Geographical Indication Characteristics and Agricultural Intellectual Property Protection of the Tea in Enshi Prefecture

Agricultural intellectual property rights can protect the innovation of agricultural science and technology. Enshi Prefecture is China's important tea-producing area. Its tea industry has become a pillar industry. The prefecture enjoys a reputation of " world selenium capital",and is the best birthplace of natural selenium-enriched tea. The national geographical indication protection has been implemented for Enshi Yulu Tea,Enshi selenium-enriched tea,Wujiatai Tribute Tea,Hefeng Tea,Mapo Tea,etc. This paper introduces the geographical indication characteristics and agricultural intellectual property protection of the tea in this world selenium capital,analyses the countermeasures for agricultural intellectual property protection,and puts forward some constructive suggestions.

Integrated Development of Rural Tourism and Rural Poverty Alleviation in the Context of Rural Revitalization:A Case Study of Enshi Prefecture,Hubei Province

As a good mode of getting rid of poverty,poverty alleviation through tourism can transform the advantages of local resources into industrial advantages,mobilize the local economic vitality,and effectively improve the income of farmers.Through the investigation and study of rural poverty alleviation through tourism in Enshi Prefecture,Hubei Province,this paper analyzes the model of poverty alleviation through tourism formed in Enshi Prefecture,and puts forward the corresponding recommendations according to the problems encountered in the process of poverty alleviation through tourism.

Investigation on Species of Spiders in Tea Plantations in Enshi Region of China

The spider resources in tea plantations in Enshi region have been investigated and 51 species of spiders belonging to 22 families have been identified in the paper. The dominant species are clarified and their directory and distribution status are also listed in the paper.

Industry Development and Genetic Resources Protection of Animal Husbandry in the World Selenium Capital Enshi Prefecture

Agricultural genetic resource is an important component of agricultural intellectual property. The protection of livestock genetic resources is related to sustainable development of animal husbandry and biodiversity. Enshi Prefecture enjoys a reputation of ＂world selenium capital＂, and has the important animal genetic resources of Enshi yellow cattle, Enshi black pig, Enshi horse-head goat, Jingyang chicken, Enshi bee, silkworm, etc. The prefecture is the best place for natural selenium-euriched livestock products. This paper introduces genetic resources and industry of animal husbandry in the prefecture, analyses the countermeasures of genetic resources protection and industry development, and further puts forward some constructive suggestions.

Development of Selenium-enriched Wellness Ecotourism in the World Selenium Capital Enshi Prefecture

Health ecotourism is an emerging form of tourism industry. Selenium is an essential nutrient in delaying aging,has signifi cant therapeutic effect on various diseases. Enshi Prefecture in Hubei Province enjoys a reputation of the "World Selenium Capital",is a region of high-concentration negative oxygen ion and livable climate. The prefecture has unique regional advantages with selenium-enriched wellness ecotourism. Through introducing selenium-enriched tourism resources,ecotourism resources and health tourism resources in the World Selenium Capital,this paper analyses the development countermeasures for the selenium-enriched wellness ecotourism,and puts forward constructive suggestions.

Countermeasures for Tobacco Branding and Industrial Development in Enshi Prefecture

Agricultural branding is an important mark of agricultural modernization. Enshi Prefecture of Hubei Province is reputed as " Tobacco Kingdom" and " World Capital of Selenium". It is also the key production area of flue-cured tobacco,burley tobacco and selenium-enriched tobacco. The tobacco industry has become a pillar industry of Enshi Prefecture. This paper firstly introduces tobacco resource and industry of Enshi Prefecture. Then,it analyzes countermeasures for tobacco branding and industrial development. Finally,it comes up with several constructive recommendations.

Growth and Reproduction and Immune Traits of a New Intermediate Population of Enshi Black Pig

[Objectives] This study was conducted to illustrate the possible effects of heredity on the growth,reproduction and immune traits of Enshi Black pig.[Methods]The main growth,reproduction and immune traits of three populations( Goutou type,Shizitou type and an intermediate type between them) of Enshi Black pig were surveyed,and the correlations among these traits were analyzed.[Results]The health score of pregnant sows,average litter size and weight gain of piglets of intermediate type were all very significantly higher than those of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.01).The percentage of lymphocytes of intermediate type was significantly higher than that of Goutou and Shizitou types( P < 0.05).The number of white blood cells( WBCs) and the number of neutrophils of intermediate type very were significantly higher than those of the other two types( P < 0.01).The percentages of CD3 + CD4 + double positive T cells( helper/inducer T lymphocytes) and CD3 + CD8 + double positive T cells( suppressor/cytotoxic T lymphocytes) and the CD4 +/CD8 + ratio( the ratio of helper T cells/suppressor T cells) of intermediate type were all significantly higher than those of the other two types.Correlation analysis showed that there was a very significant positive correlation between health score and litter size( P < 0.01,R = 0.336),a significant negative correlation between the percentage of lymphocytes and the number of neutrophils( P < 0.05,R =-0.733),and a significant correlation between the percentage of CD3 + CD8 + T cells and the number of platelets( P < 0.05,R = 0.700).[Conclusions] The intermediate type Enshi Black pig inherits the excellent traits of both Goutou type and Shizitou types,and thus has better growth,reproduction and immune traits than the other two types.

