Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and intake pre-heating on performance and emission characteristics of dual fuel engines at part loads

Achieving simultaneous reduction of NOx,CO and unburned hydrocarbon(UHC) emissions without compromising engine performance at part loads is the current focus of dual fuel engine research.The present work focuses on an experimental investigation conducted on a dual fuel(diesel-natural gas) engine to examine the simultaneous effect of inlet air pre-heating and exhaust gas recirculation(EGR) ratio on performance and emission characteristics at part loads.The use of EGR at high levels seems to be unable to improve the engine performance at part loads.However,it is shown that EGR combined with pre-heating of inlet air can slightly increase thermal efficiency,resulting in reduced levels of both unburned hydrocarbon and NOx emissions.CO and UHC emissions are reduced by 24% and 31%,respectively,The NOx emissions decrease by 21% because of the lower combustion temperature due to the much inert gas brought by EGR and decreased oxygen concentration in the cylinder.

Collaborative optimization of exhaust gas recirculation and Miller cycle of two-stage turbocharged marine diesel engines based on particle swarm optimization

To meet increasingly stringent emission standards and lower the brake-specific fuel consumption(BSFC)of marine engines,a collaborative optimization study of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)and a Miller cycle coupled turbocharging system was carried out.In this study,a one-dimensional numerical model of the EGR,Miller cycle,and adjustable two-stage turbocharged engine based on WeiChai 6170 marine diesel engine was established.The particle swarm optimization algorithm was used to achieve multi-input and multi-objective comprehensive optimization,and the effects of EGR-coupled Miller regulation and high-pressure turbine bypass regulation on NO_(x)and BSFC were investigated.The results showed that a medium EGR rate-coupled medium Miller degree was better for the comprehensive optimization of NO_(x)and BSFC.At medium EGR rate and low turbine bypass rates,NO_(x)and BSFC were relatively balanced and acceptable.Finally,an optimal steady-state control strategy under full loads was proposed.With an increase in loads,the optimized turbine bypass rate and Miller degree gradually increased.Compared with the EGRonly system,the optimal system of EGR and Miller cycle coupled turbine bypass reduced NO_(x)by 0.87 g/(kW·h)and BSFC by 17.19 g/(kW·h)at 100%load.Therefore,the EGR and Miller cycle coupled adjustable two-stage turbocharging achieves NO_(x)and BSFC optimization under full loads.

EFFECTS OF COOLED EXTERNAL EXHAUST GAS RECIRCULATION ON DIESEL HOMOGENEOUS CHARGE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

The effects of cooled external exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） on the combustion and emission performance of diesel fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition （HCCI） are studied. Homogeneous mixture is formed by injecting fuel in-cylinder in the negative valve overlap （NVO） period. So, the HCCI combustion which has low NOx and smoke emission is achieved. Cooled external EGR can delay the start of combustion effectively, which is very useful for high cetane fuel （diesel） HCCI, because these fuels can easily self-ignition, which makes the start of combustion more early. External EGR can avoid the knock combustion of HCCI at high load which means that the EGR can expand the high load limit. HCCI maintains low smoke emission at various EGR rate and various load compared with conventional diesel engine because there is no fuel-rich area in cylinder.

Design and optimization of exhaust gas aftertreatment system for a heavy-duty diesel engine

Diesel engines meeting the latest emission regulations must be equipped with exhaust gas aftertreatment system,including diesel oxidation catalysts(DOC),diesel particulate filters(DPF),and selective catalytic reduction(SCR).However,before the final integration of the aftertreatment system(DOC+DPF+SCR)and the diesel engine,a reasonable structural optimization of the catalytic converters and a large number of bench calibration tests must be completed,involving large costs and long development cycles.The design and optimization of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system for a heavy-duty diesel engine was proposed in this paper.Firstly,one-dimensional(1D)and threedimensional(3D)computational models of the exhaust gas aftertreatment system accounting for the structural parameters of the catalytic converters were established.Then based on the calibrated models,the effects of the converter’s structural parameters on their main performance indicators,including the conversion of various exhaust pollutants and the temperatures and pressure drops of the converters,were studied.Finally,the optimal design scheme was obtained.The temperature distribution of the solid substrates and pressure distributions of the catalytic converters were studied based on the 3D model.The method proposed in this paper has guiding significance for the optimization of diesel engine aftertreatment systems.

