment opportunities,employment assistance or skill training by local governments;increasing the pace of infrastructure construction to solve energy inaccessibility;multiple measures to promote the education and environmental knowledge.展开更多
China's 14th Five-Year Plan,for the period 2021e25,presents a real opportunity for China to link its longterm climate goals with its short-to medium-term social and economic development plans.China's recent c...China's 14th Five-Year Plan,for the period 2021e25,presents a real opportunity for China to link its longterm climate goals with its short-to medium-term social and economic development plans.China's recent commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 has set a clear direction for its economy,but requires ratcheting up ambition on its near-term climate policy.Against this background,this paper discusses major action areas for China's 14th Five-Year Plan after COVID-19,especially focusing on three aspects:the energy transition,a new type of sustainable urban development,and investment priorities.China's role in the world is now of a magnitude that makes its actions in the immediate future critical to how the world goes forward.This decade,2021e2030,is of fundamental importance to human history.If society locks in dirty and high-carbon capital,it raises profound risks of irreversible damage to the world's climate.It is crucial for China to peak its emissions in the 14th Five-Year Plan(by 2025),making the transition earlier and cheaper,enhancing its international competitiveness in growing new markets and setting a strong example for the world.The benefits for China and the world as a whole could be immense.展开更多
Today's power systems are seeing a paradigm shift under the energy transition,sparkled by the electrification of demand,digitalisation of systems,and an increasing share of decarbonated power generation.Most of th...Today's power systems are seeing a paradigm shift under the energy transition,sparkled by the electrification of demand,digitalisation of systems,and an increasing share of decarbonated power generation.Most of these changes have a direct impact on their control centers,forcing them to handle weather-based energy resources,new interconnections with neighbouring transmission networks,more markets,active distribution networks,micro-grids,and greater amounts of available data.Unfortunately,these changes have translated during the past decade to small,incremental changes,mostly centered on hardware,software,and human factors.We assert that more transformative changes are needed,especially regarding human-centered design approaches,to enable control room operators to manage the future power system.This paper discusses the evolution of operators towards continuous operation planners,monitoring complex time horizons thanks to adequate real-time automation.Reviewing upcoming challenges as well as emerging technologies for power systems,we present our vision of a new evolutionary architecture for control centers,both at backend and frontend levels.We propose a unified hypervision scheme based on structured decision-making concepts,providing operators with proactive,collaborative,and effective decision support.展开更多
Energy transition,and the related chemistry transition due to their strong nexus,is creating a major worldwide change in the current production system,driven initially by social and environmental pressures(cleaner pro...Energy transition,and the related chemistry transition due to their strong nexus,is creating a major worldwide change in the current production system,driven initially by social and environmental pressures(cleaner production,reduced greenhouse gas emissions),but today instead is pushed by economic(renewable energy sources are becoming progressively the more economic energy form)and geopolitical(energy security)motivations.Oil and natural gases are the building blocks of the current refinery and(petro)chemistry,but going beyond fossil fuels is the challenge associated with this transition.This has also major implications on the technologies and processes actually in use,further pushed from another emerging direction associated with the progressive change from centralized to delocalized productions,for a better link with the territory and the local resources.The combined effect of these two emerging directions determines a radical change in the energy and chemical production systems,with major technological implications.Current process technologies in the area of chemical and fuel production cannot just be adapted,they need to be fully redesigned(also in terms of concepts,materials,engineering)to address the new challenges of using renewable energy sources in delocalized productions(small‐scale production at the regional level using local resources and in strong symbiosis to other local productions).展开更多
