Numerical Research on Performance Prediction for Centrifugal Pumps

Performance prediction for centrifugal pumps is now mainly based on numerical calculation and most of the studies merely focus on one model. Therefore, the research results are not representative. To make an improvement of numerical calculation method and performance prediction for centrifugal pumps, performance of six centrifugal pump models at design flow rate and off design flow rates, whose specific speed are different, were simulated by using commercial code FLUENT. The standard k-t turbulence model and SIMPLEC algorithm were chosen in FLUENT. The simulation was steady and moving reference frame was used to consider the impeller-volute interaction. Also, how to dispose the gap between impeller and volute was presented and the effect of grid number was considered. The characteristic prediction model for centrifugal pumps is established according to the simulation results. The head and efficiency of the six models at different flow rates are predicted and the prediction results are compared with the experiment results in detail. The comparison indicates that the precision of head and efficiency prediction are all less than 5%. The flow analysis indicates that flow change has an important effect on the location and area of low pressure region behind the blade inlet and the direction of velocity at impeller inlet. The study shows that using FLUENT simulation results to predict performance of centrifugal pumps is feasible and accurate. The method can be applied in engineering practice.

A Simplified Numerical Approach for the Prediction of Rainfall-Induced Retrogressive Landslides

Retrogressive landslides are common geological phenomena in mountainous areas and on onshore and offshore slopes. The impact of retrogressive landslides is different from that of other landslide types due to the phenomenon of retrogression. The hazards caused by retrogressive landslides may be increased because retrogressive landslides usually affect housing, facilities, and infrastructure located far from the original slopes. Additionally, substantial geomorphic evidence shows that the abundant supply of loose sediment in the source area of a debris flow is usually provided by retrogressive landslides that are triggered by the undercutting of water. Moreover, according to historic case studies, some large landslides are the evolution result of retrogressive landslides. Hence the ability to understand and predict the evolution of retrogressive landslides is crucial for the purpose of hazard mitigation. This paper discusses the phenomenon of a retrogressive landslide by using a model experiment and suggests a reasonably simplified numerical approach for the prediction of rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides. The simplified numerical approach, which combines the finite element method for seepage analysis, the shear strength reduction finite element method, and the analysis criterion for the retrogression and accumulation effect, is presented and used to predict the characteristics of a retrogressive landslide. The results show that this numerical approach is capable of reasonably predicting the characteristics of retrogressive landslides under rainfall infiltration, particularly the magnitude of each landslide, the position of the slip surface, and the development processes of the retrogressive landslide. Therefore, this approach is expected to be a practical method for the mitigation of damage caused by rainfall-induced retrogressive landslides.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL COUPLED IMPELLER-VOLUTE SIMULATION OF FLOW IN CENTRIFUGAL PUMP AND PERFORMANCE PREDICTION

A three-dimensional turbulent flow through an entire centrifugal pump is simulated using k-ε turbulence model modified by rotation and curvature, SIMPLEC method and body-fitted coordinate. The velocity and pressure fields are obtained for the pump under various working conditions, which is used to predict the head and hydraulic efficiency of the pump, and the results correspond well with the measured values. The calculation results indicate that the pressure is higher on the pressure side than that on the suction side of the blade; The relative velocity on the suction side gradually decreases from the impeller inlet to the outlet, while increases on the pressure side, it finally results in the lower relative velocity on the suction side and the higher one on the pressure side at the impeller outlet; The impeller flow field is asymmetric, i.e. the velocity and pressure fields arc totally different among all channels in the impeller; In the volute, the static pressure gradually increases with the flow route, and a large pressure gratitude occurs in the tongue; Secondary flow exists in the rear part of the spiral.

ENSEMBLE PREDICTION EXPERIMENTS OF TRACKS OF TROPICAL CYCLONES BY USING MULTIPLE CUMULUS PARAMETERIZATION SCHEMES

Ensemble prediction experiments of the tracks of eight tropical cyclones occurring between 2004-2006 over the western Pacific have been performed by using MM5 with five cumulus parameterization schemes. The results show that the predictions of the tracks of the tropical cyclones are sensitive to the selection of cumulus parameterization schemes. Each scheme has its own advantage and disadvantage, and the predications without cumulus parameterization schemes are not the worst, sometimes even better than the others. And all of the three ensemble methods improve the predictions of the tracks significantly, among which the ensemble method without parameterization schemes, the Grell, Betts-Miller and Kain-Fritsch schemes are the best.

