Diesel Engine Emissions and Performance Characteristics under Cape Chestnut Biofuel

Cape Chestnut oil was processed to biodiesel through transesterification. Cape Chestnut kennels are reported to have oil content of 60% - 63% [1]. Properties of biodiesel were determined and compared with those of diesel and engine tests done at a constant speed of 1500 RPM on the biodiesel blends to evaluate their performance and emissions characteristics. Performance evaluation was in terms of Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Horse Power (BHP) and Brake Thermal Efficiency (ETE). The engine was initially run on diesel to establish the reference characteristics before running on biodiesel blends. The biodiesel was blended with diesel volumetrically to 80% (B80), 50% (B50), 20% (B20) and 5% (B5) the percentage being the volume of biodiesel in the blended fuel. Diesel fuel had the lowest BSFC followed by B5 whose BSFC was 7.3% higher than that of diesel. BTE for B100 was lower than that of diesel by 20.3% while that of B5 was 7.6% lower. Concentration of SO2 in B100 was 92.7% lower than that of diesel fuel while that of B20 was 24.7% lower. NO and NO2 concentrations for B100 were around 15% higher than that of diesel. Particulate matter of less than 10 μm diameter (PM10) for diesel was found to be 72% of the total collected from all the test fuels as compared to that of biodiesel blends at 28%. The study concluded that Cape Chestnut biodiesel blends containing up to 20% biodiesel can be used in an unmodified diesel engine since their performance and emission characteristics were very similar to that of diesel but with reduced toxic gas emissions therefore friendly to the environment.

Design and preliminary validation of a tool for the simulation of train braking performance

Train braking performance is important for the safety and reliability of railway systems. The availability of a tool that allows evaluating such performance on the basis of the main train features can be useful for train system designers to choose proper dimensions for and optimize train＇s subsystems. This paper presents a modular tool for the prediction of train braking performance, with a par- ticular attention to the accurate prediction of stopping distances. The tool takes into account different loading and operating conditions, in order to verify the safety require- ments prescribed by European technical specifications for interoperability of high-speed trains and the corresponding EN regulations. The numerical results given by the tool were verified and validated by comparison with experimental data, considering as benchmark case an Ansaldo EMU V250 train--a European high-speed train--currently developed for Belgium and Netherlands high-speed lines, on which technical information and experimental data directly recorded during the preliminary tests were available. An accurate identification of the influence of the braking pad friction factor on braking performances allowed obtaining reliable results.

A finite element analysis(FEA)approach to simulate the coefficient of friction of a brake system starting from material friction characterization

The coefficient of friction(COF)is one of the most important parameters to evaluate the performance of a brake system.To design proper brake systems,it is important to know the COF when estimating the brake force and resulting torque.It is challenging to simulate the COF since friction in disc brakes is a complex phenomenon that depends on several parameters such as sliding velocity,contact pressure,materials,and temperatures,etc.There is a lack of studies found in the literature focusing on simulation of the COF for a full brake system based on tribometer material characterization.The aim of this work is therefore to investigate the possibility to use a finite element analysis(FEA)approach combined with a COF pv-map to compute the global COF of a disc brake system.The local COF is determined from a pv-map for each local sliding velocity and contact pressure determined by the FEA.Knowing the local COF,the braking force of the entire brake system and the global COF can be evaluated.Results obtained by the simulation are compared with dyno bench test of the same brake system to investigate the validity of the simulation approach.Results show that the simulation is perfectly in line with the experimental measurements in terms of in-stop COF development,but slightly higher with a positive offset for every braking.

Development of database and mathematical models for predicting engine performance parameters using biodiesel

A database for complete and quick knowledge of biodiesel was developed in Microsoft access linked with interactive interfaced of Visual Basic which contains various information such as biodiesel properties,engine performance parameters and emission characteristics.The comparisons of fuel properties among the biodiesel,its blends and engine performance parameters are one of the most attractive features of the developed database.Based on the data collected from the developed database,the analysis of variance(ANOVA)was carried out to know the effect of fuel properties on engine performance parameters.The fuel properties such as a change in calorific value and viscosity with respect to diesel were found to be significant at 5%level with brake power(BP)and brake specific fuel consumption(BSFC).However,flash point and density were found to be insignificant.Therefore,mathematical models were developed for(i)change in BP and(ii)BSFC based on the significant fuel properties.The model efficiency for BP and BSFC were found to be 92%and 91%respectively.The RMSE values were also calculated from the predicted value and found to be 1.85 and 5.45 for BP and BSFC respectively.From the above statistical facts,it is revealed that the developed mathematical models can be used to predict the change in BP and BSFC.Further,it is also expected that the developed database shall be expedient for researchers and engineers to locate various information related to biodiesel.

