Optimal deployment of swarm positions in cooperative interception of multiple UAV swarms

In order to prevent the attacker from breaking through the blockade of the interception,deploying multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicle(UAV)swarms on the interception line is a new combat style.To solve the optimal deployment of swarm positions in the cooperative interception,an optimal deployment optimization model is presented by minimizing the penetration zones'area and the analytical expression of the optimal deployment positions is deduced.Firstly,from the view of the attackers breaking through the interception line,the situations of vertical penetration and oblique penetration are analyzed respectively,and the mathematical models of penetration zones are obtained under the condition of a single UAV swarm and multiple UAV swarms.Secondly,based on the optimization goal of minimizing the penetration area,the optimal deployment optimization model for swarm positions is proposed,and the analytical solution of the optimal deployment is solved by using the convex programming theory.Finally,the proposed optimal deployment is compared with the uniform deployment and random deployment to verify the validity of the theoretical analysis.

Energy-Efficient UAV Trajectory Design for Backscatter Communication: A Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

Recently,backscatter communication(BC)has been introduced as a green paradigm for Internet of Things(IoT).Meanwhile,unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)can serve as aerial base stations(BSs)to enhance the performance of BC system thanks to their high mobility and flexibility.In this paper,we investigate the problem of energy efficiency(EE)for an energy-limited backscatter communication(BC)network,where backscatter devices(BDs)on the ground harvest energy from the wireless signal of a flying rotary-wing quadrotor.Specifically,we first reformulate the EE optimization problem as a Markov decision process(MDP)and then propose a deep reinforcement learning(DRL)algorithm to design the UAV trajectory with the constraints of the BD scheduling,the power reflection coefficients,the transmission power,and the fairness among BDs.Simulation results show the proposed DRL algorithm achieves close-to-optimal performance and significant EE gains compared to the benchmark schemes.

基于多密度流聚类的UAV-NOMA用户分簇与功率分配算法

针对无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)辅助非正交多址(Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access,NOMA)下行通信系统,提出了最大化和速率的用户动态分簇与功率分配方案.考虑用户服务质量与UAV位置约束,建立了和速率最大化的优化问题.由于目标函数的非凸性,将原问题解耦为三个子问题,分别优化UAV位置部署与用户连接、用户动态分簇、功率分配以提高系统性能.首先,基于K-means算法设计了UAV位置部署与用户连接方案,以减小路损为目的确定UAV最佳部署位置,同时选择其服务的最优用户群;其次,改进多密度流聚类(Multi-Density Stream Clustering, MDSC)算法,提出了单UAV下用户静态与动态分簇方案,静态分簇方案可自适应平衡簇数与簇用户数,并获得较大的簇内用户信道增益差异,动态分簇方案则针对用户移动属性,制定了即时更新策略;最后,使用分式规划(Fractional Programming,FP)二次变换的方法,引入辅助变量将原非凸问题变换为凸问题,交替优化辅助变量与功率分配因子,获得原非凸问题的次优解.仿真结果表明,与其他算法相比,本文分簇方案能获得更大的簇内信道差异与更小的簇内用户数标准差,同时用户系统性能也获得了显著提升.

Energy-Efficient Full-Duplex UAV Relaying with Trajectory Optimization and Power Control in Maritime Communication Environments

This paper solves an energy-efficient optimization problem of a fixed-wing unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV) assisted full-duplex mobile relaying in maritime communication environments.Taking the speed and the acceleration of the UAV and the information-causality constraints into consideration,the energy-efficiency of the system under investigation is maximized by jointly optimizing the UAV’s trajectory and the individual transmit power levels of the source and the UAV relay nodes.The optimization problem is non-convex and thus cannot be solved directly.Therefore,it is decoupled into two subproblems.One sub-problem is for the transmit power control at the source and the UAV relay nodes,and the other aims at optimizing the UAV s flight trajectory.By using the Lagrangian dual and Dinkelbach methods,the two sub-problems are solved,leading to an iterative algorithm for the joint design of transmit power control and trajectory optimization.Computer simulations demonstrated that by conducting the proposed algorithm,the flight trajectory of the UAV and the individual transmit power levels of the nodes can be flexibly adjusted according to the system conditions,and the proposed algorithm can achieve signiflcantly higher energy efficiency as compared with the other benchmark schemes.

