Tensile Strain Capacity Prediction of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) Using Soft Computing Techniques

Plain concrete is strong in compression but brittle in tension,having a low tensile strain capacity that can significantly degrade the long-term performance of concrete structures,even when steel reinforcing is present.In order to address these challenges,short polymer fibers are randomly dispersed in a cement-based matrix to forma highly ductile engineered cementitious composite(ECC).Thismaterial exhibits high ductility under tensile forces,with its tensile strain being several hundred times greater than conventional concrete.Since concrete is inherently weak in tension,the tensile strain capacity(TSC)has become one of the most extensively researched properties.As a result,developing a model to predict the TSC of the ECC and to optimize the mixture proportions becomes challenging.Meanwhile,the effort required for laboratory trial batches to determine the TSC is reduced.To achieve the research objectives,five distinct models,artificial neural network(ANN),nonlinear model(NLR),linear relationship model(LR),multi-logistic model(MLR),and M5P-tree model(M5P),are investigated and employed to predict the TSCof ECCmixtures containing fly ash.Data from115 mixtures are gathered and analyzed to develop a new model.The input variables include mixture proportions,fiber length and diameter,and the time required for curing the various mixtures.The model’s effectiveness is evaluated and verified based on statistical parameters such as R2,mean absolute error(MAE),scatter index(SI),root mean squared error(RMSE),and objective function(OBJ)value.Consequently,the ANN model outperforms the others in predicting the TSC of the ECC,with RMSE,MAE,OBJ,SI,and R2 values of 0.42%,0.3%,0.33%,0.135%,and 0.98,respectively.

High Temperature Flexural Deformation Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC) with Hybrid Fiber Reinforcement

Engineered Cementitious Composites(ECC)is a class of high-performance fiber reinforced composites with ultra-ductility designed based on micromechanics,and it has been developed for increasing application in the construction industry during recent decades.The properties of ECC at room temperature have been tested and studied in depth,however,few studies focus on its performance after high temperature that is one of the worst conditions to ECC.To investigate the change tendency and mechanism for the high temperature flexural properties of hybrid fiber reinforced ECC and the feasibility of calcium carbonate whisker to reduce the cost of ECC materials,polyvinyl alcohol fiber(PVA)reinforced strain hardening cementitious composites(PVA-ECC),steel fiber+PVA fiber reinforced ECC(defined as HyFRECC-A)and steel fiber+PVA fiber+CaCO3 whisker reinforced ECC(defined as HyFRECC-B)subject to room temperature and 200℃,400℃,600℃,800℃elevated temperature exposure were experimentally compared.The results indicate that equally replacing PVA fibers by steel fibers degraded the flexural hardening ability of PVA-ECC at room temperature,while the addition of appropriate amount of CaCO3 whisker improved the flexural strength,toughness and flexural hardening behavior.The elevated temperature posed a significant effect on the flexural strength and toughness of the three types of ECCs.Flexural deflection hardening behavior of the three types of ECCs was eliminated after high temperature exposure.Flexural strength and toughness of PVA-ECC presented an exponential decay along with the increase of temperature.The addition of steel fiber slowed down the decay rate.Although the use of CaCO3 whisker increased the post-temperature flexural strength and toughness of HyFRECC-B,the decay rate was not further decreased.

Development of engineered cementitious composites with local ingredients

In order to reduce the cost of high performance polyvinyl alcohol（PVA） fiber reinforced cementitious material（called engineered cementitious composites,ECC）,a ductile ECC material is developed using domestic PVA fibers along with other local ingredients,such as fly ash,cement and sand.In addition to the economic analysis of ECC,the four-point bending test and the optical microscope are employed to investigate the deflection capacity of ECC,its crack width and the occurrence of the self-healing phenomenon.The experimental results suggest that ECC made with domestic ingredients exhibits larger deformability and the average crack width is controlled around 60 μm.Furthermore,the self-healing behavior is observed in cracks of the specimens after cycles of wet and dry curing.The economic analysis shows that the cost of ECC can be greatly reduced via employing domestic PVA fibers.It is,therefore,feasible to produce low cost ECC material employing domestic PVA fibers,while simultaneously retaining high material ductility.

