Application of a Web Search Engine in Translating Business Terms in English-Chinese Dictionaries

Web search engines are important tools for lexicography.This paper takes translation of business terms("e-commerce"and"e-business")as an example to illustrate the application of web search engines in English-Chinese dictionary translation,including the methods of(1)finding the potential Chinese equivalents of the English business terms,and(2)selecting typical and proper Chinese equivalents in accordance with the frequencies and the meanings of the English business terms respectively.

A Study on the Compilation of Dictionaries for Teaching Chinese as a Foreign Language Based on the Second Language Acquisition Theory

This article intends to demonstrate the principles for dictionary compilation.To summarize,general rules are to be followed.At the same time,this article probes into the differences of Chinese to Chinese dictionary,Chinese to foreign language dictionary,dictionaries for the preparation of certain exams,learner’s dictionaries for reviewing errors,dictionaries with multimedia and dictionaries built via the Internet..In all,one of the key factors for dictionary compilation is the professionalism of editors and writers.The training of the people involved is vital,which would contribute to setting up a better order of the market.Acknowledgements should also be given to achievements in dictionary compilation.Revisions and polishing are required to improve the dictionaries on the market that have already won the acclaim so as to put their influence to the best display.

Towards On-line Automated Semantic Scoring of English-Chinese Translation

Described and exemplified a semantic scoring system of students' on-line English-Chinese translation. To achieve accurate assessment, the system adopted a comprehensive method which combines semantic scoring with keyword matching scoring. Four kinds of words-verbs, adjectives, adverbs and "the rest" including nouns, pronouns, idioms, prepositions, etc., are identified after parsing. The system treats different words tagged with different part of speech differently. Then it calculated the semantic similarity between these words of the standard versions and those of students' translations by the distinctive differences of the semantic features of these words with the aid of HowNet. The first semantic feature of verbs and the last semantic features of adjectives and adverbs are calculated. "The rest" is scored by keyword matching. The experiment results show that the semantic scoring system is applicable in fulfilling the task of scoring students' on-line English-Chinese translations.

An On-line Assessment System for English-Chinese Translation

On-line assessment of English-Chinese translation is a challenging task as it involves natural language processing.YanFa,an on-line assessment system for English-Chinese translation,is a pilot research project into scoring student's translation on-line.Based on the theory of translation equivalence,an algorithm called "conceptual similarity matching" was developed.YanFa can assess students' translation on-line timely,generate test papers automatically,offer standard versions of translation,and the scores of each sentence to students.The evaluation proves that YanFa is practical compared with the scores given by experts.

国际中文教育资源建设背景下的对外中文词典编纂研究

对外中文词典是中文二语学习者自主学习的必备工具,也是国际中文教育基础资源的重要组成部分。国际中文教育资源发展要求对外中文词典应立足现有成果,以词典用户为中心,凸显词典的外向型和学习型特征。针对词典使用率低、数字化滞后的现实困境,我们需要吸收语言学、词典学等学科的前沿理论,借鉴其他辞书、教学资源的数字化经验,不断完善对外中文词典的编纂实践和推广工作。同时,应利用科技赋能,加快对外中文词典数字化转型的步伐;抓住“中文+职业技能”教育趋势带来的机遇,丰富词典类型,为新形势下国际中文学习者多元的资源需求提供精准服务。

《现代汉语词典》名词释义中语言与百科信息的选择与呈现

语文词典与百科词典被认为是两种基本的词典类型。而在词典编纂实践中,语文词典的释义中经常会出现数量不等的百科信息。文章以普通名词中的具体名词类为研究对象,分析它们在《现代汉语词典》相关版本释义中语言信息与百科信息的选择与呈现。文章秉承认知语言学关于词义的观点,认为词义具有百科知识的特点。因此,语文词典释义的语文性与百科性并不是一个“是与否”的性质问题,而是“多或少”的程度问题。词典编纂者需要做的工作是根据释义需要、词典类型以及词典用户的需求,采取“自下而上”的方法,以底层义场为基本模块,确定载义和辨义的必需信息和冗余信息。

融合领域词典嵌入的航空不安全事件命名实体识别

针对航空不安全事件领域命名实体识别任务,以航空安全信息周报为数据源,分析并构建航空不安全事件命名实体识别数据集和领域词典。为解决传统命名实体识别模型对于捕获领域实体边界性能较差的问题,基于BERT(bidirectional encoder representations from transformers)预训练语言模型提出融合领域词典嵌入的领域语义信息增强的方法。在自建数据集上进行多次对比实验,结果表明:所提出的方法可以进一步提升实体边界的识别率,相较于传统的双向长短期记忆网络-条件随机场(bi-directional long short term memory-conditional random field,BiLSTM-CRF)命名实体识别模型,性能提升约5%。