1Introduction The challenge of climate change has led to the worldwide growing trends in developing a low-carbon,clean,and high-efficiency energy system,which is a significant pathway_to safeguard energy security and ...1Introduction The challenge of climate change has led to the worldwide growing trends in developing a low-carbon,clean,and high-efficiency energy system,which is a significant pathway_to safeguard energy security and achieve sustainable development goals(Zhou et al.,2022).To respond to calls for the energy system's transformation,governments have ambitiously implemented various incentive policies by considering the specific circumstances in human energy services and activities(Ding et al.,2020).Despite the world having made notable progress in low-carbon energy transition,it faces numerous challenges,such as the surging energy demand,lack of renewable technology,and imperfect transition management system(Strunz,2018;Davidson,2019).展开更多
The pledge of achieving carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060 is a strategic decision that responds to the inherent needs of China’s sustainable and high-quality development,and is an important dr...The pledge of achieving carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060 is a strategic decision that responds to the inherent needs of China’s sustainable and high-quality development,and is an important driving force for promoting China’s ecological civilization constructions.As the consumption of fossil fuel energy is responsible for more than 90%of China’s greenhouse gases emissions,policies focusing on energy transition are vital for China accomplishing the goal of carbon neutrality.Considering the fact that China’s energy structure is dominated by fossil fuels,especially coal,it is urgent to accelerate the low-carbon transition of the energy system in a relatively short time,and dramatically increase the proportion of clean energy in the future energy supply.Although China has made notable progress in the clean energy transition in the past,its path to carbon neutrality still faces many significant challenges.During the process of energy transformation,advanced technologies and greater investment will play essential parts in this extensive and profound systemic reform for China’s economy and society.In the meantime,these changes will create immense economic opportunities and geopolitical advantages.展开更多
To research the correlation between vibrational energy transition rates and acoustic relaxation processes in excitable gases, the vibrational relaxation theory provided by Tanczos [J. Chem. Phy3. 25, 439 (1956)] is ...To research the correlation between vibrational energy transition rates and acoustic relaxation processes in excitable gases, the vibrational relaxation theory provided by Tanczos [J. Chem. Phy3. 25, 439 (1956)] is applied to calculate the energy transition rates of Vibrational- Vibrational (V-V) and Vibrational-Translational (V-T) energy transfer in gas mixtures. The results of calculation for the multi-relaxation processes in various gas mixtures, consisting of carbon dioxide, methane, chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen at room temperature, demonstrate that the acoustic energy stagnated in every vibrational mode is coupled with each other through V-V energy exchanges. The vibrational excitation energy will relax through the V-T de-excitation path of the lowest mode because of its fastest V-T transition rate, resulting in that only one absorption peak can be measured for most of excitable gas mixtures. Thus, an effective model is provided to analyze how the vibrational energy transition rates affect the characteristics of acoustic relaxation processes and acoustic propagation in excitable gas mixtures.展开更多
The transition energies, wavelengths and dipole oscillator strengths of 1s^22p-1s^2nd (3 ≤ n ≤ 9) for Cr^21+ ion are calculated. The fine structure splittings of 1s^2nd (n ≤ 9) states for this ion are also cal...The transition energies, wavelengths and dipole oscillator strengths of 1s^22p-1s^2nd (3 ≤ n ≤ 9) for Cr^21+ ion are calculated. The fine structure splittings of 1s^2nd (n ≤ 9) states for this ion are also calculated. In calculating energy, we have estimated the higher-order relativistic contribution under a hydrogenic approximation. The quantum defect of Rydberg series 1s^2nd is determined according to the quantum defect theory. The results obtained in this paper excellently agree with the experimental data available in the literature. Combining the quantum defect theory with the discrete oscillator strengths, the discrete oscillator strengths for the transitions from initial state 1s^22p to highly excited 1s^2nd states (n ≥ 10) and the oscillator strength density corresponding to the bound-free transitions are obtained.展开更多
The properties of absorption spectra are presented and the linear correlations of Hammett constants with the 0-0 transition energy(E_(o,o))of S_←S_o, and the ratios of oscillator strength(f/f)are used to probe the in...The properties of absorption spectra are presented and the linear correlations of Hammett constants with the 0-0 transition energy(E_(o,o))of S_←S_o, and the ratios of oscillator strength(f/f)are used to probe the interactions betwee π-electron of aromatic maerocycles or metal ion of complexes with the sub- stituents on β-position of benzene ring for porphyrin-like maerocyclic compounds.展开更多