Impact Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites with High Volume Fly Ash Using SHPB Test

The split Hopkinson pressure bar （SHPB） testing with diameter 40 mm was used to investigate the dynamic mechanical properties of engineered cementitious composites （ECCs） with different fly ash content. The basic properties including deformation, energy absorption capacity, strain-stress relationship and failure patterns were discussed. The ECCs showed strain-rate dependency and kept better plastic flow during impact process compared with reactive powder concrete （RPC） and concrete, but the critical compressive strength was lower than that of RPC and concrete. The bridging effect of PVA fiber and addition of fly ash can significantly improve the deformation and energy absorption capacities of ECCs. With the increase of fly ash content in ECCs, the static and dynamic compressive strength lowered and the dynamic increase factor enhanced. Therefore, to meet different engineering needs, the content of fly ash can be an important index to control the static and dynamic mechanical properties of ECCs.

Effects of Water/Binder Ratio on the Properties of Engineered Cementitious Composites

The effects of water/binder ratio （w/b） on the toughness behavior, compressive strength and flexural strength of engineered cementitious composites （ECC） were investigated. The w/b ratios of 0.25, 0.31, 0.33 and 0.37 were selected and the specimens were tested at the ages of 7 d and 28 d. The experimental results showed that there was a corresponding increase in first cracking strength, modulus of rupture, compressive strength and flexural strength with the decrease of w/b. Within the w/b range of 0.25-0.37, higher w/b was found to have improved effects on deflection, strain hardening index and toughness index of ECC. In the permission of meeting the requirement of compressive strength grade, selecting higher w/b in mix design will help to obtain robust ECC.

Mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol-basalt hybrid fiber engineered cementitious composites with impact of elevated temperatures

In the present study,the mechanical properties of polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)-basalt hybrid fiber reinforced engineered cementitious composites(ECC)after exposure to elevated temperatures were experimentally investigated.Five temperatures of 20,50,100,200 and 400℃ were set to evaluate the residual compressive,tensile and flexural behaviors of hybrid and mono fiber ECC.It was shown that partial replacement of PVA fibers with basalt fibers endowed ECC with improved residual compressive toughness,compared to brittle failure of mono fiber ECC heated to 400℃.The tension tests indicated that the presence of basalt fibers benefited the tensile strength up to 200℃,and delayed the sharp reduction of strength to 400℃.Under flexural load,the peak deflections corresponding to flexural strengths of hybrid fiber ECC were found to be less vulnerable ranging from 20 to 100℃.Further,the scanning electron microscopy(SEM)results uncovered that the rupture of basalt fiber at moderate temperature and its pullout mechanism at high temperature was responsible for the mechanical evolution of hybrid fiber ECC.This work develops a better understanding of elevated temperature and basalt fiber impact on the residual mechanical properties and further provides guideline for tailoring ECC for improved fire resistance.

Influence of Thickeners on Cement Paste Structure and Performance of Engineered Cementitious Composites

Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose （HPMC） and amphoteric polyacrylamide （ACPAM） were respectively used to prepare engineered cementitious composite （ECC） which exhibits strain-hardening behavior under uniaxial tension. The connections between cement paste structure and the performance of the composite in fresh and hardened state were investigated, aiming at achieving the desirable workability at a given solids concentration. The experimental results of viscosity and miCrostructure of cement pastes show that the intimate connections between flocculation groups lead to the growing increase in viscosity. The results of deformability and fiber dispersion demonstrate that fiber dispersion coefficient is a comprehensive index which can reflect the performance of deformability as well as uniformity. And the desirable fresh mixture can be achieved by optimizing the viscosity of cement paste. At last, the ductile strain-hardening performance of the ECC prepared with HPMC or ACPAM was investigated through uniaxial tensile test.

Experimental and numerical study on flexural behaviors of steel reinforced engineered cementitious composite beams

To investigate the flexural behaviors of steel reinforced engineered cementitious composite （ECC） beams, the behaviors of the steel reinforced ECC beam and the conventional steel reinforced concrete beam subjected to flexural load are experimentally compared. The experimental results show that the flexural strength and ductility of the steel reinforced ECC beam are 24.8% and 187.67% times larger than those of the steel reinforced concrete beam, and the substitution of concrete with ECC can significantly delay the propagation of cracks. Additionally, a simplified constitutive model of the ECC material is used to simulate the flexural behaviors of beams by the finite element analysis （FEA）. The results show a good agreement between the simulation and test results. The crack width of the steel reinforced ECC beam can be limited to 0.4 mm under the service load conditions. The application of ductile ECC can significantly increase the flexural performance in terms of flexural strength, deformation capacity and ductility of the beams.