Optimal UAV deployment in downlink non-orthogonal multiple access system:a two-user case

This paper investigates a unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)deployment problem in a non-orthogonal multiple access(NOMA)system,where the UAV is deployed as an aerial mobile base station to transmit data to two ground users.An optimization problem is formulated by deploying the UAV for maximizing the sum rate of the two users.In order to solve the optimization problem,the feasible solution region is first reduced to a line segment between two users.Then,the optimization problem is simplified to a univariate problem,which can be solved by derivation under a certain situation,and the corresponding analytical solution is also provided.Moreover,a generalized algorithm,which considers 2 situations,is proposed to further determine the optimal UAV’s location.Specifically,four cases are discussed in the first situation.Extensive simulations are depicted to demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and its superiority over the benchmarks in maximizing the two users’sum rate.

智能反射面辅助的UAV通信中优化用户和速率方法

作为一种无源器件,智能反射面(intelligent reflecting surface,IRS)能够增强无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)通信系统的通信质量。为此,针对IRS-UAV通信系统,提出一种优化用户和速率方法(sum rate of users optimization,SRUO)。先在满足回程链路约束条件下,建立一个联合IRS相移、UAV位置和子信道的分配的多变量优化目标问题。考虑到目标问题的非凸性,将原目标问题分解,再分别利用CVX-Mosek工具和连续凸逼近(successive convex approximation,SCA)算法求解。性能分析表明,提出SRUO算法提高了和速率。

A Method for Deploying the Minimal Number of UAV Base Stations in Cellular Networks

In this paper,we consider the scenario of using unmanned aerial vehicles base stations(UAV-BSs)to serve cellular users.In particular,we focus on frnding the minimum number of UAV-BSs as well as their deployment.We propose an optimization model which minimizes the number of UAV-BSs and optimize their positions such that the user equipment(UE)covered ratio is no less than the expectation of network suppliers,the UEs receive acceptable downlink rates,and the UAV-BSs can work in a sustainable manner.We show the NP-hardness of this problem and then propose a method to address it.The method first estimates the range of the number of UAV-BSs and then converts the original problem to one which maximizes the UE served ratio,given the number of UAV-BSs within that range.We present a maximizing algorithm to solve it with the proof of convergence.Extensive simulations based on a realistic dataset have been conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Power Optimized Multiple-UAV Error-Free Network in Cognitive Environment

Many extensive UAV communication networks have used UAV cooperative control.Wireless networking services can be offered using unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)as aerial base stations.Not only is coverage maximization,but also better connectivity,a fundamental design challenge that must be solved.The number of applications for unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)operating in unlicensed bands is fast expanding as the Internet of Things(IoT)develops.Those bands,however,have become overcrowded as the number of systems that use them grows.Cognitive Radio(CR)and spectrum allocation approaches have emerged as a potential approach for resolving spectrum scarcity in wireless networks,and hence as technological solutions for future generations,from this perspective.As a result,combining CR with UAVs has the potential to give significant benefits for large-scale UAV deployment.The paper examines existing research on the subject of UAV covering and proposes a multi-UAV cognitive-based error-free model for energy-efficient communication.Coverage maximization,power control,and enhanced connection quality are the three steps of the proposed model.To satisfy the desired signal-to-noise ratio,the covering zone efficacy is investigated as a function of the distance among UAVs stationed in a specific geographic region depending on multiple deployment configurations like as rural,suburban,and urban macro deployment scenarios of the ITU-R M.2135 standard(SNR).

移动边缘计算中的无人机三维部署和内容缓存优化方法

随着无线网络中的移动数据流量爆炸式增长,支持高速缓存的无人机被应用于移动计算领域充当边缘服务器,为网络中的用户提供按需服务。为了在满足其他资源约束的条件下,给用户带来更好的体验,通过联合优化无人机部署、缓存放置和用户关联以实现最小化所有用户的内容访问时延,并为用户提供质量不同的内容缓存服务。针对多无人机和地面基站协同提供缓存服务的场景,提出了一种基于迭代优化的联合优化算法。该算法通过迭代求解由目标问题分解得到的三个子问题的方式来获得具有收敛性保证的次优解决方案。首先,采用基于连续凸近似的算法求解无人机部署子问题;其次,采用基于贪心的算法求解内容缓存子问题;然后,利用基于罚函数的连续凸近似算法求解用户关联子问题;最后,对上述过程重复迭代,得到目标问题的一个次优解。多次仿真实验验证了所提算法的有效性和可行性。仿真结果表明,与基准算法相比,所提联合优化算法在平均内容访问时延、缓存命中率两方面均具有更好的性能。

无人机辅助MEC系统中面向用户公平性的三维部署和卸载优化

针对无人机辅助移动边缘计算系统存在的用户公平性不足问题,本文提出了一种面向用户公平性的三维部署和卸载优化算法.该算法综合考虑用户匹配、无人机三维部署、计算资源分配、卸载因子对系统总时延及用户公平性的影响,建立了一个最小化系统总时延的多元优化问题,并针对该问题提出了一种两阶段联合优化算法,其中第1阶段使用带有平衡约束的聚类算法解决用户匹配和无人机的水平部署问题,第2阶段使用凸优化算法迭代求解无人机高度部署,资源分配和卸载因子优化问题.实验结果表明,与4种基准算法相比,所提算法在系统总时延和用户公平性两方面具有更好的性能.