Effect of exhaust gas recirculation and ethyl hexyl nitrate additive on biodiesel fuelled diesel engine for the reduction of NOx emissions

Cetane improvers reduce the ignition delay, which in turn reduces the combustion temperatures thereby reduce NOx emissions. Exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） proved to be an effective way to reduce the NOx emissions. In this present experimental work, a combination of exhaust gas recirculation and cetane improver ethyl hexyl nitrate （EHN） is used to investigate the performance and exhaust emissions of a single cylinder four stroke naturally aspirated direct injection and air cooled diesel engine. Test results show that the brake thermal efficiency increases with the increase in the percentage of EGR which is accompanied by a reduction in brake specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperatures, and that bio- diesel with cetane improver under 20% EGR reduces NOx emissions by 33% when compared to baseline fuel without EGR. However carbon monoxide （CO）, hydro carbon （HC） and smoke emissions increase with an increase in percentage of EGR.

Experimental Investigation for NO_x Emission Reduction in Hydrogen Fueled Spark Ignition Engine Using Spark Timing Retardation, Exhaust Gas Recirculation and Water Injection Techniques

The experimental tests were carried out on a single cylinder hydrogen fueled spark ignition(SI)generator set with different spark timings(4-20℃A bTDC),exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)up to 28% by volume and water injection up to 1.95 kg/h(maximum water to fuel mass ratio of 8:1).The engine speed was kept constant of 3000 r/min.The NOx emission and thermal efficiency of engine with gasoline and hydrogen fuel operation at 1.4 kW power output are 5 g/kWh and 12.1 g/kWh,and 15% and 20.9% respectively.In order to reduce the NOx emission at source level,retarding spark timing,exhaust gas recirculation(EGR),and water injection techniques were studied.Nox emission decreased with spark timing retardation,EGR,and water injection.NOx emission with hydrogen at 1.4 kW power output decreased from 12.1 g/kWh with maximum brake torque(MBT)spark timing(10℃A bTDC)to 8.1 g/kWh with retarded spark timing(4℃A bTDC)due to decrease in the in-cylinder peak pressure and temperature.The Nox emission decreased to 6.1 g/kWh with 20% EGR due to thermal and chemical dilution effect.However,thermal efficiency decreased about 33% and 17% with spark timing retardation and 20EGR respectively as compared to that of MBT spark timing.But,in the case of water injection,the NOx emission decreased significantly without affecting the thermal efficiency of the engine and it is 5.6 g/kWh with water-hydrogen ratio of 4:1(water flow rate of 0.92 kg/h).Water injection is the best suitable method to reduce the NOx emission in a hydrogen fueled engine compared with the spark timing retardation and EGR technique.

Influence of Exhaust Gas Recirculation on Low-Load Diesel Engine Performance

In the condition of constant speed and light load, an experimental study of a turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine with exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） system focuses on the influence of different EGR rates on combustion process, dynamic performance, economic performance and emission performance of a diesel engine. With the increase of EGR rate, the oxygen concentration of the intake-side decreases, the fuel air equivalence ratio increases, and the maximum explosion pressure in the cylinder decreases. Meanwhile, the average temperature in the cylinder drops, the ignition delay is prolonged, the ignition timing delays, and the maximum heat release rate decreases. The increase of EGR rate makes NOx emissions decrease obviously and continue to decline. When EGR is low, the smoke rate enlarges slowly with the increase of EGR rate, and enlarges greatly at the rate higher than 43% and reaches the maximum at the rate of 57%. When EGR rate is higher than 61%, the smoke rate drops rapidly, and the content of CO and hydrocarbon （HC） increases rapidly with high EGR rate.

