English-Chinese Translation of Science and Technology Texts Based on the Differences Between Chinese and Western Modes of Thinking

As a tool for human communication,the use of language is affected by the way of thinking in cross-cultural communication.Due to the differences between Chinese and Western cultures,the way of thinking varies under the influence of such cultural differences.In the process of translation,the influence of the different thinking mode on translation activities cannot be ignored.At present,a lot of studies and researches have focused on the influence of Chinese and Western thinking mode on translation.However,it is still worthwhile to study what specific influence the difference between Chinese and Western thinking mode will exert on the translation process of science texts and what kind of measure should be taken to solve the negative influence brought by the differences when we are translating.This paper aims to discuss the influence of thinking differences between Chinese and Western countries on the process of English-Chinese translation of science and technology from the perspectives of long sentences,passive voice and nominalization,and how the translators should appropriately adjust their thinking pattern and use reasonable skills to eliminate the potential negative interference caused by the difference and achieve a better transformation between English and Chinese.

Vocabulary Gap in English-Chinese Translation

Due to the differences in living environments,customs etc.,vocabulary gap often appears in the process of English-Chinese translation.Understanding the causes of it and finding the ways to solve them are very important.

Towards On-line Automated Semantic Scoring of English-Chinese Translation

Described and exemplified a semantic scoring system of students' on-line English-Chinese translation. To achieve accurate assessment, the system adopted a comprehensive method which combines semantic scoring with keyword matching scoring. Four kinds of words-verbs, adjectives, adverbs and "the rest" including nouns, pronouns, idioms, prepositions, etc., are identified after parsing. The system treats different words tagged with different part of speech differently. Then it calculated the semantic similarity between these words of the standard versions and those of students' translations by the distinctive differences of the semantic features of these words with the aid of HowNet. The first semantic feature of verbs and the last semantic features of adjectives and adverbs are calculated. "The rest" is scored by keyword matching. The experiment results show that the semantic scoring system is applicable in fulfilling the task of scoring students' on-line English-Chinese translations.

An On-line Assessment System for English-Chinese Translation

On-line assessment of English-Chinese translation is a challenging task as it involves natural language processing.YanFa,an on-line assessment system for English-Chinese translation,is a pilot research project into scoring student's translation on-line.Based on the theory of translation equivalence,an algorithm called "conceptual similarity matching" was developed.YanFa can assess students' translation on-line timely,generate test papers automatically,offer standard versions of translation,and the scores of each sentence to students.The evaluation proves that YanFa is practical compared with the scores given by experts.

A Study on English-Chinese Translation of Business Contracts Based on the Functional Equivalence Theory

This study explores the translation of business English contracts from English to Chinese from the perspective of functional equivalence.The functional equivalence theory involves three aspects of functional equivalence:lexical equivalence,sentential equivalence,and textual equivalence.As far as translation is concerned,translators adopt different translation techniques for different types of texts,striving to achieve equivalence in lexical,sentential,and textual functions.Therefore,translators are to recognize the different characteristics of business English contracts and highlight English translation styles and characteristics with the help of the functional equivalence theory.

On Combining Ideological and Political Education with English-Chinese Translation Teaching

In fast-developing China,all courses in college need to take ideological and political education into teaching plan,this paper talks about the combining ideological and political education with English-Chinese translation teaching.Starting with analyzing the current situation and the necessities,this paper points out three basics for the combining:national confidence,culture confidence and keeping pace with the times.In the end,this paper points out some requirements for colleges,for departments,for teachers and for teaching methodologies.

An Analysis of English-Chinese Translation Methods and Skills of UCP600 under the Three Rules of Skopos Theory

Documentary credits play an important role in China's foreign trade settlements and UCP600 is the current international uniform customs and practice for documentary credits. This paper takes UCP600 as the analytical text and combines the three rules of Skopos Theory to analyze and summarize English-Chinese translation methods and skills of UCP600, aiming to help translators especially participated in foreign trade, to have a better understanding of E-C translation of UCP600 and give them some inspira-tions on understanding and translating texts similiar to UCP600, hence making settlements of documentary credits smoothier in Chinese foreign trade.

Incorrect Translation of Polysemy in English-Chinese Translation

It is common that translators always meet polysemy in the process of translation work. Polysemy has become a difficultpart in English-Chinese translation and there are many incorrect translations of polysemy in English-Chinese translation. In orderto resolve this translation difficult, this essay mainly analyzes the reasons of the form of polysemy and the reason causes the incor-rect translation and based on that analysis finally put forward some advice.