Development of Operational Technology for Meteorological High Performance Computing

As an important branch of information technology, high-performance computing has expanded its application field and its influence has been expanding. High-performance computing is always a key area of application in meteorology. We used field research and literature review methods to study the application of high performance computing in China’s meteorological department, and obtained the following results: 1) China Meteorological Department gradually established the first high-performance computer system since 1978. High-performance computing services can support operational numerical weather prediction models. 2) The Chinese meteorological department has always used the relatively advanced high-performance computing technology, and the business system capability has been continuously improved. The computing power has become an important symbol of the level of meteorological modernization. 3) High-performance computing technology and meteorological numerical forecasting applications are increasingly integrated, and continue to innovate and develop. 4) In the future, high-performance computing resource management will gradually transit from the current local pre-allocation mode to the local remote unified scheduling and shared use. In summary, we have come to the conclusion that the performance calculation business of the meteorological department will usher in a better tomorrow.

面向轴承润滑增效的内圈表面沟槽引流可视化仿真与试验研究

高速轴承套圈表面添加沟槽是提升轴承润滑效率的有效手段.针对高速旋转套圈表面沟槽对润滑油流动的引导机理和影响规律研究,本文中通过可视化仿真和试验研究,监测对比了润滑油在轴承光滑内圈和带沟槽内圈表面的流动行为,基于内圈滚道内润滑油流量评估沟槽结构对润滑油的导向效果,最后通过轴承乏油状态下的温升试验验证了分析结果的合理性.结果表明,与光滑内圈相比,具有不同凹槽结构的内圈可能会增强/减弱润滑介质流动,合理/不合理的沟槽设计存在提高/降低轴承润滑效率的可能.

超临界二氧化碳离心压缩机气动设计及变工况性能预测

根据超临界二氧化碳(supercritical carbon dioxide,SCO_(2))的物性特点,调用美国国家标准技术研究所(national institute of standards and technology,NIST)发布的二氧化碳物性参数,开发了SCO_(2)离心压缩机一维设计及性能预测的程序。利用该程序完成了-10 MW SCO_(2)布雷顿循环发电系统中的分流压缩机气动设计以及不同转速下的性能预测,并结合数值计算与流场分析,结果表明:在设计转速下,一维预测结果与三维数值模拟所得的压气机性能结果在小流量区域变化趋势与数值大小吻合较好,但是在堵塞工况点附近两者存在一定的偏差。在其他转速下,一维预测结果与三维数值模拟所得的压气机性能结果吻合较好,表明该一维性能预测能较好预测SCO_(2)离心压缩机的变工况运行特性。

居住区性能模拟图像预测生成方法研究

为解决传统用数值模拟软件调整居住区设计方案物理性能的繁琐流程,提升以性能优化为导向的设计方法的实用价值。立足于深度学习,以对居住区较为重要的两项物理性能(风环境和日照环境)为例,构建基于条件生成对抗网络(CGAN)的性能模拟图像预测模型。实验结果表明:该方法的提出可在有限的误差范围内快速预测生成目标布局对应的性能模拟图像。建筑师可根据预测生成的性能模拟图像对目标方案的总平面图进行调整优化,提高工作效率,在住区强排的初步设计阶段具有较强实用性。

水陆两栖飞机全机模型静水滑行水动性能预报

水面起飞性能是水面飞行器的基本性能,也是总体技术的核心,涉及多个学科领域。水陆两栖飞机水面高速滑行水动力性能与排水型船不同,具有速度高、运动复杂等特点,高速滑行时一方面受到较大的水动升力,另一方面受到机翼的升力。结合水陆两栖飞机水面高速滑行特点,利用雷诺平均法(Reynolds average navier-stokes, RANS)数值方法和重叠网格技术对水陆两栖飞机全机模型开展数值仿真模拟,分析了自由液面水气分布、机身底部压力分布特征,并将阻力、姿态和升沉与水池模型试验结果进行对比,验证了数值方法的准确性,为水陆两栖飞机静水滑行水动性能数值预报提供技术基础。