盐冻耦合环境下再生砖粉ECC的耐久性研究

利用再生砖粉取代工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)中的石英砂,制备再生砖粉ECC,采用混凝土快速冻融试验,研究了氯盐、硫酸盐及复合盐(氯盐+硫酸盐)溶液侵蚀作用下再生砖粉ECC的质量损失率和相对动弹性模量变化规律,建立了ECC在盐冻侵蚀环境下的损伤模型,并对其耐久性进行评价。结果表明:冻融循环300次后,再生砖粉ECC在清水、氯盐、硫酸盐及复合盐四种介质中的质量损失率分别为2.884%、4.984%、1.955%和6.891%,相对动弹性模量分别下降了6.468%、16.300%、24.303%和39.861%;再生砖粉ECC在单一盐冻情况下的抗冻等级大于F300,在复合盐冻情况下的抗冻等级大于F250,具有良好的抗盐冻性能;建立的冻融损伤模型可较好地反映ECC在不同冻融介质下的损伤度Dn与冻融循环次数的关系,可以为严寒地区的结构耐久性设计提供有效参考。

复掺碳酸钙晶须增强轻质ECC材料力学性能研究

工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)由于其拉伸应变硬化行为和紧密多裂缝的独特特性能够满足混凝土基础设施韧性和耐久性的严格要求。使用粉煤灰漂珠代替细石英砂作为轻质细集料,使用国内高强高模量PVA和PE纤维,并复掺碳酸钙晶须对ECC进行多尺度增强,对轻质ECC的强度、单轴拉伸性能、薄板四点弯曲性能和孔隙率等进行试验研究。结果表明:碳酸钙晶须掺量为体积的1%时最佳,PVA-ECC抗压强度为57 MPa,极限拉伸强度为4.31 MPa,拉伸应变为3.44%;而PE-ECC抗压强度为60.4 MPa,极限拉伸强度为4.77 MPa,拉伸应变为8.16%。适量的晶须掺入,能够优化孔隙结构,提升强度,晶须微观桥接作用可延缓了微观裂纹发展,同时晶须可以增加界面粗糙度,提高摩擦结合强度,从而提高ECC拉伸应变能力。

PVA-ECC高温冷却后力学特性与微观损伤机理

为研究工程水泥基复合材料(engineered cementitious composite,ECC)高温后的力学性能和微观特征,对ECC进行了高温后材料力学性能试验和微观特征观测。对常温(25℃)、200℃、300℃、400℃及500℃自然冷却和喷水冷却后的ECC试件开展了抗压和抗折性能试验,并结合扫描电镜分析了ECC微观结构损伤特征以及探究了ECC高温后损伤机理。实验结果表明:高温后ECC表面未发生剥落,500℃以内未见爆裂现象,随着温度升高,纤维由混凝土表面逐渐向内部熔化,且失水增多,最大烧失率13.9%;力学性能方面,ECC自然冷却后抗压强度随温度升高呈现先降低后升高再降低的现象,而喷水冷却后抗压强度随温度的升高单调降低,且强度降低显著;高温后抗折强度随温度升高逐步下降,自然冷却降低幅度较喷水冷却显著;结合微观结构变化,ECC经历高温时,纤维部分熔化导致纤维与基体的黏结性能减弱;随着温度升高水化产物之间逐渐呈现独立存在的分散体,但喷水冷却后未水化颗粒二次水化现象明显,使ECC抗折强度较自然冷却提升17%。ECC具有良好的热稳定性,且冷却方式影响ECC材料的表观特性、力学性能和微观特征。

环绕黏结CFRP-ECC修复混凝土的动态力学和能量特性

为了研究环绕黏结碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)与工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)构成的复合增强层对小尺寸受损混凝土的修复效果,制备CFRP增强ECC-混凝土组合体试件,采用霍普金森压杆对端面粘贴、环绕粘贴CFRP的组合体进行不同气压下的冲击压缩试验。结果表明:两种组合体的峰值应力、峰值应变和动态增长因子均随冲击气压的升高而增大,环绕粘贴CFRP的组合体峰值应力、峰值应变均高于端面粘贴CFRP的组合体,0.5 MPa气压作用下,峰值应力增长达10.9%,峰值应变增长达14.98%。随着气压的升高,两种组合体的动态增长因子均呈增大趋势,两种组合体在0.7 MPa较0.3 MPa作用下,DIF分别提高了56.77%,59.41%,具有明显的应变率增长效应。0.7 MPa气压时,两种组合体的DIF均在1.6左右,因此两者均适用于高动态荷载作用环境。复合增强层为混凝土提供良好的环向约束力,有效抑制裂纹扩展。环绕粘贴CFRP的组合体破坏状态优于端面粘贴CFRP的组合体,抗冲击性能更好。两种组合体的各能量变化趋势相似,均随着气压升高而增大,且环绕粘贴CFRP的组合体较端面粘贴CFRP的组合体能量吸收能力更强,0.7 MPa时的吸收能增幅在5%左右。在小尺寸混凝土修复工程中,环绕粘贴CFRP与ECC构成的复合增强层的修复效果更佳。