The paper examines the energy of electron transitions in an emission process and the time intervals necessary for that process. For simple quantum systems, the both parameters—that of energy and time—depend on the d...The paper examines the energy of electron transitions in an emission process and the time intervals necessary for that process. For simple quantum systems, the both parameters—that of energy and time—depend on the difference Δn of the quantum numbers n labelling the beginning and end state of emission. It is shown that the phase-space areas formed by products of energy and time involved in the emission can be represented as a quadratic function of Δn multiplied by the Planck constant h.展开更多
Utilizing the material of monthly means of the three primary kinetic energy modes over the whote globe at 500 hPa during the nine years of 1980-1988, both the rapid seasonal changes and the interannual variability in ...Utilizing the material of monthly means of the three primary kinetic energy modes over the whote globe at 500 hPa during the nine years of 1980-1988, both the rapid seasonal changes and the interannual variability in tie general circulation in terms of the energy modes have been investigated, with special attention paid to the unusual year 1983, Two main results are obtained. One, there are remarkable seasonal rapid changes over the Northern Hemisphere, occurring ganerally in April and October. The other, among the nine years of 1980-1988, 1983 is the only one with unusual energy modes and remarkably abnormal seasonal changes.展开更多
INTRODUCTION The conformational state transition of polymer chains relates to crystallization processes, migration ofthe chains in solution, fluctuation of the end-to-end distance of random coils, and the relaxation a...INTRODUCTION The conformational state transition of polymer chains relates to crystallization processes, migration ofthe chains in solution, fluctuation of the end-to-end distance of random coils, and the relaxation and phasetransitions of polymers. A description of the conformational state transition requires questions about; 1) howmany stable conformational states for a specific σ bond; 2) the barriers between the states; 3) the mechanismof the conformational transition; 4) any cooperative behavior during the transition. Flory and his coworkers展开更多
基金Henan Institute for Chinese Development Strategy of Engineering&Technology(No.2022HENZDA02)the Science&Technology Department of Sichuan Province(No.2021YFH0010)。
文摘The global energy transition is a widespread phenomenon that requires international exchange of experiences and mutual learning.Germany’s success in its first phase of energy transition can be attributed to its adoption of smart energy technology and implementation of electricity futures and spot marketization,which enabled the achievement of multiple energy spatial–temporal complementarities and overall grid balance through energy conversion and reconversion technologies.While China can draw from Germany’s experience to inform its own energy transition efforts,its 11-fold higher annual electricity consumption requires a distinct approach.We recommend a clean energy system based on smart sector coupling(ENSYSCO)as a suitable pathway for achieving sustainable energy in China,given that renewable energy is expected to guarantee 85%of China’s energy production by 2060,requiring significant future electricity storage capacity.Nonetheless,renewable energy storage remains a significant challenge.We propose four large-scale underground energy storage methods based on ENSYSCO to address this challenge,while considering China’s national conditions.These proposals have culminated in pilot projects for large-scale underground energy storage in China,which we believe is a necessary choice for achieving carbon neutrality in China and enabling efficient and safe grid integration of renewable energy within the framework of ENSYSCO.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.41877376 and 41877404)the open fund of the State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology,Institute of Earth Environm ent,Chinese Academy of Sciences(SKLLQG2110)。