航空不安全事件知识图谱构建

面向构建航空不安全事件知识图谱,开展知识图谱信息抽取技术研究。分析清洗航空不安全事件原始数据,构建航空不安全事件实体关系抽取数据集和领域词典。当前知识图谱中实体关系抽取的主要问题是实体边界获取困难和关系分类精度不高,鉴于此,提出融合领域词典嵌入的语义信息增强方法,进行领域实体关系联合抽取。以航空公司安全信息报告中的大量不安全事件记录为具体应用场景,对提出的知识图谱构建方法进行验证,实验分析提出的实体关系抽取算法的精确率和召回率指标,表明知识图谱构建方法的有效性。

“双新”背景下的信息技术课堂实践——聚焦日语课堂教学中电子辞典的应用

中学外语课堂对传统的课堂教学模式提出了新的挑战。因此,在“新教材新课程”(以下简称“双新”)的背景下,探索符合当今中学生日语学习需求的新课堂教学模式是必要的,同时也为日语教师提供改进日语教学的思路。

基于对比学习的大型语言模型反向词典任务提示生成方法

反向词典任务是一种新兴的任务,目的是根据给定的定义来查找对应的单词。大规模语言模型为这一任务提供了新的可能性,但是提示语句的质量会影响大模型的性能。为此,提出了一种基于对比学习的提示生成方法。该方法在从多个语义层面上理解定义语义的同时,还利用对比学习的原理在训练过程中引入了负例,提升了模型的泛化能力。通过这种方法,可以将目标单词缩小到一个小范围内,然后用大模型从这个范围内选择最符合定义语义的单词。实验结果表明,该方法可以有效地提升大规模语言模型在反向词典任务上的表现。提示生成模型有94.7%的概率生成包含目标词的范围,大规模语言模型有58.03%的概率直接选出目标单词,有74.55%的概率在给出5个候选单词时包含目标单词。

一种多方法融合的藏语情感词典构建方法

深度学习在藏语情感分析领域备受关注,相较于传统机器学习方法其表现更出色。然而,构建藏语情感词典仍面临着挑战,如词汇量不足、过度依赖机器翻译系统、词典匹配源单一、缺少口语情感词典等。为解决上述问题,文章提出了一种多方法融合的藏语情感词典构建方法。首先,统计并分析已有情感词标注规则后提出了一种藏语情感词的标注规则作为情感词分类的主要依据;其次,提出了一种多词典匹配的藏语情感词典构建方法构建了藏语基准情感词典,为了扩大基准情感词典的规模,利用SO-PMI和基于word2vec词向量相似度扩充方法对基准词典进行词汇扩充,并且利用藏语3大方言的口语词典经人工筛选后构建了藏语口语情感词典;然后,将基准词典和扩充词典合并去重后得到了《藏语书面语与口语情感词典》;最后,为了证明本文方法的可行性和所构建词典的可用性而进行了藏语情感词典性能评估实验;实验中准确率、召回率、F值分别为60.80%、90.31%、72.67%,达到了较好的应用水平,验证了多方法融合的藏语情感词典构建方法的可行性。

“按语”中的学术世界——浅谈《敦煌文献语言大词典》中“按语”的作用

《敦煌文献语言大词典》在收词、释义和引证等方面都有自己的特色。其中,最具独创性的就是在多数条目的举证后附加“按语”。文章从凸显例证词义、阐明词义由来、探究源流演变、辨别用字差异、指示特殊用法和匡正误解谬说等六个方面,对《敦煌文献语言大词典》中按语的作用进行了全面的总结,以期对将来类似大型工具书的编纂提供借鉴和参考。

地名用字在语文辞书中的合理呈现问题

文章以《新华字典》和《现代汉语词典》为例,分析归纳现代语文辞书对地名专用字及地名专用义和专用音择收所呈现出的特点;以当前几个热议地名用字为例,探讨地名用字定形定音应遵循的几项基本原则及其相互关系和前提条件,认为不宜单一性理解“名从主人”这一原则;同时还认为《新华字典》和《现代汉语词典》对地名用字的处理仍有改进完善的可提升空间;对民政部在《中国·国家地名信息库》的基础上建立《现代地名规范字信息库》等措施,充满期待。

