Engine performance and combustion characteristics of a direct injection compression ignition engine fueled waste cooking oil synthetic diesel

Biodiesels produced from various feedstocks have been considered as alternative fuels used in internal combustion engines without major modifications.This research focuses on producing biodiesel from waste cooking oil(WCOSD)by the catalytic cracking method using MgO as the catalyst and comparing the engine operating characteristics of the test engine when using WCOSD and traditional diesel(CD)as test fuels.As a result,the brake power of the test engine fueled WCOSD,and traditional diesel is similar.However,the engine fuel consumption in the case of using WCOSD is slight increases in some operating conditions.Also,the nitrogen oxides emissions of the test engine fueled WCOSD are higher than those of CD at all tested conditions.The trend is opposite for hydrocarbon emission as the HC emission of the engine fueled by WCOSD reduces 26.3%on average.The smoke emission of the test engine in case of using WCOSD is lower 17%on average than that of CD.However,the carbon monoxide emissions are lower at the low and medium loads and higher at the full loads.These results show that the new biodiesel has the same characteristics as those of commercial biodiesel and can be used as fuel for diesel engines.

New Leiderman–Khlystov Coefficients for Estimating Engine Full Load Characteristics and Performance

The paper presents a method of calculating the full load engine characteristics based on the Leiderman–Khlystov relation. Because the values of the coefficients of the discussed function available in literature were determined for obsolete engine designs, an attempt was made to update them. To this end, a chassis dynamometer was used where a database of results had been built for a variety of vehicles. Following the data collection, the coefficients for variety of fueling system(six groups: fuel injected gasoline and turbocharged gasoline, spark ignition LPG Ⅰ–Ⅱ and Ⅳ generation, naturally aspirated diesel and turbocharged diesel) were determined. The identification of the coefficients was carried out in Matlab-Simulink indicating the applicability of the said function for most of the engines, yet the recent popularity of turbocharged gasoline engines requires an additional analysis of the possibility of use of a different functional description. The full load engine characteristics is a basis for the vehicle performance characteristics and, further, for modeling of traffic in a variety of aspects of the vehicle operation.

Material Composition and Engineering Characteristics of Red Clay in Guigang, Guangxi

There is fine and uniform clay with aluminous and ferrous cementation in the red clay found in Guigang, Guangxi. It has the characteristics of shrinkage outwardly, rigid upper but soft lower and well grown fissure. In addition there are engineering characteristics such as high water content, low compactness and low compressibility, high strength and high contractility but slight expansibility. This paper discusses the red clay's engineering characteristics and its change regulation with depth by analyzing changes in the red clay's grain size composition, mineralogical constitution, and chemical composition.

Compacting Deformation Engineering Characteristics of Weathered Soft Rock Mixture in Subgrade

The engineering characteristics of weathered soft rock are important contents of soft rock mechanics. They also play a significant role in compacting deformation, which has been known to exert a significant amount of influence on the stability of highway filling subgrade engineering. In an effort to investigate this aspect of the problem, compacting tests and unconfined compressive strength tests have been carried out on weathered argillaceous slate and pelitic siltstone rocks, which are broken and graded before the test. The testing results indicate that the relationships of both between stress and strain and between axial strain and tangent modulus are exponential relationships; the size of the grain plays some influence on the deformation modulus, whereas the water content impacts the compressive strength greatly, which shows quadratic function; the unconfined compressive strength is linear with the dry density of loose soft rock mixtures. Therefore, the water content must be controlled in both the design and the construction of subgrade engineering of soft rock filling, and at the same time some effective measures should be taken to reach the requirement of compaction.

Coefficient of Engine Flexibility as a Basis for the Assessment of Vehicle Tractive Performance

The paper attempts to analyze full load characteristics of over 500 combustion engines. Using statistical tools, the author determined the value of the coe cient of flexibility. Engine flexibility is the capability of the engine to adapt to varying loads. Importantly, in the investigations, the author took into account the parameters calculated in the course of the investigations on a chassis dynamometer, i.e., actual, not taken from technical specifications of brand new vehicles. Di erent stages of operating wear allow a better characterization of the population. Subsequent utilization of the results in tractive calculations is more reliable. The engines were divided into in six groups, depending on the type of fuel system: fuel injected gasoline and turbocharged gasoline, spark ignition LPG, naturally aspirated diesel and turbocharged diesel. However, engines running on alternative fuels are characterized with a greater flexibility than the fuel injected base engines. Conformity of flexibility of fuel injected and LPG IV generation engines have been observed,which confirms the appropriateness of engine adaptation to alternative fueling. Gasoline engine supercharging allowed a reduction of the maximum engine speed of the maximum torque, which extends the range of analyzable speeds for flexibility and consequently, the flexibility as such.

Design of Synchronous Drive Mechanism of Opposed-Piston Hydraulic-Output Engine

In order to improve the thermal power conversion capacity of the internal combustion engine,combined with existing opposed-piston two-stroke engine（ OP2S） and hydraulic free piston engine（HFPE）,the integral structure for a newtype of opposed-piston hydraulic-output（ OPHO） engine has been designed,an operating principle has been introduced,the composition of its synchronous drive mechanism has been carefully analyzed,and a mathematical model has been built. In addition,the kinematics models of both the mechanism and the conventional crank-link mechanism have been established by utilizing MATLAB,and the movement rules of the pivotal moving components have been obtained. According to the simulation results,the piston movement of this newtype of opposed-piston hydraulic-output engine reveals a prominent asymmetry compared to the conventional crank-link engine. Under a fixed engine revolving speed,the compression time of the opposedpiston hydraulic-output engine is shortened while the expanding time is lengthened,thus the gas turbulence intensity is strengthened around the top dead center（ TDC） position. Meanwhile,the piston obtains a longer isometric process compared to conventional engines,which could be benefitial to enhance the combustion efficiency.