文摘To reduce the adverse effects of traditional domestic solid fuel,the central government began implementing a clean heating policy in northern China in 2017.Clean coal is an alternative low-cost fuel for rural households at the present stage.In this study,18 households that used lump coal,biomass,and clean coal as the main fuel were selected to evaluate the benefits of clean heating transformation in Tongchuan,an energy city in the Fenwei Plain,China.Both indoor and personal exposure(PE)samples of fine particulate matter(PM_(2.5))were synchronically collected.Compared with the lump coal and biomass groups,the indoor PM_(2.5)concentration in the clean coal group is 43.6%and 20.0%lower,respectively,while the values are 16.8%and 21.3%lower,respectively,in the personal exposure samples.PM_(2.5)-bound elements Cd,Ni,Zn,and Mn strongly correlated with reactive oxygen species(ROS)levels in all fuel groups,indicating that transition metals are the principal components to generate oxidative stress.Using a reliable estimation method,it is predicted that after the substitution of clean coal as a household fuel,the all-cause,cardiovascular,and respiratory disease that causes female deaths per year could be reduced by 16,6,and 3,respectively,in the lump coal group,and 22,8,and 3,respectively,in the biomass group.Even though the promotion of clean coal has led to impressive environmental and health benefits,the efficiencies are still limited.More environmental-friendly energy sources must be promoted in the rural regions of China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (71690243 and 51861135102)the Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China (2018YFC1509006)the World Bank Group (7202065)
文摘China’s energy system requires a thorough transformation to achieve carbon neutrality.Here,leveraging the highly acclaimed the Integrated MARKAL-EFOM System model of China(China TIMES)that takes energy,the environment,and the economy into consideration,four carbon-neutral scenarios are proposed and compared for different emission peak times and carbon emissions in 2050.The results show that China’s carbon emissions will peak at 10.3–10.4 Gt between 2025 and 2030.In 2050,renewables will account for 60%of total energy consumption(calorific value calculation)and 90%of total electricity generation,and the electrification rate will be close to 60%.The energy transition will bring sustained air quality improvement,with an 85%reduction in local air pollutants in 2050 compared with 2020 levels,and an early emission peak will yield more near-term benefits.Early peak attainment requires the extensive deployment of renewables over the next decade and an accelerated phasing out of coal after 2025.However,it will bring benefits such as obtaining better air quality sooner,reducing cumulative CO_(2) emissions,and buying more time for other sectors to transition.The pressure for more ambitious emission reductions in 2050 can be transmitted to the near future,affecting renewable energy development,energy service demand,and welfare losses.
文摘This paper provides a theoretical model to explain the causality between China's energy transition and capital deepening found by the empirical study.We prove that in the equilibrium,China's energy transition is endogenously determined by capital deepening due to the homogeneity of electricity and the monopolistic competition features of China's electricity market.Price effect,which is the effect of change in relative factor price,will affect energy transition only if the policy intervenes electricity price in terms of the primary sources from which it is generated.We propose that investment can promote energy transition by stimulating capital deepening which is biased to clean energy development.In this regard,our paper provides a new way of thinking for other developing countries to design an effective energy transition policy.
文摘The"Dual Carbon"Goal is one of the critical strategic tasks in China's new stage of development,and fiscal and tax policies play an essential role in promoting the"dual carbon target"process.Currently,China's fiscal and taxation policies to encourage the realization of the"dual carbon"target are faced with problems such as the lack of budgetary and tax regulation means and the lack of investment in the energy conservation industry.Throughout the mature experience of Britain,the United States,Japan,and other countries,although different,they all chose to levy carbon tax and tax incentives as the path to promote energy transformation.To further encourage energy conversion,China can choose to establish a carbon tax mechanism and promote and improve low-carbon preferential policies and other diversified fiscal and tax policies.
基金supported by the Sino-Finnish International Cooperation Platform Programsponsored by the Institutes of Science and Development,Chinese Academy of Sciences(CASISD).
文摘Since 2017,Finland and China have been developing a future-oriented partnership based on mutual economic and business interests.The starting point for this work is the recognition of significant differences in size,culture,and political as well as economic systems between the two sides.The Sino-Finnish cooperation in energy transition can provide a good example of mutually beneficial partnership where countries complement each other in terms of knowhow and resources.This paper brings together the main findings from the policy study on energy transition in Finland and China.It aims to identify potential policy initiatives for expanding Sino-Finnish cooperation towards green growth.
基金Financial support was obtained from the Key Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72140007)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0606504)Energy Foundation(G-2009-32445).