Combustion and emission characteristics of diesel/n-butanol blends with split-injection and exhaust gas recirculation stratification

Oxygen fuels have broad application prospects and great potential for realizing efficient and clean combustion,and hence this study applies diesel/n-butanol blends to explore the influence of split-injection strategy on combustion and emission characteristics.Simultaneously,changing the way of exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)gas introduction forms uneven in-cylinder components distribution,and utilizing EGR stratification optimizes the combustion process and allows better emission results.The results show that the split-injection strategy can reduce the NO_(x)emissions and keep smoke opacity low compared with the single injection,but the rise in accumulation mode particles is noticeable.NO_(x)emissions show an upward trend as the injection interval expands,while soot emissions are significantly reduced.The increase in pre-injection proportion causes the apparent low-temperature heat release,and the two-stage heat release can be observed during the process of main combustion heat release.More pre-injection mass makes NO_(x)gradually increase,but smoke opacity reaches the lowest point at 15%pre-injection proportion.EGR stratification can optimize the emission results under the split injection strategy,especially the considerable suppression of accumulation mode particulate emissions.Above all,fuel stratification coupled with EGR stratification is beneficial for further realizing the in-cylinder purification of pollutants.

Analysis of Non-Selective Catalyst Reduction Performance with Dedicated Exhaust Gas Recirculation

Rich burn industrial natural gas engines offer best in class post catalyst emissions by using a non-selective catalyst reduction aftertreatment technology. However, they operate with reduced power density when compared to lean burn engines. Dedicated exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) offers a possible pathway for rich burn engines to use non-selective catalyst reduction aftertreatment technology without sacrificing power density. In order to achieve best in class post catalyst emissions, the precious metals and washcoat of a non-selective catalyst must be designed according to the expected exhaust composition of an engine. In this work, a rich burn industrial natural gas engine operating with dedicated EGR was paired with a commercially available non-selective catalyst. At rated brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) the air-fuel ratio was swept between rich and lean conditions to compare the catalyst reduction efficiency and post catalyst emissions of rich burn and dedicated EGR combustion. It was found that due to low oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions across the entire air-fuel ratio range, dedicated EGR offers a much larger range of air-fuel ratios where low regulated emissions can be met. Low engine out NOx also points towards a possibility of using an oxidation catalyst rather than a non-selective catalyst for dedicated EGR applications. The location of the NOx-CO tradeoff was shifted to more rich conditions using dedicated EGR.

Nonlinear observer-based control design and experimental validation for gasoline engines with EGR

This paper presents a nonlinear observer-based control design approach for gasoline engines equipped with exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system. A mean value engine model is designed for control which includes both the in take manifold and exhaust manifold dynamic focused on gas mass flows. Then, the nonlinear feedback controller based on the developed model is designed for the state tracking control, and the stability of the close loop system is guaranteed by a constructed Lyapunov function. Since the exhaust manifold pressure is usually unmeasurable in the production engines, a nonlinear observer-based feedback controller is proposed by using standard sensors equipped on the engine, and the asymptotic stability of the both observer dynamic system and control dynamic system are guaranteed with Lyapunov design assisted by the detail analysis of the model. The experimental validations show that the observer-based nonlinear feedback controller is able to regulate the in take pressure and exhaust pressure state to the desired values during both the steady-state and transient conditions quickly by only using the standard sensors.

Numerical study of effect of post injection coupled with EGR on combustion and emission performances of CRDI engine fueled with biodiesel-ethanol blends