基于注意力机制ConvLSTM的UAV节能预部署策略

无人机(UAV)可以作为空中基站而凭借其移动性灵活地实现热点区域的覆盖。如何预测流量的分布而优化UAV部署是运营商面临的挑战。针对此问题,该文提出一种基于注意力机制卷积长短期记忆网络(A-ConvLSTM)的UAV节能预部署策略:提出一种融合注意力机制的卷积长短期记忆深度时空网络模型A-ConvLSTM,用于预测用户与流量的时空分布;基于预测结果优化UAV的覆盖和位置,在满足用户接入速率要求的前提下,以最小化UAV系统发射功率为目标建立优化模型,将目标问题解耦成两个子问题并提出一种节能部署算法迭代求解。实验结果表明A-ConvLSTM性能高于各基线模型;节能部署算法能够有效降低UAV系统发射功耗,并能以更少数量的UAV实现整体区域覆盖。

无人机能耗与数据传输速率部署优化

针对灾害场景下的多无人机协同部署问题,提出一种基于遗传-拟牛顿算法的无人机节能部署与数据传输优化方法。首先提取无人机信道、路径损耗、连通率和覆盖率特征,将多无人机协同部署问题抽象为连通率、覆盖率问题。然后,使用排序组选择操作、随机权重交叉操作以及非一致性变异算子改进遗传算法,结合改进搜索方向和迭代步长的BFGS算法,进一步提出IGA-BFGS算法,该算法在全局和局部上都能得到较好的优化效果,提高求解效率和精度。最后,根据不同环境下需要救援的地面用户的信道特性和离散系数,动态调整无人机基站的发射功率和高度,提高了无人机基站的功耗效率,增加了无人机基站的使用时间,实现了无人机基站的节能部署。仿真结果表明,设计的方法能够有效实现无人机节能部署与数据传输优化。

基于多指标正交实验设计的UAV编队配系优化

以对抗条件下,无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)编队执行对地攻击任务为作战背景,构建多UAV对地攻击模型,利用多指标正交实验设计原理,研究编队配系的优化方法。首先,以武器类型和目标类型为对象,建立对抗双方各自的目标分配模型;其次,以目标探测、识别、杀伤和评估为基本任务,建立编队的攻击过程模型;以任务执行总代价、目标毁伤程度和任务执行时间为评价指标,建立目标函数模型;最后,将UAV的种类和数量视为实验因素和水平,研究基于正交实验设计的编队最优配系方案选择方法。实验结果表明,针对特定的任务要求,该方法可以依据现有的资源条件,得出最优的编队编组策略。

基于正交实验设计的UAV编队配系优化方法

针对多无人机执行对地攻击作战任务的背景,建立了编队对地攻击模型,提出了基于正交实验设计的编队配系优化方法。在考虑多机协同作战因素下,构建了编队目标分配的基本模型;以探测、识别和杀伤为基本过程,构建了攻击过程模型;以空袭方付出代价、防空方毁伤程度和作战效率为依据,构建了目标函数模型,分析了模型中中间变量与目标函数之间的关系;利用正交实验设计原理,研究了编队配系优劣的评价方法。实例分析表明,该方法能够在已有的资源约束条件下,给出编队的最优配系方案。

基于折纸机构的无人机布放回收装置研究

针对机-艇协同中无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)自主布放回收问题,本文研究了一种基于折纸机构的无人机布放回收装置,并针对该装置中可展折叠降落平台,设计两种折纸方案,通过对其平面模型进行自由度计算、可动性分析及运动路径分析,验证了方案的可行性。同时,为避免发生碰撞,将折纸方案转化为三维模型,并调整节点、转动轴的布置及板件之间的偏移,从而完成可展折叠降落平台设计。