Accumulation and speciation of selenium in Cardamine sp. in Yutangba Se Mining Field, Enshi, China

A naturally selenium-accumulating Cardamine sp. is growing in Yutangba Selenium Mining Field, Enshi area, Hubei Province, China, where the geochemical environment is selenium-enriched and endemic selenosis ever occurred in humans. The present study investigated the characteristics of accumulation, speciation and quantity of selenium in Cardamine sp. with HPLC-ICP-MS. Results show that Cardamine sp. can accumulate Se at most 1427 mg/kg in seedling leaves. Even after the biomass incensement of growing up, the plant still could accumulate Se up to several hundred of mg/kg in concentration. Moreover, the biomass enrichment coefficient(BEC) of Se is exceedingly high, in the seedling leaves mostly, higher than 50 mg/kg; in the range of 43.7–68 mg/kg; and the lowest value is higher than 3 mg/kg in mature fronds. Se is present in the plant predominantly in form of Se Cys2 with the highest concentration in seeds; up to 1081 mg/kg as Se. In contrast, Se Cys2 levels are low during early growth period; they are 136.1 mg/kg as Se in seedling fronds and 39.4 mg/kg as Se in mature fronds, respectively. Se Met concentration is comparatively low; 10.6 mg/kg as Se in seedling frond and 5.3 mg/kg as Se in half mature fronds, respectively. This indicates that Cardamine sp. is extremely efficient in extracting Se from soil and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. Therefore, Cardamine sp., found in Yutangba Se Mining Field may be a new Se hyperaccumulator. It is still uncertain whether the Se-accumulation or detoxification of Cardamine sp. happens through the pathway of Se Cys methylated to form Se-methylseleno Cys or through the formation of Se-carboxymethyl- selenohomocysteine. Indeed, further study should be carried out on the determination of more Se species to explain the high Se hyperaccumulation in Cardamine sp.

中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性评价指标体系的构建与实证——以湖北省恩施州为例

山区旅游地兼具旅游资源丰富、生态环境脆弱、贫困人口集聚等多重特性,对中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性的科学评价有助于守护脱贫攻坚成果.本研究在农户生计韧性理论认知的基础上,结合区域特征构建了中国山区旅游地农户生计韧性评价指标体系,采用均值法对恩施州18个旅游村进行实证分析.研究结果表明:①以Speranza为代表的生计韧性评价指标体系较好地表达了农户应对冲击、实现更好结果的特性,但存在评价对象不明晰、指标选取不够严谨、评价体系构建不完整及本土适应性不够等问题;②结合中国山区旅游地特性对Speranza的评价指标进行了在地优化,通过Ω系数检验发现优化后的评价指标体系具有合理性;③恩施州旅游地农户的生计韧性总体处于低水平.从3大维度来看,除缓冲能力处于中等水平之外,学习能力和自组织能力均处于低水平,自组织能力水平最低.从地域分布来看,农户的生计韧性水平在不同地区或者同一地区的不同村落间都存在较大差异,其中宣恩县的农户生计韧性水平整体最低.

恩施州乡村旅游地农户返贫风险评估及其影响因素研究

有效预防返贫风险是后脱贫时代脱贫攻坚和乡村振兴战略有效衔接的关键.该研究将风险的概率纳入返贫风险评估体系,从发生概率和破坏程度两方面综合评估其返贫风险,系统反映返贫风险的可能性和破坏性,进而探究其影响因素.研究发现:1)农户各维度的返贫风险水平从高到低依次为个体风险、家庭风险、社会风险和自然风险,农户受家庭风险和个体风险影响较大,存在明显的内生性、个体化特征.2)依据风险的发生概率和破坏程度,返贫风险可分为“高概率-高破坏”型、“高概率-低破坏”型和“低概率-低破坏”型3种类型,其中,“高概率-高破坏”型风险包括非农就业能力和教育负担,返贫风险指数最高,对农户返贫的威胁最大.3)抚养人数和户主的文化程度等家庭特征是影响返贫风险的主要因素,乡村旅游扶贫开发模式不同导致农户的返贫风险存在显著差异.在返贫防治实践中,应因户施策,重点防治内生性返贫,同时要根据返贫风险发生概率及破坏程度的差异,制定合理的返贫风险预警机制及防治措施.