Energy shortage and environmental pollution are becoming more serious,biodiesel is regarded as the most promising alternative fuel for diesel engines due to its environmentally friendly and renewable characteristics.In this study,the biodiesel-ethanol blends were used in a diesel engine,and the purpose of the study was to simultaneously control the NOx and soot emissions of the diesel engine by adjusting the injection strategy and EGR rate.A turbocharged,six-cylinder,common rail direct injection(CRDI)engine model was established using GT-Power.The effects of the main-post injection strategy and post injection coupled with exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)on combustion and emission characteristics were investigated at a maximum torque speed and a medium load.The results show that when the main-post injection strategy is employed,the combustion duration of the main injection is shortened with an increase in the main-post injection interval(MPI).When the MPI increased to more than 18℃A,the heat release of post injection could be observed clearly from the curve of the heat release rate,NOx emissions decreased by 5.70%and 7.12%,respectively,and soot emissions decreased by 25.56%and 30.20%,respectively.Moreover,with the increasing post injection quantity,the combustion duration of the main injection shortened,and the peak heat release rate(PHRR)of the post injection increased.When the fuel quantity for the post injection increased from 2 to 6 mg,NOx emissions decreased from 2.33%to 9.80%,and soot emissions decreased from 16.10%to 34.97%.The effect of post injection quantity on emissions was more significant than that of the MPI.In addition,with increasing EGR rate,the ignition delay is prolonged,the peak cylinder pressure,PHRR,peak combustion temperature and NOx emissions decrease,whereas soot emissions increase gradually.Main-post injection can improve the NO-soot trade-off,the optimal EGR rate is 22.86%under a post injection quantity of 4 mg and a MPI of 22℃A.

商用纯甲醇发动机的非常规排放特性研究

甲醇作为一种清洁、来源广泛的碳中性燃料,可有效助力我国“双碳”战略目标的实现.本文在一台由天然气机改造而来的进气道喷射火花点燃式纯甲醇商用发动机上研究了负荷、转速、废气再循环(EGR)率及喷油策略对非常规甲醇甲醛排放的影响.对不同工况下所采尾气由GC-2010气相色谱仪直接进行检测.检测过程组合使用非放射性脉冲放电氦离子化检测器(PDHID)和氢火焰离子化检测器(FID),并使用Gs-OxyPLOT强极性毛细柱,提高了出检速度和准确率.结果表明:发动机非常规排放物主要为甲醇和甲醛,其排放量最高分别可达5000×10^(-6)和1000×10^(-6),二者占污染物总量的97%.喷射策略会直接影响甲醇/空气混合气的形成质量,进一步影响到缸内的燃烧质量,进而对非常规排放造成影响,最佳喷射时刻(360°CA)对应的热效率(BTE)比最低热效率提升了约5%,而对应的甲醇和甲醛排放可降低为原来的50%.此外,将甲醇直接向进气阀背面喷射可提升雾化质量,从而使排放降低.此外甲醛来源于未燃甲醇的后氧化过程,发动机转速、负荷以及EGR率本质上通过影响缸内及排气管中的温度以及尾气的停留时间来影响未燃甲醇和甲醛的排放.随着排气温度的升高,未燃甲醇排放降低,而甲醛排放先增加后降低.

柴油微引燃双燃料发动机燃烧及排放特性研究

为改善柴油微引燃双燃料发动机的燃烧过程、经济性及排放特性,通过数值仿真方法研究了大负荷工况下喷油策略、废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR)及进气门晚关(Late Intake Valve Closing,LIVC)对柴油微引燃双燃料发动机缸内燃烧及排放特性的影响。结果显示:随着预喷时刻提前,缸压和放热率峰值降低,NO_(x)排放量降低,但预喷时刻过早导致缸内燃烧状况恶化,热效率下降。随着主喷时刻提前,缸压和放热率峰值先升高后逐渐降低,碳烟、碳氢化合物(Hydrocarbon,HC)和CO排放量先逐渐降低后略微升高,NO_(x)排放量先增多后减少;燃烧相位受主喷时刻的影响较大,合理调节主喷时刻可有效控制天然气/柴油反应活性控制压燃(Reactivity Controlled Compression Ignition,RCCI)燃烧相位和污染物排放。随着EGR率增加,缸压及放热率峰值减小,缸内温度降低,燃烧相位推迟,有利于发动机向更高负荷范围拓展。当进气门晚关角度为0时,EGR率从32%增至48%,NO_(x)排放量下降66.21%;当EGR率大于40%后,碳烟、HC和CO排放量随EGR率增加而急剧升高。随着LIVC增大,缸压峰值和放热率峰值显著下降,指示热效率和NO_(x)排放量逐渐降低,碳烟、HC和CO排放量增加。在大负荷工况下,采用合适的主喷时刻、较小的LIVC耦合较低的EGR率可提高发动机的热效率,维持NO_(x)排放量较低的同时能有效减少碳烟、HC和CO排放量。