无人机位置、缓存与用户接入联合优化方法

无人机作为空中基站,不仅可为地面用户提供移动通信服务,还可预先存储热点内容,有效提升了边缘通信能力。对无人机位置部署、无人机缓存配置与用户接入进行联合优化可大幅提升网络性能,然而传统优化方法计算量庞大且收敛速度慢。为解决上述问题,将该联合优化问题分解成无人机编队部署子问题和缓存接入子问题,设计了一种集中式和分布式相结合的快速资源分配优化方法。针对部署子问题,分阶段进行集中式一致博弈建模和分布式势能博弈建模,提出了一种基于较优响应的分阶段部署算法;针对缓存接入子问题,构建“用户-内容”虚拟体,将缓存与接入的联合问题建模为虚拟体与无人机缓存空间的匹配问题,提出了一种基于匹配的虚拟体接入算法。仿真结果表明,所提方法和传统分布式较优响应方法相比,具有更快的收敛速度和更高的全局性能。

面向复杂多任务的异构无人机集群分组调配

针对复杂多任务下的异构无人机(unmanned aerial vehicle,UAV)集群分组调配问题,提出一种基于改进K均值和延迟接受(deferred-acceptance,DA)算法的先聚类后匹配方法。在任务聚类分组环节,通过离群点检测和固定初始聚类中心的方法来提高K-means聚类的精度,并设计余量裕度下的分组均衡性调整策略,在最优性的前提下提高分组的均衡性。在集群匹配分组环节,改进了DA算法,通过任务倾向的偏好列表快速生成预中选方案,并设计两阶段冲突消除来保证匹配的稳定性和收敛性。仿真实验表明,所提方法能够快速有效地解决复杂多任务下的UAV集群分组调配问题,具备良好的最优性和时效性。

地空协同场景下加权模糊聚类用户簇划分方法

为了解决应急通信场景下使用无人机作为空中基站进行辅助通信时涉及的无人机基站部署策略中的用户簇划分问题,在兼顾无人机基站性能和用户体验的条件下,提出一种基于特征加权的模糊聚类(Improved FCM)算法。首先,根据每个无人机基站的信号覆盖范围和最大服务用户数量的性能约束,针对随机分布条件下的用户簇在划分过程中算法计算量大不易收敛的问题,提出一种基于距离加权的特征加权节点数据投影算法;其次,针对同一用户处于多个簇有效范围内时用户划分的有效性和无人机基站资源的最大化利用问题,提出一种基于用户位置和无人机基站负载均衡的价值加权算法。实验结果表明,所提方法充分满足无人机基站的服务性能约束,且与几何分形法(GFA)、谱聚类(Sp-C)等算法相比,特征加权模糊聚类算法获得的平均负载率和覆盖比是最优的,分别达到了0.774和0.0263,因此,该算法可为应急通信场景下的用户簇划分问题提供一种可行的解决方案。

UAV Communications with Millimeter-Wave Beamforming:Potentials,Scenarios,and Challenges

Unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)has been widely used in many fields and is arousing global attention.As the resolution of the equipped sensors in the UAV becomes higher and the tasks become more complicated,much higher data rate and longer communication range are required in the foreseeable future.As the millimeter-wave(mm Wave)band can provide more abundant frequency resources than the microwave band,much higher achievable rate can be guaranteed to support UAV services such as video surveillance,hotspot coverage,and emergency communications,etc.The flexible mm Wave beamforming can be used to overcome the high path loss caused by the long propagation distance.In this paper,we study three typical application scenarios for mm Wave-UAV communications,namely communication terminal,access point,and backbone link.We present several key enabling techniques for UAV communications,including beam tracking,multi-beam forming,joint Tx/Rx beam alignment,and full-duplex relay techniques.We show the coupling relation between mm Wave beamforming and UAV positioning for mm Wave-UAV communications.Lastly,we summarize the challenges and research directions of mm Wave-UAV communications in detail.

Physical Layer Security for UAV Communications:A Comprehensive Survey

Due to its high mobility and flexible deployment,unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)is drawing unprecedented interest in both military and civil applications to enable agile and ubiquitous connectivity.Mainly operating in an open environment,UAV communications benefit from dominant line-of-sight links;however,this on the other hand renders the communications more vulnerable to malicious attacks.Recently,physical layer security(PLS)has been introduced to UAV systems as an important complement to the conventional cryptography-based approaches.In this paper,a comprehensive survey on the current achievements of UAV-PLS is conducted.We first introduce the basic concepts including typical static/-mobile UAV deployment scenarios,the unique air-toground channel and aerial nodes distribution models,as well as various roles that a UAV may act when PLS is concerned.Then,we start by reviewing the secrecy performance analysis and enhancing techniques for statically deployed UAV systems,and extend the discussion to the more general scenario where the UAVs’mobility is further exploited.For both cases,respectively,we summarize the commonly adopted methodologies,then describe important works in the litera ture in detail.Finally,potential research directions and challenges are discussed to provide an outlook for future works in the area of UAV-PLS.