Review of Research on English Translation of Chinese Running Sentences

In order to convey complete meanings,there is a phenomenon in Chinese of using multiple running sentences.Xu Jingning(2023,p.66)states,“In communication,a complete expression of meaning often requires more than one clause,which is common in human languages.”Domestic research on running sentences includes discussions on defining the concept and structural features of running sentences,sentence properties,sentence pattern classifications and their criteria,as well as issues related to translating running sentences into English.This article primarily focuses on scholarly research into the English translation of running sentences in China,highlighting recent achievements and identifying existing issues in the study of running sentence translation.However,by reviewing literature on the translation of running sentences,it is found that current research in the academic community on non-core running sentences is limited.Therefore,this paper proposes relevant strategies to address this issue.

Application of a Web Search Engine in Translating Business Terms in English-Chinese Dictionaries

Web search engines are important tools for lexicography.This paper takes translation of business terms("e-commerce"and"e-business")as an example to illustrate the application of web search engines in English-Chinese dictionary translation,including the methods of(1)finding the potential Chinese equivalents of the English business terms,and(2)selecting typical and proper Chinese equivalents in accordance with the frequencies and the meanings of the English business terms respectively.

Court Sight Translation From Text-Linguistic Approach

Court interpreting as a type of dialogue or liaison interpreting has recently drawn an increasing level of attention in a variety of disciplines, including legal science, applied linguistics, and translation studies. Amongst discussions relevant to court interpreting, the area of sight translation has yet to be emphasized, despite its importance to the outcome of a trial. In this study I first had observations of court interpreting activities on several occasions. Based on these observations, I then formulated a questionnaire and distributed it to 86 interpreters in two training workshops organized by the Taiwan High Court in 2013. The key findings are as follows： most interpreters consider sight translation to be more difficult than other forms of interpretation in the courtroom; while conducting sight translation many interpreters pause in order to seek clarification or are interrupted; most interpreters would prefer the judge or the prosecutor to orally summarize the text to be sight translated; and, after ＂negotiation,＂ most practitioners tend to lower the level of formality when dealing with a text written in a formal style. These findings imply that interpreters conducting sight translation render a translation through ＂negotiation＂ with other participants of the activity; this negotiation can be seen as an attempt to build a ＂context＂ from the perspective of liaison interpreting. This study intends to raise the awareness of court interpreters regarding a number of key issues in sight translation, and the results are hoped to be conducive to the future study of other types of liaison interpreting and interpreting as a whole.

Effect of Sight Translation on Consecutive Interpreting and Teaching Strategies

Sight Translation(ST) has long been considered as a useful exercise for acquiring interpreting skills. However, little studies have been done to prove how the skills acquired from ST can be transferred to other modes of interpreting, for instance,Consecutive Interpreting(CI). In this study, the sequencing of ST and CI teaching is explored to proof that starting ST teaching first is more logical. Gile's effort model is used to explain the similarities and differences of ST and CI and to set up possible effect of ST on CI. Some teaching strategies of transferring ST skills to CI are proposed.

An Empirical Study of Students' Sight Translation Practice

Most of the studies on sight translation are related to analyzing effort models.Some scholars have established effort models for interpreting activities.However,the majority of the research published in English was conducted between English and European languages.Experiments written in English on interpreting between English and Chinese are limited.The purpose of this research is to explore the problems that occurred in students'performance of sight translation with a view to improving students'performance and the training method.The results of the experiment show that ST skills are composed of two parts:linguistic capacity and delivery skills.The problems that occurred in the case study were presented as delivery problems.However,the reason for the problems was lack of linguistic transfer capacity.This study recommends that students should be trained both on linguistic capacity and delivery skills.

Review Paper on the Studies of Sight Translation and Sight Interpreting

Sight Translation is regarded as an indispensable skill prior to the study of Simultaneous Interpreting.And Sight Interpreting is employed in some settings like court interpreting and formal conferences.The importance of studying Sight Translation and Sight Interpreting is apparent.This paper reviews the previous literatures on the studies of Sight Translation and Sight Interpreting in the West and in China over the past four decades for attaining a full picture on the studies in this field.This paper focuses on the function and significance of studying Sight Translation and Sight Interpreting from both home and abroad.

The Skills of E-C Translation： based on Hillary Clinton＇s Concession Speech

Translation is a conversion process, which helps transform a language message into another language. In the conversion of English and Chinese, mastering and understanding some skills of translation can help us better grasp and understand how to transform English into Chinese. Based on the source text of Hillary Clinton's concession speech and the Chinese target text, the thesis studies the techniques of English translation and concludes the skills of translation. The purpose is to help students master a variety of English translation methods, to accumulate English communication skills and to improve the comprehensive level of English.