Impacts on Initial Condition Modification from Hyperspectral Infrared Sounding Data Assimilation: Comparisons between Full-Spectrum and Channel-Selection Scheme Based on Two-Month Experiments Using CrIS and IASI Observation

This paper discusses the performance difference between full-spectrum and channel-selection assimilation scheme of hyperspectral infrared observation, e.g. CrIS and IASI, on improving the accuracy of initial condition in numerical weather prediction. To accomplish this, we develop a 3D-Variational data assimilation system whose observation operator is a principal-component based fast radiative transfer model, which equips the direct assimilation of full-channel radiance from hyperspectral infrared sounders with high computational efficiency. This project’s primary goal is to demonstrate that assimilation of infrared observation in a full-channel mode could improve the accuracy of initial condition compared to selected-channel assimilation. Results show that full-channel assimilation performs better than selected-channel assimilation in modifying low and middle troposphere (1000 - 700 hPa, 700 - 400 hPa) temperature and water vapor field, while marginal improvements from temperature and water vapor field could be found over upper troposphere (400 - 100 hPa). This research also proves the feasibility of an alternative path to data assimilation for the full usage of hyperspectral infrared sounding observation in numerical weather prediction.

超临界二氧化碳离心压缩机设计及性能预测

离心压缩机是超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_(2))循环系统中的关键部件之一,对系统的效率和稳定运行起决定性作用。区别于传统空气工质压缩机,S-CO_(2)工质的独特物性使得压缩机内部流场更为复杂;基于空气物性特点建立的损失模型也需要做针对性的修正以满足S-CO_(2)离心压缩机的性能预测要求,因此需要数值模拟研究探明压缩机内部流场特性,以此对压缩机性能预测方法做相应的改进。首先开展压缩机一维气动参数设计,并在一维设计参数的基础上建立三维模型,分析压缩机内部流场特点,发现分流叶片对内部流场有较大影响,同时变工况下叶轮内部流场发生改变也会引起出口气流角的变化,基于此,对压缩机非设计工况下滑移因子和计算叶片数进行修正,同时改进表面摩擦系数以预测压缩机的非设计工况性能。数值模拟结果表明,改进后模型的预测误差显著降低,非设计工况下平均效率误差从2.03%下降到0.16%。

需求引领的协同创新机制研究和启示——基于数值预报协同的多案例研究

数值预报是气象事业高质量发展面临的攻坚难题之一。数值预报的发展迫切需要与预报其他环节,以及与气象观测、服务之间的协同,迫切需要科研和业务之间的协同。基于气象业务内、外协同的时代要求,以及创新生态系统的理论体系,选择美国和中国以数值预报为核心,上下游业务协同、科研业务相融合的案例,通过深度解析个案,并将案例进行横向重复验证和比较研究,从联合方式、预报精准需求导向、业务和科研融合的研究型业务范式及背景基础四个维度深入剖析,发现业务协同中出现创新生态系统的新形态,组织结构中统筹管理与业务运作有机结合,需求导向和技术导向协同正向反馈,以及全要素多维度协同创新的经验。基于案例分析,提出建立更具整体性的内部协作联动,健全不同生态位的协同与治理方式,以及多主体跨学科协同自循环驱动的三方面协同机制。