文摘China has proposed to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060.Although previous studies have assessed net-zero emissions pathways in China,the diversity observed in these studies in terms of model construction and parameter setting has led to inconsistent conclusions on some key issues,such as energy transition.This study employs a multi-model comparison method to examine the significance of China's carbon neutrality target on its energy systems by assessing 67 carbon neutrality scenarios in China that are collected from the ADVANCE database,and identifying the differences between energy transition pathways under BEF60 scenarios(i.e.scenarios realising carbon neutrality by 2060)and AFT60 scenarios(i.e.scenarios realising carbon neutrality after 2060).Results show that China needs a larger deployment of low-carbon electricity,a higher electrification rate and more carbon sequestration amount under BEF60 scenarios than those under AFT60 scenarios.Meanwhile,the magnitude of the difference between the two categories of scenarios varies significantly in terms of different outcome indicators.Those that present significant disparities include the deployment scale of solar power(increasing by 160%),the electrification rate of the building sector(increasing by 27%)and the carbon sequestration amount of biomass power with carbon capture and storage(increasing by 380%).In addition,this study selects six indicators to present the technological and economic characteristics of various energy systems of China at the point of net-zero emissions.Exploring the relationships between characteristics,this research identifies the common features among various net-zero energy systems.A great share of non-biomass renewable power generation is always associated with a relatively high per capita energy use,implying that high renewables penetration may relax restrictions on energy consumption,which should be addressed for China when making efforts to promote energy transition.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42022007,No.41871118Youth Innovation Promotion Association,CAS,No.2018069。
文摘Geopolitics of energy transition has increasingly become the frontier and hot research area of world energy geography and global political science.Different historical periods are characterised by obvious differences in energy connotations,attributes,and geopolitical characteristics.In the new energy era,energy geopolitics becomes more diversified,complex,and comprehensive.In this paper,we compare the geopolitical characteristics of energy in the fossil fuel and renewable energy periods,and provide an overview of current study trends in new energy geopolitics.Recent research shows that the global energy transition will intensify the reconstruction of geopolitical patterns,change the relationship between geopolitical security and conflict dominated by traditional energy security,alter the role of different countries in global energy geopolitical games,reshape national energy relationships formed in the traditional oil and gas era.In addition,geopolitics will be affected by new energy technologies,availability of key rare materials,and energy cybersecurity measures.Despite considerable attention to this research topic,the likely geopolitical impact of energy transition remains uncertain,and there is still room for the development and improvement of the theoretical framework,technical methods,and research perspective.Looking forward to the future,the research into geopolitics of energy transition urgently needs to strengthen its theoretical basis and rely on the scientific and quantitative methods.The practical conclusions of the research into geopolitics of energy transition should strengthen major national energy security decisions,explore the geographical effect of energy transition,and determine the impact of energy transition on energy security.Research into geopolitics of energy transition should be carried out taking into account international academic frontiers such as climate change,“carbon peak”and“carbon neutral”goals,and global energy governance,to enrich the research perspective of world energy geography.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(72104112,41901255,31861143015)the Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(XDA20010303).
文摘The Pan-Third Pole region comprises multiple nations affected by climate vulnerability and energy inequality,wherein promoting energy transitions in rural households would provide a path to combat climate change.Identifying the factors that drive rural household energy consumption and the transition is important.This study performed a micro-survey of 1060 rural households in five countries in the Pan-Third Pole region and empirically analyzed the relationships between off-farm income,energy consumption,and energy transitions.The off-farm income of rural households was found to have a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on energy expenditure,indicating that energy expenditure increased with increasing off-farm income.Off-farm income has a significantly positive effect(p<0.01)on the proportion of commercial energy but a significantly negative effect on the proportion of noncommercial energy.These results indicate that increasing off-farm income can adjust the energy consumption structure of rural households.Furthermore,a robustness check by substituting independent variables,instrumental variable method(IV),and propensity score matching method(PSM)provided strong evidence to prove the robustness of the results.The heterogeneity analysis showed that the effects of off-farm income on energy expenditure and transitions differed among countries,off-farm income had no significant impact on energy expenditure in Cambodia and Myanmar,but it worked for China,Nepal,and Thailand.Finally,policy implications are proposed to promote energy transition in the Pan-Third pole region:providing more full-time or part-time off-farm employment opportunities,employment assistance or skill training by local governments;increasing the pace of infrastructure construction to solve energy inaccessibility;multiple measures to promote the education and environmental knowledge.
