Prevalence of Enteric Pathogens Associated with Infections among Table Egg Consumers in Some Primary Health Establishments in the Center Region of Cameroon

Method: In Cameroon limited data are available regarding the prevalence of enteric bacteria associated with table egg consuming infections. As such, a situational-based study was performed in patients with complains of stomach disorders after egg consumption. Data related to sociodemographic characteristics and other factors were collected using a structured based questionnaire. Stool culture of utmost importance in stomach disorders patients and serum were collected for typhoid serological test. Results: A total of 207 participants took part in the survey, Results indicated nontyphoidal Salmonella infections were highest in the 3 areas of study with Mfoundi (73.44%) having the highest level of infection compared to other bacterial infection. other enteric bacteria associated to this infection were E. coli serotype 157, Aeromonas, Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter cloaca and typhi salmonella. Meanwhile salmonelosis caused by typhic salmonella had highest prevalence in the Lekie Division (13.11%) as a result of poor hygienic practices associated with the conservation and preparation of eggs, Stool culture was observed to detect more positive cases in the diagnosis of typhoid fever than Widal test, but with no statistically significant (p > 0.05) difference between the stool culture and Widal test in the 3 areas of study. Conclusion: this study revealed that egg consumers are pruned to enteric bacterial and salmonella infections depending on how and where egg is consumed.

A Study on Detecting and Identifying Enteric Pathogens With PCR

Objective To develop a rapid and definite diagnostic test of bacterial enteritis caused by pathogenic enterobacteria, the most frequent etiologic agent of infectious enteritis in the world. Methods A set of conventional PCR assays were applied to detect and identify salmonella, shigella, and E. coli O157:H7 directly from pure culture and fecal samples. The general primers of pathogenic enterobacteria were located on the uidA gene, which were found not only in E. coli nuclear acid, but also in Shigella and salmonella genes. Shigella primer was from ipaH gene whose coded invasive plasmid relative antigen existed both in plasmid and in genome. The primers of salmonella were designed from the 16SrRNA sequence. The primer of E.coli O157:H7 was taken from eaeA gene. Five random primers were selected for RAPD. The detection system included common PCR, semi-nested PCR and RAPD. Results This method was more sensitive, specific and efficient and its processing was rapid and simple. For example, the method could be used to specifically detect and identify salmonella, shigella, and E. coli O157:H7, and its sensitivity ranged from 3 to 50 CFU, and its detection time was 4 hours. Conclusion This PCR method, therefore, can serve as a routine and practical protocol for detecting and identifying pathogenic microorganisms from clinical samples.

Post-infectious irritable bowel syndrome:Mechanistic insights into chronic disturbances following enteric infection

Irritable bowel syndrome(IBS)is a commonly encountered chronic functional gastrointestinal(GI)disorder.Approximately 10%of IBS patients can trace the onset of their symptoms to a previous a bout of infectious dysentery.The appearance of new IBS symptoms following an infectious event is defined as post-infectiousIBS.Indeed,with the World Health Organization estimating between 2 and 4 billion cases annually,infectious diarrheal disease represents an incredible international healthcare burden.Additionally,compounding evidence suggests many commonly encountered enteropathogens as unique triggers behind IBS symptom generation and underlying pathophysiological features.A growing body of work provides evidence supporting a role for pathogen-mediated modifications in the resident intestinal microbiota,epithelial barrier integrity,effector cell functions,and innate and adaptive immune features,all proposed physiological manifestations that can underlie GI abnormalities in IBS.Enteric pathogens must employ a vast array of machinery to evade host protective immune mechanisms,and illicit successful infections.Consequently,the impact of infectious events on host physiology can be multidimensional in terms of anatomical location,functional scope,and duration.This review offers a unique discussion of the mechanisms employed by many commonly encountered enteric pathogens that cause acute disease,but may also lead to the establishment of chronic GI dysfunction compatible with IBS.