A Corpus-based Study of the Chinese Translation for the Conditional Clause Pattems in Intemational Legal Instruments

The Chinese translation for international legal instruments is an indispensable part in national political and economic fields. Apart from legal terminology, the syntactical features of international legal instruments also deserve study. They are easy to be seen in the use of some typical sentence patterns, such as long and complex sentence structures, passive voice and provisos or conditional clauses. Based on the parallel English-Chinese international conventions, this paper mainly evaluates the current Chinese translation and summarizes the use frequency and translation strategies for the conditional clause patterns. From the perspective of memetics, sentence patterns can be units of imitation, and the summary of and comments on them and their Chinese translation will promote the transmission across culture and help a legal translator improve his/her expertise, which will eventually be good for successful cooperation in international business.

On the Role of Cognitive Environment of Translation for English- Chinese Translation

This paper put forward the concept of cognitive environment of translation based on the concept of cognitive context and proposed world knowledge,language knowledge and translation knowledge as its three constituents.World knowledge can also be referred to as encyclopedic knowledge,including all the knowledge acquired about diverse aspects of internal and external life through direct and indirect experience.Language knowledge refers to all the knowledge about the phonetics,phonology,lexicology,syntax,pragmatics,stylistics,etc.of the two languages involved and the comparative and contrastive features between the two languages.Translation knowledge concerns all the knowledge about the strategies and techniques for translation in general and specific solutions applicable for the translation between the two languages in question.The three types of knowledge get involved at different stages of translation:world knowledge and language knowledge about the source text facilitate accurate understanding of the source text,knowledge about the target language and knowledge about the comparative and contrastive features between the source and the target language,in combination with translation knowledge help with the translation process.All the knowledge can be activated more than once in case any uncertainty occurred at understanding or translation stages.As regards English-Chinese translation,translators are expected to use Chinese words,syntactic and textual structures most acceptable to the Chinese readers to replace the original English text,rendering them as close as possible in content,style and receptor effect.Efforts must be made to cater to the Chinese conventions of language use.Three major suggestions,among others,can be summarized in the paper.The first one is to use suitable words or expressions to match the Chinese ways of expression in various cases.The second one is to break the chains off the long and sophisticated English sentences,using shorter Chinese ones with a subject or theme,converting the nouns in English back to the verb or adjective they are derived from,etc.The third is to re-organize the textual structure of the target text according to the temporal,spatial and logical ways of expression in Chinese.

A Brief Analysis on the Chinese Translation of Harry Potter Series:Gains and Losses

Modern British novelist Ms J.K.Rowling’sHarry Potter series have aroused world-wide“magic-mania”from the beginning of this 21st century.Although being defined as children’s literature,theHarry Potter series have gained huge popularity among people of all ages and all trades,and won various literary awards as well,including British Book Awards,Carnegie Medal and so on1.This series of novels has been translated into many languages,causing countless teenagers and adults dreaming of an Admission Letter from a Hogwards owl.In China,the Chinese version published by People's Literature Publishing House is most Chinese readers’first set of“magic books”.Its translation has successful and splendid wordings,while sometimes there is still room for improvement.

A Study of Zhang Peiji ＇ s English Version of The Sight of Father＇s Back

Mr.zhang peiji, a translator of The Sight of Father's Back, is a famous modern Chinese translation theorist and translator.He has made a great contribution to both translation theory and translation practice. His translation practice includes fictions, dramas, biography and essays. This paper is an attempt to make a study of Zhang Peiji's English version of The Sight of Father's Back.

Revisiting processing time for metaphorical expressions： An eye-tracking study on eye-voice span during sight translation

This paper aims to investigate the eye-voice span (EVS), the distance between eyeandvoice,insighttranslatingmetaphoricalexpressions(MEs).24MAtranslation students, with no professional translation or interpreting experience, were asked to conduct a sight translation (STR) task, and the processes were registered by eye-tracker and audio recorder. The qualified eye-tracking and audio data were further analysed by Tobii Studio and Audacity audio processing software. Our findings suggest that the time of the pause preceding an ME was largely, but not entirely, spent in processing the ensuing ME. However, due to the general existence of reading ahead activities in STR, the planning step for sight translating an ME takes place prior to the preceding pause; moreover, due to local processing difficulty causedbytheME,thetimeforreadingaheadintoME(temporalEVS)ismostlygreater than for reading ahead beyond ME. Our findings also reveal that the rate of methodological deviation(causedbythetwodifferentcalculationapproaches)forMEprocessingtimeis around10%,butthetwoprocessingtimeshavedemonstratednostatisticallysignificant difference, validating the processing time calculated by audio data in Zheng&Xiang (2013).We conclude this paper with some reservation on eye-tracking translation research:though powerful in providing solid and informative process data, it has some limitations in clearly probing into intricate human cognitive process.