文摘China's 14th Five-Year Plan,for the period 2021e25,presents a real opportunity for China to link its longterm climate goals with its short-to medium-term social and economic development plans.China's recent commitment to achieving carbon neutrality by 2060 has set a clear direction for its economy,but requires ratcheting up ambition on its near-term climate policy.Against this background,this paper discusses major action areas for China's 14th Five-Year Plan after COVID-19,especially focusing on three aspects:the energy transition,a new type of sustainable urban development,and investment priorities.China's role in the world is now of a magnitude that makes its actions in the immediate future critical to how the world goes forward.This decade,2021e2030,is of fundamental importance to human history.If society locks in dirty and high-carbon capital,it raises profound risks of irreversible damage to the world's climate.It is crucial for China to peak its emissions in the 14th Five-Year Plan(by 2025),making the transition earlier and cheaper,enhancing its international competitiveness in growing new markets and setting a strong example for the world.The benefits for China and the world as a whole could be immense.
文摘Today's power systems are seeing a paradigm shift under the energy transition,sparkled by the electrification of demand,digitalisation of systems,and an increasing share of decarbonated power generation.Most of these changes have a direct impact on their control centers,forcing them to handle weather-based energy resources,new interconnections with neighbouring transmission networks,more markets,active distribution networks,micro-grids,and greater amounts of available data.Unfortunately,these changes have translated during the past decade to small,incremental changes,mostly centered on hardware,software,and human factors.We assert that more transformative changes are needed,especially regarding human-centered design approaches,to enable control room operators to manage the future power system.This paper discusses the evolution of operators towards continuous operation planners,monitoring complex time horizons thanks to adequate real-time automation.Reviewing upcoming challenges as well as emerging technologies for power systems,we present our vision of a new evolutionary architecture for control centers,both at backend and frontend levels.We propose a unified hypervision scheme based on structured decision-making concepts,providing operators with proactive,collaborative,and effective decision support.
文摘Energy transition,and the related chemistry transition due to their strong nexus,is creating a major worldwide change in the current production system,driven initially by social and environmental pressures(cleaner production,reduced greenhouse gas emissions),but today instead is pushed by economic(renewable energy sources are becoming progressively the more economic energy form)and geopolitical(energy security)motivations.Oil and natural gases are the building blocks of the current refinery and(petro)chemistry,but going beyond fossil fuels is the challenge associated with this transition.This has also major implications on the technologies and processes actually in use,further pushed from another emerging direction associated with the progressive change from centralized to delocalized productions,for a better link with the territory and the local resources.The combined effect of these two emerging directions determines a radical change in the energy and chemical production systems,with major technological implications.Current process technologies in the area of chemical and fuel production cannot just be adapted,they need to be fully redesigned(also in terms of concepts,materials,engineering)to address the new challenges of using renewable energy sources in delocalized productions(small‐scale production at the regional level using local resources and in strong symbiosis to other local productions).
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.71934007).
文摘1Introduction The challenge of climate change has led to the worldwide growing trends in developing a low-carbon,clean,and high-efficiency energy system,which is a significant pathway_to safeguard energy security and achieve sustainable development goals(Zhou et al.,2022).To respond to calls for the energy system's transformation,governments have ambitiously implemented various incentive policies by considering the specific circumstances in human energy services and activities(Ding et al.,2020).Despite the world having made notable progress in low-carbon energy transition,it faces numerous challenges,such as the surging energy demand,lack of renewable technology,and imperfect transition management system(Strunz,2018;Davidson,2019).