Samonella typhi infection-related appendicitis:A case report

BACKGROUND Acute appendicitis is one of the most common acute abdominal emergencies around the world,which is always associated with infection.Infection with Salmonella typhi,an enteric pathogen,is a rare cause of acute appendicitis.We here report a patient with acute appendicitis associated with Samonella typhi infection,accompanied with spleen and kidney infarction,providing a rare example for a common surgical emergency.CASE SUMMARY A 25-year-old Pakistani man presented to the hospital with a 3-d history of fevers,vomiting,and abdominal pain.Computed tomography(CT)revealed a thickened intestinal wall of the ileocecal junction with multiple enlarged lymph nodes nearby.He was diagnosed with acute appendicitis and received laparoscopic appendectomy,which showed mild inflammation of the appendix.After the surgery,the patient presented again with a high fever(>39℃)and diarrhea.A CT angiography scan indicated spleen and kidney infarction.According to the blood culture,the diagnosis was finally clear to be Samonella typhi infection.The pyrexia and enteric symptoms were relieved after the application of intravenous levofloxacin.CONCLUSION This case,characterized by the combination of Salmonella typhi infection,acute appendicitis,and renal and splenic infraction,serves as a rare example for a common surgical emergency.

Catheter-related bloodstream infections in children with intestinal failure: a 6-year review from an intestinal rehabilitation center in China

Background Children with intestinal failure(IF)have frequent catheter-related bloodstream infections(CRBSIs).This study aimed to analyze the clinical presentation and laboratory parameters of CRBSIs in children with IF.Methods This 6-year retrospective study was conducted among IF children with CRBSIs at an intestinal rehabilitation center in China.Clinical data were collected,including data of temperature and gastrointestinal symptoms.Blood/catheter culture,fecal tests,and calculation of inflammatory index were performed,which were obtained within 1 week since CRBSI onset.Results Fifty children with 87 CRBSIs were identified,of which there were 17 suspected and 70 confirmed cases.Seventy-two pathogens were cultured from 70 positive blood cultures:63%were Gram-positive organisms,23%were Gram-negative organisms,and 11%were fungal organisms.Overall,48.6%were enteric organisms;47.2%of bacterial pathogens were consistent between fecal and blood cultures.Moreover,46.3%fecal routines showed abnormalities including increased white blood cells,occult blood positive and the presence of fat droplets.The consistent symptom at onset of CRBSIs was fever and gastrointestinal symptoms including increased stool output,abdominal distension,or both.C-reactive protein(CRP)and procalcitonin(PCT)were elevated,i.e.,16.5 mg/L[interquartile range(IQR)8.7-44.7]and 0.48 ng/mL(IQR 0.2-1.76),respectively.Conclusions IF children had a high rate of CRBSIs,of which larger proportions were due to Gram-positive and enteric organisms.Fever and/or gastrointestinal symptoms,combined with elevated CRP and PCT,is conducive to the early diagnosis of CRBSIs in IF patients.

Value of routine stool testing for pathogenic bacteria in the evaluation of symptomatic patients with ileal pouches

Background:In symptomatic patients with an ileal pouch,stool studies are often sent to diagnose enteric pathogens.Aim of this study is to find the value of routine stool studies in the evaluation of symptomatic patients and the clinical implications of such pathogens in patients with ileal pouches.Methods:Consecutive ileal pouch-anal anastomosis(IPAA)patients who had stool tests out of a 2283-case registry from 2002 to 2015 were included in the study.Patients with positive stool cultures were compared with controls(symptomatic without positive stool culture)in a 1:4 ratio.Response to antibiotic therapy,recurrence rate and rate of hospitalization at 1 and 3 months were assessed.Results:A total of 643(28%)had stool cultures done and only 1.7%(11/643)were found to be positive for stool cultures.Campylobacter spp.(45%)was the most common pathogen followed by Aeromonas spp.(36%).Non-smokers and patients without any antibiotic use in the last 3 months were found to have higher prevalence of positive stool cultures than controls(p<0.001 and p¼0.023).Patients with pathogenic bacteria were found to have a higher risk of acute kidney injury(27.3%vs 4.5%,p¼0.049),hospitalization within 3 months of initial stool testing(36.4%vs 6.8%,p¼0.009)and mortality(18.2%vs 0%,p¼0.040).However,there were no statistically significant differences in the clinical outcomes in patients with positive stool cultures who received pathogen-directed therapy.Conclusions:We found that the yield of stool tests for bacterial pathogens in symptomatic pouch patients was extremely low and the treatment of detected pathogens had a minimum impact on the disease course of pouchitis.The clinical utility of routine stool culture in those patients warrants further study.