参与旅游对农户生计脆弱性的影响机制

农户的生计脆弱性关系脱贫成果的巩固和乡村振兴战略的推进。基于可持续生计理论,实地调查了恩施土家族苗族自治州乡村旅游地432户农户,通过t检验、方差分析等方法比较了不同旅游参与程度农户的生计脆弱性,运用多元线性回归、倾向得分匹配等稳健性检验、中介效应检验方法,深入探究了农户参与旅游对生计脆弱性的影响机理。研究发现,参与旅游降低了农户的生计脆弱性,尤其是提高了农户的适应力。在不同旅游参与程度的农户中,旅游兼营型农户的生计脆弱性最低,适应力最高。机制分析表明,农户通过参与旅游增强了生计技能和收入多样化等内生发展动力,降低了自身的生计脆弱性。农户参与旅游对生计脆弱性的影响因乡村旅游发展模式不同而存在异质性,仅生态农业依托模式的农户通过参与旅游显著降低了其生计脆弱性。恩施州乡村旅游地应提升乡村旅游社区参与程度、增强农户的内生发展动力,以降低农户的生计脆弱性,推进乡村振兴。

宜荆荆恩森林城市群建设的总体布局研究

宜昌市、荆州市、荆门市和恩施州构成的宜荆荆恩城市群是湖北省三大城市群之一,也是长江经济带上重要的生态安全屏障区,开展森林城市群建设对促进区域生态、经济、社会和文化协同发展具有重要意义。文章分析了宜荆荆恩城市群生态安全格局、森林湿地资源、生态产业发展、生物多样性保护等现状,从城市群尺度指出存在的问题和发展需求;在此基础上,提出“山区强四库,平原织两网,城乡提三景,全域筑四链”的宜荆荆恩森林城市群总体建设布局,并阐述具体的建设内容。

基于残差网络和注意力机制的恩施玉露茶品级分类

恩施玉露是湖北省著名的绿茶品牌,茶叶的外形是其品质分级的重要依据。为了解决消费者对于茶叶品质分级存疑的问题,本文在ResNet18的基础上,提出了一种基于空间和通道注意力机制结合深度可分离卷积的茶叶分类网络。首先在残差模块中添加注意力模块,让网络去侧重关注茶叶的纹理特征和颜色信息,忽略无关的背景因素,接着在最后两个残差模块中使用深度可分离卷积替换常规卷积,降低模型的参数量,防止网络过拟合。实验结果表明:改进后的ResNet20-CBAM_DW分类模型的准确率可达到95.48%,且模型大小仅为19.32MB。本研究为构建恩施玉露茶的品质分类模型提供了依据,且便于部署在移动端,为消费者对恩施玉露茶的品级分类提供了一种便捷且高效的新方法。

烤烟生产投入间接碳排放分析——以湖北省恩施州烟区为例

以湖北省恩施州烟区为例,通过生产调研与数据统计,对烤烟不同生产阶段(育苗期、大田生长期和采后烘烤期)以及整个生产过程的间接碳排放量进行了核算。结果表明:烤烟生产过程中主要碳源的碳排放量表现为烘烤能源>电力>农膜和肥料>农药、机械油耗和人工;采后烘烤期的碳排放量最大,大田生长期的次之,育苗期的最小;在大田生长期,不同肥力和不同种植规模烟田的碳排放总量有所差异,其中由肥料产生的碳排放量占总碳排放量的比例最大;按照烤房类型划分,烤烟整个生产过程的间接碳排放量表现为燃煤型烤房(5167.80 kg C/hm^(2))>生物质能源型烤房(2256.75 kg C/hm^(2))。恩施州烤烟生产中间接碳排放的主要影响因素为烘烤能源、电力,其次为农膜和肥料。因此,用生物质燃料全面替代煤炭作为烘烤能源是烤烟生产减少碳排放的重要途径。

2018-2021年湖北省恩施市烟田瓢虫、食蚜蝇数据集

烟草是湖北省恩施市的支柱型产业,但由于近年来气候变化和农业种植规模扩大,病虫害对烟叶产量和品质的影响不断加剧。如何合理利用天敌资源是绿色防控害虫、有效减少农药负面影响的关键。瓢虫和食蚜蝇作为当地重要的天敌资源,对害虫的自然防控具有很大的潜力。为明确恩施瓢虫和食蚜蝇资源种类以及种群发生动态,文章收集了2018年末至2021年末湖北恩施烟田天敌昆虫资源数据,所有数据均来自5张马氏网定点监测。本文共收集捕食性瓢虫标本1079头,食蚜蝇标本4286头。其中瓢虫26种,有20种鉴定到种,6种鉴定到属;食蚜蝇23种,其中18种鉴定到种,5种鉴定到属。天敌昆虫筛检及鉴定均由专业人员完成,保证了数据质量。本数据集提供了地方瓢虫和食蚜蝇天敌种类、数量、物种不同部位照片以及标本瓶照片,可为烟田害虫综合防治和天敌资源利用提供理论依据。