四轮驱动拖拉机牵引性能预测模型建立与试验

针对现有拖拉机牵引性能预测模型未包含前后轮附着差异、载荷转移和前后桥运动不协调等因素对滑转效率和滚动阻力的影响,导致四轮驱动拖拉机的田间牵引性能预测精度较低。为此本文从拖拉机轮胎的驱动特性和载荷特性入手,通过引入轮胎指数、机动指数等特征参数,分别建立了土壤-轮胎驱动模型与包含轴荷转移的前后轮胎载荷模型;在牵引受力分析的基础上,考虑实际前后桥运动不协调性对总体底盘作业的影响,分别建立了整机滚动效率与滑转效率的预测模型,导出了包含轮胎规格、土壤特性、整机前后桥运动不协调特性、传动效率的四轮驱动拖拉机牵引性能预测模型。针对模型多变量、非线性产生的求解难题,基于双维度迭代法设计了预测算法与流程;采用研究的方法开展了实例分析应用;针对预测模型的有效性验证需求,设计并开展了实车田间牵引试验,结果表明:最大牵引力与特征滑转率对应的牵引力的仿真值误差分别为1.41%与1.74%,滚动阻力误差为0.64%,较对照组准确度提升较大,总体误差较小。

往返平飘式探空观测系统对CMA-MESO的影响研究

往返平飘式探空观测是我国研发的一种新型高空观测技术,除了具备与传统探空观测一致的上升段大气垂直廓线观测能力,同时还增加了平飘段和下降段的大气探测,自动实现了探测廓线的时空加密。利用ERA5再分析资料作为“真值”,利用往返平飘式探空模拟仿真系统构造了往返式探空模拟观测,基于CMA-MESO区域模式和3D-Var同化系统进行了观测系统模拟试验(Observing System Simulation Experiments,OSSEs)。数值试验结果表明:相比传统单次上升段探空观测,往返平飘式探空在全国组网的情况下,其增加的下降段模拟探空观测,能够有效提高CMA-MESO的降水预报技巧,不同降水量级的ETS评分提高约2%~5%,同时改进要素场(温、湿场和风场)的预报,改进率约为2%~5%。此外,典型天气个例分析结果表明,增加往返平飘式探空观测能够改善模式初值偏差,从而更准确地模拟降水分布。该文的研究结论为往返平飘式探空的未来科学布局和应用提供了理论支撑。

基于数值仿真的复杂岩体TBM掘进性能评估模型

为了评估全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)在复杂岩体环境中的掘进性能,本文提出了基于数值仿真的全断面TBM掘进预测模型。首先,采用4D-LSM和DDA耦合模型数值重现工程尺度完整岩体和节理岩体的TBM掘进测试过程,分析全断面TBM掘进过程中刀盘的力学响应和岩体的破坏特征;其次,研究节理间距、节理方向、岩体单轴抗压强度以及脆性指数对可钻性指数的影响;最后,引入单神经元对数值仿真预测模型进行修正,并与岩体特征模型进行对比分析,验证基于数值仿真的全断面TBM掘进性能预测模型的适用性。研究结果表明:TBM在低强度、高脆性以及节理发育的岩体中掘进效率更高,当节理面与TBM掘进方向之间的夹角为60°~75°时,最有利于TBM的运行。基于数值仿真的TBM掘进性能预测模型提供了一种经济、灵活的可用于评估复杂环境中TBM施工性能的方法。

DESIGN OF IMPLANTABLE AXIAL-FLOW BLOOD PUMP AND NUMERICAL STUDIES ON ITS PERFORMANCE

This article presents the design of a new implantable axial-flow blood pump. The special feature of the flow channel inside the blood pump is that the blood is driven by a big-small tandem impeller installed in the inner hole of the cylinder magnet of a brushless direct current motor. The inner hole makes the main flow channel possible, while the gap between the inner end of the stator and the outer end of the cylinder magnet gives the shape of the tributary flow channel. There is no motor magnet inside the main flow channel, therefore, more blood can pass through it. The gap of the tributary flow channel is very small, but the blood flow in it is not blocked. Thus, the efficiency is increased and the volume and weight of blood pump can be reduced greatly. The outer diameter, length and weight of the manufactured implantable axial-flow blood pump are 29.6 mm, 76 mm and 158 g, respectively. The impeller spins at the speed of 9000 rpm and can generate a pressure head of 100 mmHg and a flow rate of 8 L/rain. In an animal experiment, the blood pump has been successfully applied as a Ventricular Assist Device （VAD） in the chest of a small cow. Besides a mathematical model is established to simulate the flow inside an axial-flow blood pump of implantable VAD. The numerical studies on the performance of the implantable axial-flow blood pump are carried out by combining this mathematical model and the Fluent software. The numerical results agree well with those of experiments, with the maximum error less than 10%.