ECC疲劳损伤规律及微观结构研究

为研究工程水泥基复合材料(ECC,engineered cementitious composites)的疲劳规律并探究其损伤原因,利用疲劳试验机对ECC试件进行单轴拉伸循环加载试验,分析其疲劳规律及损伤界面微观形态。研究结果表明:ECC试件破坏规律与其累积轴向应变速率有关,在加载初始阶段,累积轴向应变会随着循环荷载作用次数增加而明显增大,随后进入稳定变形阶段;进一步加载将导致累积轴向应变快速增长,并最终导致试件断裂破坏;ECC的裂纹宽度发展呈现出中间低、两端高的趋势;ECC试件在循环荷载过程中初次开裂后,不会迅速进入破坏阶段,是因为纤维仍然具有抗拉能力,可继续承受循环荷载加载;通过对纤维-基体界面的微观分析发现,纤维与基体结合较好,可整体耗散能量,为ECC具有高疲劳性能的主要原因。

Flexural behavior of steel reinforced engineered cementitious composite beams

In order to enhance the durability of steel encased concrete beams, a new type of steel reinforced engineered cementitious composite(SRECC) beam composed of steel shapes, steel bars and ECC is proposed. The theoretical analyses of the SRECC beam including crack propagation and stress-strain distributions along the depth of the composite beam in different loading stages are conducted. A theoretical model and simplified design method are proposed to calculate the load carrying capacity. Based on the proposed theoretical model, the relationship between the moment and corresponding curvature is derived. The theoretical results are verified with the finite element analysis. Finally, an extensive parametric study is performed to study the effect of the matrix type, steel shape ratio, reinforced bar ratio, ECC compressive strength and ECC tensile ductility on the mechanical behavior of SRECC beams. The results show that substitution concrete with ECC can effectively improve the bearing capacity and ductility of composite beams. The steel shape and longitudinal reinforcement can enhance the loading carrying capacity, while the ductility decreases with the increase of steel shape ratio. ECC compressive strength has significant effects on both load carrying capacity and ductility, and changing the ultimate strain of ECC results in a very limited variation in the mechanical behavior of SRECC beams.

ECC全包裹普通混凝土复合试件的力学性能

为综合利用工程用水泥基复合材料(ECC)在力学性能上和普通混凝土在成本上的优势,本工作提出了一种制备ECC全包裹普通混凝土复合试件的方法,通过进行抗压、抗拉及抗弯等试验系统研究了其基本力学性能,并采用数值分析方法对配筋复合梁进行了正截面受弯性能研究。结果表明:在复合试件受力破坏时,ECC和混凝土界面未出现滑移,两种材料黏结可靠实现了协同受力;相对普通混凝土试件而言,复合试件的抗压强度、抗拉强度及抗弯强度均有所提升,尤其是抗弯强度的提升最为显著,对于截面尺寸为100 mm×100 mm的梁,当ECC厚度分别为10 mm和15 mm时,抗弯强度可提高27.4%和57.1%;复合试件具有良好的延性变形能力,破坏后可保持一定的完整性,整体具备高韧性特征;与普通钢筋混凝土梁相比,配筋复合梁有效利用了ECC材料的性能优势,显著提升了配筋梁的承载和变形能力。

Shrinkage Reducing Measures for Engineering Cementitious Composites

Inhibition measurement of shrinkage of engineering cementitious composites （ECC） was investigated due to typical ECC with higher free drying shrinkage.The effects of expanded admixture （EA）,shrinkage reducing admixture （SRA）,coarse sand＋stone powder （CS＋SP） and superabsorbent polymer （SAP） on drying shrinkage and mechanical properties were studied.The experimental results show that ECC incorporating EA,SRA and coarse sand can retain around 60% of the typical ECC＇s free drying shrinkage.Superabsorbent polymerl（SAP） can delay the development of free drying shrinkage of ECC at different ages,and the effect of SAP is not distinct like the actions of EA,superabsorbent polymer（SRA） and coarse sand.Significantly,SAP may act as artificial flaw to form a more homogeneous defect system that increases the potential of saturated multiple cracking,hence the ductility of ECC will be improved greatly.