不同高程下恩施州土家族传统村落空间特征研究

中国传统村落承载了中华文明上下千百年发展历程,是历史上中华各民族生产、生活、生存的基本空间,是孕育中华传统文化的土壤,具有重大保护意义。文章运用ArcGIS分析工具,以恩施州土家族传统村落为研究对象,主要通过田园调查法、数据分析法、文献调查法等方法,依据不同海拔将该地区传统村落划分为河谷型、坡地型、山顶型三类传统村落,并结合实例探讨不同类型传统村落空间类型与形态布局,为传统村落的价值保护提供理论依据。

恩施州生态产品价值核算及驱动因素分析

恩施州是长江中上游重要生态屏障,具有重大的生态保护价值和生态产品价值(生态系统生产总值,GEP)开发潜质。基于功能价值法核算恩施州2011—2020年的GEP,利用时空地理加权回归模型分析其变化特点及主要驱动因素,结果表明:恩施州GEP总量呈增长趋势,年平均增长率2.50%,物质供给价值增速>文化服务价值增速>调节服务价值增速;恩施州GEP与GDP双增长,经济社会与生态环境保护协调发展,各县市间生态产品供给水平具有明显的时空异质性;年降水量、林地面积、人均GDP、城镇化率对恩施州GEP有显著影响;年降水量、林地面积、人均GDP与GEP正相关;城镇化率对GEP的影响由负相关变为正相关,具有临界阈值效应。

A Kungurian Oceanic Upwelling on Yangtze Platform: Evidenced by δ^(13) C_(org) and Authigenic Silica in the Lower Chihsia Formation of Enshi Section in South China

The Late Paleozoic Ice Age across Carboniferous and Permian had a significant impact on the Kungurian （Upper Cisuralian series of Permian） Chihsia Formation in South China. This re- suited in a unique interval with features such as the lack of reef in Chihsian limestone, widespread stinkstone and nodular/bedded chert. The Chihsia limestone （Kungurian stage） deposited during a time of cooling was resulted from oceanic upwelling. Here we present evidence for this upwelling using sev- eral geochemical analyses： bulk organic carbon isotope, biomarker molecular geochemical data, and authigenic silica of the stinkstone member in the lower Chihsia Formation of the Kuangurian stage from the Enshi Section in western Hubei Province, South China. The lower part of the stinkstone member shows a rapid organic carbon isotope excursion with a -3%o shift triggered by the upwelling of 13C-depleted bottom water. The concurrent rapid increasing of authigenic silica content resulted from the enhanced supply of dissolved silica in the upwelling water mass. This upwelling at the Enshi Section also led to relative high TOC content, accounting for the widespread stinkstone in the lower Chihsia Formation during the Kungurian stage in Permian.

农业文化遗产旅游与乡村振兴的耦合研究:以恩施玉露为例

农业文化遗产旅游是实现乡村振兴的重要内驱力,而乡村振兴则是农业文化遗产旅游高质量发展的重要保障。文章以恩施玉露为案例对象,分别构建了农业文化遗产旅游和乡村振兴评价指标体系,并基于2010—2021年面板数据,综合运用熵值法、耦合协调模型和灰色关联分析方法,研究恩施州农业文化遗产旅游与乡村振兴的综合发展水平、耦合协调度及耦合影响因素。结果表明:①2010—2021年,恩施州农业文化遗产旅游与乡村振兴综合发展水平指数均呈显著上升趋势;②农业文化遗产旅游与乡村振兴的耦合协调指数由2010年的0.1880上升到2021年的0.9814,耦合协调阶段从高度拮抗发展到高度协调;③两个系统各指标关联度较高。在农业文化遗产旅游对乡村振兴产生影响的过程中,森林覆盖率对乡村振兴的影响最大;在乡村振兴对农业文化遗产旅游产生影响的过程中,农村居民人均生活消费支出对农业文化遗产旅游的影响最大。针对以上结论,提出了完善人才建设机制、加大景点宣传营销、建立利益共享机制、强化基础设施建设等对策建议,以期为实现农业文化遗产旅游发展与乡村振兴建设双赢提供参考。