列车人工气候室飘雪实验参数设计研究

列车驾驶员视野能见度直接关乎行驶安全,国际标准规范CEN-TR 16251中要求列车需进行覆雪实验,但目前规范中并未明确飘雪实验参数设置。为明确列车人工气候室飘雪实验参数,并满足均匀覆雪要求,以某列车人工气候室为研究对象,综合考虑冰雪粒径、初始风速和人工气候室风速等参数,依据列车人工气候室飘雪过程冰雪粒子运动特性预测模型,设计9个实验工况,并进行数值模拟及优化。研究结果表明:当列车头模型加入后,会引起气候室内气流组织产生变化,影响冰雪粒子的运动特性,降低预测模型的准确性,进而导致依据预测模型设计的9个实验工况中,仅有5个工况的列车头冰雪粒子捕捉率达到了85%~96.7%,列车头冰雪粒子覆盖率达到80%~85.7%,能满足列车头玻璃均匀覆雪要求,另外4个设计工况未能满足列车头玻璃均匀覆雪要求。进一步地,采用正交实验法优化不满足要求工况中的设计参数,结果显示,优化后列车头冰雪粒子捕捉率最大可达64%~98.1%,列车头冰雪粒子覆盖率可达80.1%~92.2%。本文以“均匀覆雪,兼顾节能”为原则,设计、优化并最终确定了能满足列车头玻璃均匀覆雪要求的9个实验室测试工况,结果可为列车人工气候室飘雪实验提供指导。

Numerical Assessing Experiments on the Individual Component Impact of the Meteorological Observation Network on the "July 2000" Torrential Rain in Beijing

In an effort to assess the impact of the individual component of meteorological observations （ground-based CPS precipitable water vapor, automatic and conventional meteorological observations） on the torrential rain event in 4-5 July 2000 in Beijing （with the 24-h accumulated precipitation reaching 240 mm）, 24-h observation system experiments are conducted numerically by using the MM5/WRF 3DVAR system and the nonhydrostatic MM5 model. Results indicate that, because the non-conventional GPS observations are directly assimilated into the initial analyses by 3DVAR system, better initial fields and 24-h simulation for the severe precipitation event are achieved than those under the MM5/Litter_R objective analysis scheme. Further analysis also shows that the individual component of meteorological observation network plays their special positive role in the improvement of initial field analysis and forecasting skills. 3DVAR scheme with or without radiosonde and pilot observation has the most significant influence on numerical simulation, and automatic and conventional surface meteorological observations rank second. After acquiring the supplement information from the other meteorological observations, the ground-based GPS precipitable water vapor data can more obviously reflect initial field assimilation and precipitation forecast. By incorporating the groundbased CPS precipitable water vapor data into the 3DVAR analyses at the initial time, the threat scores （TS） with thresholds of 1, 5, 10, and 20 mm are increased by 1%-8% for 6- and 24-h accumulated precipitation observations, respectively. This work gives one helpful example that assesses the impact of individual component of the existing meteorological observation network on the high influence weather event using 3DVAR numerical system.

油茶籽热风干燥特性及不同模型研究

应用穿流式热风干燥平台,探究在干燥过程中不同因素(温度、风速、堆积厚度)对油茶籽干燥效率的影响以及不同拟合模型对油茶籽热风干燥过程预测的优劣程度。同时,对同一批干燥条件下的油茶籽采用两种干燥模型对干燥过程进行拟合,分别建立干燥数学模型和BP神经网络模型。结果表明:热风温度是最重要的影响因素,堆积厚度次之。在温度(50、65、80℃)、风速(0.5、1、2m/s)和堆积厚度(2、5、10cm)条件下,运用BP神经网络模型和数学模型两个进行拟合效果比较,发现BP神经网络模型比数学模型能更好地适应油茶籽的干燥过程,BP神经网络模型计算的中间参数相对于数学函数计算的参数更精确,说明BP模型能较准确地预测油茶籽三因素下的干燥过程及含水率。