Impact of cascade hydropower development on ecological environment

Hydropower cascade development have brought considerable economic benefits to flood control, irrigation, power supply, but the positive or negative impact for the ecological environment at the same time. The scope of the environmental impact of cascade hydropower development projects is larger, lasted longer, have influential groupment, systematicness, cumulativity, sweep property and the potential. This paper expounds the ecological status survey method, analyzing the influence of hydropowcr cascade development on water temperature, aquatic plants and so on. In order to realize the harmonious development of hydropower and ecology, taking the ＂ecological regulation＂the measures in the operation of cascade hydropower stations.

Research on windmill starting characteristics of MTE-D micro turbine engine

Micro turbine engine （MTE） is an important kind of propulsion system for miniature unmanned aircraft or missiles, because of its better high-speed performance （than propeller propulsion） and higher propulsion efficiency （obviously than rockets）. Windmill start is a common air-starting mode used in micro turbine engine. The windmill starting characteristics are important to the practical use of micro turbine engine. In this paper, the windmill starting characteristics research for a 12 cm diameter （MTE-D） micro turbine engine is carried out by experiment and numerical simulation. The characteristic of rotor mechanical losses at low-speed condition is stud- ied, and the engine common working line of windmill starting process is obtained. Based on the engine windmill characteristics, the propane ignition characteristics under different inflow conditions are researched, and the envelope of propane ignition and propane flameout is determined. The experimental research of fuel supply and ignition characteristics is completed, and the envelope of fuel supply and ignition is obtained. The windmill stage, propane ignition stage, fuel ignition stage and acceleration process from idling-speed to 80% full speed of MTE-D micro turbine engine is optimized, and the optimization windmill starting parameters are collected. The successful wind-mill starting experiment under this condition with engine speed up to 80% full speed indicates that these starting parameters are reasonable. All the starting parameters of MTE-D micro turbine engine obtained in this work are dimensionless parameters, and the conclusions obtained in this study have some reference to other micro turbine engines with the similar structural form and starting process.

Structural Analysis and Improved Design of the Gearbox Casing of a Certain Type of Tracked Vehicle

Loads on a gearbox casing of a certain type of tracked vehicle were calculated according to the engine＇s full load characteristic curve and the worst load condition where the gearbox operated while the tracked vehicle was running, and then stiffness and strength of the casing were analyzed by means of Patran/Nastran software. After a- nalysis, it was found that the casing satisfied the Mises ＇ yield condition; however, the stress distribution was hetero- geneous, and stresses near the bearing saddle bores of the casing were higher while those in other regions were much less than the allowable stress. For this reason, thicknesses of the casing wall on bearing assembling holes needed in- creasing, while those in other places can decrease. After much structural improving and re-analysis, the optimal casing design was found, and its weight decreased by 5% ; the casing still satisfied the Mises yield criterion and the stress distribution was more homogeneous.

Verification on Spray Simulation of a Pintle Injector for Liquid Rocket Engine

The pintle injector used for a liquid rocket engine is a newly re-attracted injection system famous for its wide throttle ability with high efficiency. The pintle injector has many variations with complex inner structures due to its moving parts. In order to study the rotating flow near the injector tip, which was observed from the cold flow experiment using water and air, a numerical simulation was adopted and a verification of the numerical model was later conducted. For the verification process, three types of experimental data including velocity distributions of gas flows, spray angles and liquid distribution were all compared using simulated results. The numerical simulation was performed using a commercial simulation program with the Eulerian multiphase model and axisymmetric two dimensional grids. The maximum and minimum velocities of gas were within the acceptable range of agreement, however, the spray angles experienced up to 25% error when the momentum ratios were increased. The spray density distributions were quantitatively measured and had good agreement. As a result of this study, it was concluded that the simulation method was properly constructed to study specific flow characteristics of the pintle injector despite having the limitations of two dimensional and coarse grids.

Thermodynamic Characteristic Study of a High-temperature Flow-rate Control Valve for Fuel Supply of Scramjet Engines

Thermodynamic characteristics are of great importance for the performance of a high-temperature flow-rate control valve,as high-temperature environment may bring problems,such as blocking of spool and increasing of leakage,to the valve.In this paper,a high-temperature flow-rate control valve,pilot-controlled by a pneumatic servo system is developed to control the fuel supply for scramjet engines.After introducing the construction and working principle,the thermodynamic mathematical models of the valve are built based on the heat transfer methods inside the valve.By using different boundary conditions,different methods of simulations are carried out and compared.The steady-state and transient temperature field distribution inside the valve body are predicted and temperatures at five interested points are measured.By comparing the simulation and experimental results,a reasonable 3D finite element analysis method is suggested to predict the thermodynamic characteristics of the high-temperature flow-rate control valve.