河砂粒径与纤维类型对ECC力学性能的影响

研究了河砂粒径(0~0.30、0~0.60、0~1.18、0~2.36 mm)与纤维类型(PVA、PE、PP、BF纤维)对工程水泥基复合材料(ECC)力学性能的影响,并进行了SEM分析。结果表明:随着河砂粒径的增大,试件的28 d极限拉应变、峰值应力和抗折强度基本均降低,多缝开裂特征逐渐减弱;4种纤维中,PVA纤维对ECC单轴拉伸性能和抗折性能的提高效果最好;PVA纤维与各粒级的河砂均具有良好的匹配性,在基体中分散较均匀。

ECC全包裹混凝土的抗硫酸盐侵蚀和抗冻性能

工程用水泥基复合材料(ECC)和混凝土组合构件在力学性能上体现出一定的优势,但目前缺乏对此类组合构件耐久性能的定性和定量评价。为研究该类组合构件的抗硫酸盐侵蚀和抗冻性能,采用二次浇筑方式制备出ECC全包裹混凝土组合试件,随后对混凝土、ECC和ECC全包裹混凝土试件进行了硫酸盐干湿循环和冻融循环试验,建立了耐久性损伤模型,并预测了服役寿命。结果表明,从抗压强度、表观状态和质量损失的变化规律来看,ECC全包裹混凝土试件相比普通混凝土试件抗硫酸盐侵蚀和抗冻性能均有显著提升,提升效果随包裹厚度的增大而提高。另外,ECC全包裹混凝土试件在受环境侵蚀后仍能维持良好的表观状态,预测的服役寿命更长,其中尤以在硫酸盐侵蚀环境中表现突出。

高应变率荷载作用下钢筋与ECC的黏结滑移关系研究

采用水泥基复合材料(engineering cementitious composite,ECC)替代混凝土可以提高结构在偶然荷载作用下的抗连续倒塌性能,但在悬链线大变形阶段钢筋与ECC间可能会出现黏结滑移破坏。基于分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置,进行了钢筋与ECC的动态黏结滑移性能试验,分析了ECC强度等级、应变率、钢筋直径对极限黏结强度、刚度和滑移量的影响规律,获得了高应变率下钢筋与ECC的平均黏结滑移曲线,得到其黏结滑移破坏模式。并与静态黏结滑移试验进行对比,得到了动态黏结强度增强因子。进一步,通过钢筋开槽内贴应变片法,获得不同锚固位置的黏结应力及相对滑移的分布规律,提出黏结位置函数。最后,根据试验结果得到钢筋与ECC平均黏结滑移本构,进而乘以黏结位置函数得到考虑锚固位置影响的动态黏结滑移本构,为ECC结构构件设计及有限元分析提供试验依据和理论参考。

碳纤维与玄武岩纤维网格增强ECC复合板的单轴抗拉性能研究

传统纤维网格增强水泥基复合材料以脆性材料为基体,开裂后裂缝宽度较大导致FRP网格强度无法充分发挥。为解决该问题,使用高延性水泥基复合材料(ECC)作为水泥基替代脆性材料,与FRP网格结合制备出适用于新土木的新型轻质高强材料纤维网格增强水泥基复合材料(FRCM),并通过对FRCM复合板进行单轴拉伸试验研究FRP类型及层数对纤维网格增强水泥基复合材料力学性能影响机制及其与ECC材料协同受力变形的能力。设计2种不同类型纤维网格(碳纤维CFRP与玄武岩纤维BFRP)增强的ECC复合材料拉伸试验,2种试验均考虑FRP网格层数和基体厚度对复合材料性能的影响。基于FRP网格和ECC材料本身的变形特点,探究FRP类型、层数和基体厚度对复合材料破坏模式、初始弹性模量、应变硬化模量、开裂应力、峰值应力和应变的影响规律。结果表明:1)在试验工况下,随着网格层数从1层增加到6层,试件的抗拉强度均表现出先增大后减小的特性,在配置5层网格时强度最高;2)基体厚度对试件弹性阶段的力学行为影响较小,但对应变硬化阶段的模量和峰值强度影响较大;3)2种FRP网格的强度和伸长率不同,且与短纤维的协同工作性能也存在差异,导致CFRP-ECC和BFRP-ECC复合材料的拉伸性能存在较大差异。