道面平整度对湿滑道面-飞机轮胎相互作用影响分析

湿滑条件下,跑道不平整使积水厚度随道面起伏而变化,影响飞机起降安全。因此,引入国际平整度指数(international roughness index,IRI),搭建基于IRI的轮胎-积水-道面有限元模型,通过仿真模拟,分析不同IRI的道面对飞机临界滑水速度的影响;结合IRI,对比不同飞机轮胎速度、积水厚度条件下道面视摩擦因数较平整道面的降低幅度,分析IRI对道面摩擦性能的影响;并依据某机场视摩擦因数实测试验结果,对仿真实验结果进行修正,探究IRI对飞机刹车效应的影响。结果表明:道面平整段积水厚度一定时,飞机临界滑水速度随IRI增加而降低,当IRI=5时,飞机临界滑水速度较平整道面降低约30%;飞机轮胎速度一定时,视摩擦因数随道面平整度等级降低而减小,当IRI=5时,视摩擦因数较平整道面降低幅度高达98%,严重影响飞机运行安全;道面平整度等级为“好”时,相同平整度段积水厚度下,飞机轮胎与道面视摩擦因数随IRI的增加而减小;综合考虑IRI和经试验数据修正后的视摩擦因数对飞机刹车效应产生的影响发现,随着平整度指数与平整段积水厚度逐渐增加,飞机刹车效应会产生降级。国内某机场道面在1.5<IRI≤2,平整段积水厚度≥7.66 mm的道面条件下,飞机刹车效应最大降低了3级,即由“中到差”降至“差”,此时飞机方向操纵与减速能力严重下降;积水道面平整度评价为“中”和“差”时,飞机刹车效应降级幅度突增,导致道面条件无法保障飞机运行安全;平整段积水厚度为7.66~13 mm时飞机刹车效应受IRI变化的影响较大,降级变化明显,在维护过程中须尤为注意。

考虑闸瓦制动的重载列车动力学建模与车辆曲线制动安全分析

为探究制动系统对重载列车动力学的影响,以我国万吨重载列车为研究对象,建立了考虑基础制动装置的一维-三维混合万吨重载列车动力学模型。该模型可以反映三维车辆运动姿态变化以及闸瓦-踏面摩擦等因素对列车制动性能的影响,并通过试验数据以及其他模型对比等方式验证了所提出模型的有效性。基于此,分析了紧急制动时曲线路段下万吨重载列车最危险位置处车辆的轮轨动态相互作用和运行安全性。结果表明:紧急制动时,考虑闸瓦-踏面摩擦的基础制动装置对车钩力变化趋势及最大值的位置影响较小。闸瓦制动模型的轴重转移现象更显著,符合实际制动过程中闸瓦-车轮摩擦特性。随着曲线半径的降低,脱轨系数和倾覆系数显著增加,相比于曲线半径1400 m,曲线半径600 m紧急制动时,脱轨系数和倾覆系数分别增加了340.35%和31.72%。

重型车辆织构化刹车系统热力学行为与摩擦学性能研究

重型车辆刹车系统受瞬态高温和雨水异常侵入的影响,易引起热力学行为与摩擦性能退化。为研究表面织构对刹车系统热力学行为和摩擦学特性的影响,基于有限元法开展刹车系统热力学分析,考虑大量雨水侵入的液体润滑极端情况,提出一种动压润滑与织构集成模型的摩擦学性能分析方法。结果表明:水平凹槽织构可使制动盘温度场及应力场分布较均匀,进而避免接触区域局部瞬态高温引起的车辆制动失效;随着凹槽织构倾斜角度增大,承载力增大,摩擦因数减小;不同组合型织构中,圆柱与椭球组合型织构表面承载力最大、摩擦因数最小,圆锥与椭球组合型织构表面承载力最小、摩擦因数最大。研究发现重型车辆刹车系统表面构筑合适倾斜角度凹槽织构和组合型织构有助于提升其工作性能。