NOx Emission Reduction Technology for Marine Engine Based on Tier-Ⅲ:A Review

The development of maritime trade has greatly promoted the development of diesel engines.However,with the increasingly serious environmental problems,more and more attention has been paid to the exhaust emissions of high-power marine diesel engines.The restrictions on SOx have been implemented globally,and the limitation of the NO,will be the next priority.This paper illustrates(a)Principle and research progress of NOx emissions-reduction technology of marine diesel engine;(b)Summary of advantages and disadvantages among various reduction technologies and their reduction effects;(c)The application effect of mainstream technology on board.Firstly,since exhaust gas recirculation(EGR)can achieve Tier-Ⅲ directly from Tier-Ⅰ without considering the increased fuel consumption.It is deemed as the most promising technology to reduce emissions by controlling combustion condition.However,EGR has shortcomings of excessive increase in ftiel consumption and generation of waste water,which need to be solved immediately.Secondly,selective catalytic reduction(SCR)is the most effective and straightforward means to achieve Tier-Ⅲ.Despite of the continuous optimization of SCR unit volume,the problem of scrap catalyst seriously limits its wide application.How to match the supercharger more efficiently is a key factor in choosing between high and low pressure SCR.Thirdly,nature gas(NG)engines are capable of achieving a reduction in NOx,but in order to meet the requirements of Tier-Ⅲ,it still needs to be assisted by other technologies.The emissions of hydrocarbon(HC)and CO in NG engines are huge defects that must be solved.Lastly,technologies such as the Miller cycle,Two-stage supercharging and mixed-water combustion can also reduce emissions but were rarely used alone.These technologies can be combined with EGR,SCR and NG engines to optimize the enginesJ economy and emission characteristics.

船用柴油机涡轮辅助EGR系统多参数优化匹配研究

为获得柴油机、排气再循环(EGR)系统和涡轮增压系统的耦合优化匹配运行规律,以SC7H两级增压柴油机为研究对象,在GT-Power软件中搭建并校核原机一维模型,并进一步建立了涡轮辅助EGR两级增压柴油机一维模型。针对涡轮辅助EGR与两级增压耦合系统的匹配问题,提出了基于过量空气系数λ和EGR率需求的三步骤匹配计算流程。匹配规律显示:高/EGR涡轮匹配流量比和高/低压级压比比基本呈线性关系,涡轮辅助EGR进排气压差随压比比增大先增加后减小,在压比比为1附近取最优,比高压EGR高35.35 kPa,涡轮辅助EGR具有更优的泵气过程。建立全连接神经网络优化代理模型并采用NSGAⅡ算法开展耦合系统多参数多目标优化研究。结果显示:涡轮辅助EGR具有更优的BSFC和NOx排放效果,在TierⅢ的加权NOx排放限值条件下,涡轮辅助EGR可调两级增压系统的全负荷加权油耗比传统高压EGR可调两级增压系统低5.20 g/(kW·h)。

预喷与外部EGR对车用柴油机燃烧和排放的影响

以某四缸水冷车用柴油机为样机,应用GT-Power软件搭建车用柴油机仿真模型,通过改变预主喷间隔、预喷油量和废气再循环(EGR)开度,研究中等负荷及转速工况下,不同的预喷策略以及引入外部EGR后两者共同作用对车用柴油机燃烧和排放性能的影响。试验结果表明:随着预喷正时从-17°CA提前到-37°CA,预喷油量从3.3 mg增加到9.9 mg,燃烧特性、碳氢化合物(HC)和一氧化碳(CO)排放均得到有效改善,但燃油消耗率和NOx排放总体呈上升趋势。在预喷策略的基础上引入外部EGR后,随着EGR率从5%增加到25%,NOx排放保持在较低水平,但缸内燃烧变差,HC和CO排放增多。在1 800 r/min、50%负荷的试验工况下,较小的预喷油量、中等的预喷间隔以及中等的EGR开度更有利于车用柴油机的燃烧和排放。