文摘The pledge of achieving carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060 is a strategic decision that responds to the inherent needs of China’s sustainable and high-quality development,and is an important driving force for promoting China’s ecological civilization constructions.As the consumption of fossil fuel energy is responsible for more than 90%of China’s greenhouse gases emissions,policies focusing on energy transition are vital for China accomplishing the goal of carbon neutrality.Considering the fact that China’s energy structure is dominated by fossil fuels,especially coal,it is urgent to accelerate the low-carbon transition of the energy system in a relatively short time,and dramatically increase the proportion of clean energy in the future energy supply.Although China has made notable progress in the clean energy transition in the past,its path to carbon neutrality still faces many significant challenges.During the process of energy transformation,advanced technologies and greater investment will play essential parts in this extensive and profound systemic reform for China’s economy and society.In the meantime,these changes will create immense economic opportunities and geopolitical advantages.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61461008,61371139,61571201,61540051)the China Scholarship Council Project(201708525058)+1 种基金the National Science Foundation of Guizhou Province,China(Qian Ke He J Zi[2015]2065),Qian Ke He LH Zi[2014]7361)the Recruitment Program of Guizhou Institute of Technology(XJGC20140601,XJGC20150107)
文摘To research the correlation between vibrational energy transition rates and acoustic relaxation processes in excitable gases, the vibrational relaxation theory provided by Tanczos [J. Chem. Phy3. 25, 439 (1956)] is applied to calculate the energy transition rates of Vibrational- Vibrational (V-V) and Vibrational-Translational (V-T) energy transfer in gas mixtures. The results of calculation for the multi-relaxation processes in various gas mixtures, consisting of carbon dioxide, methane, chlorine, nitrogen, and oxygen at room temperature, demonstrate that the acoustic energy stagnated in every vibrational mode is coupled with each other through V-V energy exchanges. The vibrational excitation energy will relax through the V-T de-excitation path of the lowest mode because of its fastest V-T transition rate, resulting in that only one absorption peak can be measured for most of excitable gas mixtures. Thus, an effective model is provided to analyze how the vibrational energy transition rates affect the characteristics of acoustic relaxation processes and acoustic propagation in excitable gas mixtures.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No 10774063)
文摘The transition energies, wavelengths and dipole oscillator strengths of 1s^22p-1s^2nd (3 ≤ n ≤ 9) for Cr^21+ ion are calculated. The fine structure splittings of 1s^2nd (n ≤ 9) states for this ion are also calculated. In calculating energy, we have estimated the higher-order relativistic contribution under a hydrogenic approximation. The quantum defect of Rydberg series 1s^2nd is determined according to the quantum defect theory. The results obtained in this paper excellently agree with the experimental data available in the literature. Combining the quantum defect theory with the discrete oscillator strengths, the discrete oscillator strengths for the transitions from initial state 1s^22p to highly excited 1s^2nd states (n ≥ 10) and the oscillator strength density corresponding to the bound-free transitions are obtained.
文摘The properties of absorption spectra are presented and the linear correlations of Hammett constants with the 0-0 transition energy(E_(o,o))of S_←S_o, and the ratios of oscillator strength(f/f)are used to probe the interactions betwee π-electron of aromatic maerocycles or metal ion of complexes with the sub- stituents on β-position of benzene ring for porphyrin-like maerocyclic compounds.
文摘The paper examines the energy of electron transitions in an emission process and the time intervals necessary for that process. For simple quantum systems, the both parameters—that of energy and time—depend on the difference Δn of the quantum numbers n labelling the beginning and end state of emission. It is shown that the phase-space areas formed by products of energy and time involved in the emission can be represented as a quadratic function of Δn multiplied by the Planck constant h.
基金This work is supported by the Doctorial Program Foundation of the Institution of Higher Education.
文摘Utilizing the material of monthly means of the three primary kinetic energy modes over the whote globe at 500 hPa during the nine years of 1980-1988, both the rapid seasonal changes and the interannual variability in tie general circulation in terms of the energy modes have been investigated, with special attention paid to the unusual year 1983, Two main results are obtained. One, there are remarkable seasonal rapid changes over the Northern Hemisphere, occurring ganerally in April and October. The other, among the nine years of 1980-1988, 1983 is the only one with unusual energy modes and remarkably abnormal seasonal changes.
文摘INTRODUCTION The conformational state transition of polymer chains relates to crystallization processes, migration ofthe chains in solution, fluctuation of the end-to-end distance of random coils, and the relaxation and phasetransitions of polymers. A description of the conformational state transition requires questions about; 1) howmany stable conformational states for a specific σ bond; 2) the barriers between the states; 3) the mechanismof the conformational transition; 4) any cooperative behavior during the transition. Flory and his coworkers