进口汽车用制动器衬片摩擦性能检测与产品不合格原因分析

随着国家经济的快速发展和人民对高质量、安全性的生活方向发展,而进口汽车在这一需求下逐年呈上升趋势,其中进口汽车用制动器衬片是汽车制动系统中最关键的安全零件,对制动效果起关键性作用,本文采用取样法对汽车盘式制动器衬片的摩擦性能进行测定和分析,并针对进口汽车用制动器衬片摩擦性能检测不合格原因分析。

全寿命周期内合成闸瓦的摩擦磨损性能研究

利用1:1制动动力试验台,按照紧急制动和常用制动的测试程序,对全新的和即将磨耗到限的高摩擦系数合成闸瓦进行全寿命周期内摩擦磨损性能测试。新闸瓦经过5个完整的常用制动和紧急制动测试循环后有以下表现:在每个循环内,相同制动压力下,摩擦系数随制动初速度的提高而降低;相同初速度下,常用制动的摩擦系数比紧急制动高,车轮踏面温升比紧急制动低;同样制动条件下,常用制动平均摩擦系数的变异系数在1.28%~5.17%范围内,车轮踏面温升的变异系数在4.85%~6.67%范围内;紧急制动平均摩擦系数的变异系数在2.36%~5.04%范围内,车轮踏面温升的变异系数在2.31%~5.51%范围内;每个测试循环的能量磨耗量没有显著变化,在0.24~0.26 cm3/MJ之间。即将磨耗到限的闸瓦,其摩擦系数及磨耗量数值在新闸瓦5组测试结果的波动范围之内。研究结果表明:在全寿命周期内,合成闸瓦摩擦磨损性能没有显著变化。研究结论为合成闸瓦的失效分析提供了依据。

考虑路面摩擦性能的自动驾驶汽车安全制动策略

针对现有自动驾驶研究大多忽略路面摩擦性能的问题,制备了5种不同级配的沥青混合料车辙板试件,基于Persson表面分形摩擦理论和轮胎‒路面三维有限元模型,求解沥青路面的动摩擦系数和附着系数,表征其摩擦性能,并使用Matlab/Simulink软件建立自动驾驶汽车的动力学控制模块,根据车辆期望制动减速度和道路摩擦性能逆向反推求解轮缸的制动压力值,实现自动驾驶汽车的制动过程。使用CarSim软件和Matlab/Simulink进行联合仿真,设定了下坡制动和曲线制动工况,分析了纵向坡度、弯道半径和道路超高等影响因素对自动驾驶车辆制动效能的影响。

制动装置用碳纤维复合材料耐磨性能表征及影响研究

以环氧树脂和碳纤维为原料,采用模压成型工艺制备了汽车防抱制动装置用碳纤维复合材料,研究了模压压力、加压温度、固化温度和固化时间对碳纤维复合材料摩擦磨损性能的影响,并分析了其摩擦磨损机理。结果表明,当模压压力为10 MPa、加压温度为110℃、固化温度为140℃、固化时间为30 min时,汽车防抱制动装置用碳纤维复合材料的摩擦系数较小,到达磨合期较短,具有良好的耐磨性能,为适宜的模压成型工艺。可以通过调整模压成型工艺参数,制备出耐磨性能良好的汽车防抱制动装置用碳纤维复合材料。

天然气发动机制动功率提升试验分析

为进一步提升某装配有压缩释放式缓速器的天然气发动机辅助制动功率,以满足市场需要,分析了压缩释放制动和高功率制动的工作原理,并进行台架制动性能对比试验。结果表明:相比现有压缩释放制动,应用高功率制动可以使该天然气发动机制动功率提升30%以上,标定点升功率达-25 kW。研究结果可为后续发动机尤其是天然气低压缩比发动机在开发设计缓速器选择合适的发动机制动技术时提供参考,以提高车辆制动安全性。

盘式制动器模态及热衰退机理分析

热衰退是影响制动器稳定性的重要因素。运用ABAQUS/Explicit建立制动盘热-力耦合有限元模型分析热衰退机理,对制动盘与摩擦片进行有约束模态分析。仿真与研究表明,在模态分析中制动器边缘振动更加显著,振型多为轴向弯曲;振动恶化盘-片接触导致应力与温度梯度大、分布不均现象;实际制动工况下摩擦系数数值波动大。