Transient emission simulation and optimization o turbocharged diesel engine

In order to alleviate the pressure of experi- mental research of turbocharged diesel engine under transient operations, a whole process simulation platform for turbocharged diesel engine under transient operations was established based on the multi-software coupling technologies of Matlab/Simulink, GT-Power, STAR-CD and artificial neural network. Aimed at the contradiction of NOx and soot emission control with exhaust gas recirculation （EGR） of turbocharged diesel engine under transient operations, on this simulation platform, a transient EGR valve control strategy was proposed, which adjusted the EGR valve in adjacent level based on the feedback of its opening according soot control limit under transient operations. Simulation and experimental results prove that the transient emission optimization effect of this control strategy is obvious. On the one hand, compared with the previous control strategy, which closed the EGR valve during the whole transient operations, soot emission is slightly increased by 9.5%, but it is still 9% lower than the control limit. On the other hand, compared with the previous control strategy, NOx transient emission is reduced by 44%.

EGR对柴油发动机燃烧与排放特性仿真与试验研究

在废气再循环(EGR)条件下,以一台柴油发动机为试验对象,搭建柴油机整机及EGR系统模型。研究EGR系统对柴油发动机性能、燃烧及排放特性的影响。试验结果表明,随着EGR开度的增大,废气的引入降低氧气(O_(2))浓度,使着火延长期增大,燃烧速度减慢,导致最高爆发压力下降且降低明显;EGR降低了空燃比,使燃烧过程滞燃期增长向膨胀阶段延长,部分燃油无法在上止点附近充分燃烧,导致功率小幅度下降和油耗小幅度上升。但EGR的使用减少了缸内燃烧时氮氧化物(NOx)的形成,中高负荷时随着EGR阀开度的增大,氮氧化物(NOx)降低幅度极为显著,最大降低幅度为52.4%。结论表明合理应用EGR系统可以在维持发动机燃油经济性以及动力性的条件下,能够明显抑制氮氧化物(NOx)排放。

低压废气再循环对阿特金森汽油机性能影响的试验研究

基于一台带有低压废气再循环(LP-EGR)系统的2.0 L自然吸气阿特金森(Atkinson)汽油机开展了不同废气再循环(EGR)率以及EGR与可变气门正时(VVT)耦合对发动机性能影响的试验研究。结果表明:LP-EGR可以抑制爆震,降低泵气损失,提高汽油机热效率,并减少NO_(x)排放;在该发动机最高热效率点,设置27%的EGR率可使有效燃油消耗率改善7.4%;在中负荷工况点,随着EGR率的提高,燃烧稳定性逐渐变差,有效燃油消耗率先变好后变差;在外特性工况点,通入再循环废气导致充气效率下降,动力性下降。此外,研究发现,VVT与EGR对阿特金森汽油机燃油消耗率的影响存在耦合效应。

EGR率对柴油机排放特性影响的试验

研究了增压直喷柴油机在不同工况下不同EGR率对性能和排放的影响规律,确定了各个工况下EGR率的优化原则,并获取了柴油机最佳EGR率的M AP图,设计出一套EGR电子控制系统,可以对EGR系统中的进气节流阀和EGR阀进行控制,确保不同工况的最佳EGR率。发动机台架试验证实,设计的EGR电控系统按所获取的最佳EGR率运行,可以使NOx排放量降低19.9%,CO和HC排放量略有增加,动力性和经济性与原机相当,对EGR回路冷却可以抑制柴油机因使用EGR技术而导致的PM排放的增加。