基于卷积神经网络的藏语情感词典自动构建方法

针对藏语情感分析研究中的特殊挑战,包括缺乏标注数据和有限的语言资源等问题,文章提出一种基于卷积神经网络CNN和词频结合的C-TF藏语情感词典自动构建方法。藏文有许多丰富的情感文本,文章对藏族传统文献八大藏戏和社交媒体评论中的情感词汇进行词频统计,结合词频和卷积神经网络计算出情感种子词,采用了大规模无标注数据进行预训练,并使用少量标注数据进行了微调,最终构建了包含12503条情感词汇的藏语情感词典。文章提出的情感词典构建方法为进一步研究藏文文本情感分类问题提供了新的思路和实验证据。

关于蒙古语文词典词目编排的几点思考

蒙古语词典编纂史上关于词目的编排曾采用过按分类编排、形序编排和音序编排等三种方式。目前,蒙古语文词典采用的编排方式是按照1980年正式颁行的蒙古文字母顺序所编排的方式,但是在实际应用中该编排方式显现出一些缺陷,影响了最终的查询结果。出于解决这些问题以便更高效地利用词典的目的,我们从蒙古语词典的编纂历史中得到启发,提议使用基于蒙古文字母顺序的蒙古文字形顺序进行词典的编排。但这并不意味着所有蒙古语词典均应遵循此种编排方式,而是从词典的类型出发,采用不同的编排方式,以便达到更有效利用词典的目的。

基于双语词典的远距离语对无监督神经机器翻译方法

为了缓解大型平行语料库稀缺性对机器翻译质量的影响,无监督方法在神经机器翻译领域备受关注,但其在远距离语言对上的翻译表现仍有待提高。因此,文中引入了翻译语言模型(TLM)并提出了Dict-TLM方法。该方法的核心思想是结合单语语料和无监督双语词典训练语言模型。具体而言,模型首先接受源语言句子作为输入,然后,不同于传统TLM只接受平行语料,Dict-TLM模型还接受源语言句子通过无监督双语词典处理后的数据作为输入,在这种输入中,模型将源语言句子中在双语词典中出现的单词替换为相应的目标语言翻译词,重要的是,该方法中的双语词典是无监督获得的。实验表明,Dict-TLM相对于传统无监督机器翻译在中英语言对上提高了3个BLEU分数。

19世纪早期传教士中医海外译介活动考察--以马礼逊《华英字典》为中心

中医药作为中华民族的瑰宝,蕴含着丰富的中国哲学思想和人文精神,是中国文化的优秀代表。19世纪早期来华传教士马礼逊编撰的《华英字典》是世界上首部汉英英汉词典,译介了中国政治、历史、地理、宗教、医药等方面的内容,堪称中国文化的百科全书。通过《华英字典》文本内的中医译介概况、译介动因、译介特色及译介影响等内容探讨马礼逊的中医海外译介活动,以期为当代中医药文化对外传播提供有益借鉴。

Design and Implementation of a New Chinese Word Segmentation Dictionary for the Personalized Mobile Search

Chinese word segmentation is the basis of natural language processing. The dictionary mechanism significantly influences the efficiency of word segmentation and the understanding of the user’s intention which is implied in the user’s query. As the traditional dictionary mechanisms can't meet the present situation of personalized mobile search, this paper presents a new dictionary mechanism which contains the word classification information. This paper, furthermore, puts forward an approach for improving the traditional word bank structure, and proposes an improved FMM segmentation algorithm. The results show that the new dictionary mechanism has made a significant increase on the query efficiency and met the user’s individual requirements better.

A Polish College Students＇ Use of Dictionaries in Text Production

The study, conducted in the academic year 2008, explores the potential differences in the use of a dictionary in support of a standard writing task by two student groups at two different proficiency levels. Fifty seven students working on a real classroom assignment were observed; in order to make sure that the subjects behaved as they normally would, they had not been informed that their dictionary behavior was to be observed. The study which shows that the need for a dictionary is smaller in the case of more advanced students may be of interest to those foreign language teachers who fear that giving a student an unlimited access to a dictionary may hamper the development of his expressive abilities. In turn, a marked preference on the part of more advanced students for an L I-L2, paralleled by a sustained interest in information categories typically placed in foreign learner＇s dictionaries suggests that advanced language learners writing in English would probably opt for a lexicographic product combining the best of both dictionary types： an LI-L2 and an MLD.