发动机辅助制动作用及其对汽车制动性能的影响

本文分析了发动机辅助制动作用的产生机理,建立了发动机辅助制动作用的数学模型,作为应用,对一台排量为1.8L的四缸四冲程汽油机进行了仿真计算,还就发动机辅助制动作用对整车制动性能的影响进行了分析。

现代轨道交通刹车材料的发展与应用

分析了轨道交通车辆用盘形制动装置中闸片/制动盘组成的摩擦副的工作条件及其对材料的要求,介绍了铸铁闸片、树脂基闸片、铁基和铜基粉末冶金闸片的性能特点及适用领域,重点分析了粉末冶金闸片各组元的功能及摩擦磨损性能调控机制.基于制动盘热斑形成机理,阐明了闸片形状与排布对制动盘热源分布的影响规律.阐述了铸铁、铸钢、锻钢、金属基复合材料和C/C复合材料制动盘的研究进展,并指出了现代轨道交通刹车材料设计与制造的研究热点及研究方向.

客车发动机制动下坡能力

对客车行驶时发动机制动的下坡能力进行了试验和理论分析 ,结果表明客车下坡行驶时通过发动机制动可以在部分坡度的坡道上满足汽车正常行驶的要求。但是 ,由于它吸收能力有限 ,无法满足汽车在各种坡度坡道上的下坡行驶要求。

制动摩擦材料的研究与发展现状

摩擦材料的性能是影响机械设备工作可靠性的重要因素,研究摩擦材料对改善制动系统的制动效能具有重要意义。从制动摩擦材料的分类与制备、摩擦磨损性能与机理以及性能预测三个方面,对制动摩擦材料的研究与发展现状进行了调研。首先,介绍了制动摩擦材料包括金属基、半金属基、非金属基三种类型,阐述了各种摩擦材料常用的制备方法及应用领域;其次,分析了制动压力、制动速度等工况对摩擦磨损性能的影响规律及其作用原理,简述了常见的磨损形式,并结合无石棉闸瓦的SEM微观形貌,重点探讨了粘着磨损、磨粒磨损、切削磨损、疲劳磨损与热磨损各自的产生机理及其主要影响因素。此外,归纳了摩擦材料性能的预测与分析方法,并以BP神经网络为例介绍了人工智能技术在摩擦学性能预测中的应用。最后,指出了陶瓷摩擦材料与功能性摩擦材料是未来摩擦材料的发展方向。

汽车制动性能试验制动距离计算方法探讨

国标《汽车制动系统结构、性能和试验方法》(GB 12676—1999)缺乏汽车制动距离的具体计算方法。为了得到汽车制动距离的精确值,分析了比较法、插值法、经验公式法及经验公式修正法这4种制动距离计算方法,并采用这4种计算方法对0型试验、前制动失效试验、后制动失效实验及热衰退试验等24组实际试验数据进行了制动距离计算,比较了这4种计算方法的精度和复杂性,推荐出一种精确实用的制动距离计算方法。

基于制动轨迹检测的汽车路试模拟技术

为提高汽车制动性能检测结果的客观性,解决对同一辆汽车进行台试与路试的检测结果不一致的问题,提出路试模拟技术。该技术得以实现的关键是汽车制动轨迹的检测,具体方法是:在单个矩形测试平板的4个角,分别安装相同的压力传感器,以矩形平板的相邻边,建立平面坐标系,当车轮在平板上制动时,利用力矩平衡原理,求得车轮制动时的运动轨迹。将测试平板并排串联放置,组成路试模拟系统,可以对汽车各个车轮的制动轨迹同时进行检测。利用该方法可实现对汽车制动距离、横向位移、航向角等参数进行实时检测,从而模拟路试法进行汽车制动性能的评价。

基于层次分析法的汽车制动性能主观评价指标权重研究

为了确定汽车制动性能主观评价指标的权重系数,采用层次分析法,将制动性能指标分解为制动稳定性、制动舒适性等6个准则层,以及直线制动方向、制动俯仰等13个方案层。选取3名专业评车师,对两辆车按照规定的试验道路及工况进行实车试验,对底层评价指标按照十分制打分法进行评分,利用各指标分值计算权重系数,加权得到总分。结果表明,制动性能指标权重系数从大到小依次为:制动减速度、制动稳定性、制动热稳定性、制动操纵性、制动舒适性、制动踏板;加权后得到两车总分,明显比较出A车性能优于B车。