Trade Benefits and Environmental Costs of GVCS: A Case Study of the BRICS

As the international trading system has developed with the division of Global value Chains (GVCS), the export trade of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa (BRICS) has grown rapidly. The resulting growth of carbon emissions has drawn wide attention from the international community, necessitating the comparison of the trade benefits and environmental costs of the BRICS participation in GVCS. Based on the Eora database, this paper constructs a decomposition framework for the calculation of export value-added and embodied carbon, based on a multi-region input-output (MRIO) model. The trade benefits and environmental costs paid by the BRICS’ total exports from 1990 to 2015 were measured and the imbalance was analyzed, along with the causes. The results show that the main value-added and carbon embodied in the BRICS’ exports originate from their own countries, and the domestic value-added content of the BRICS’ exports decreased while the foreign value-added content increased.

Study on Environmental and Economic Benefits of Rice and Wheat Rotation with Swine Manure-Straw Returning

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the application effect of swine manure-straw returning and to determine the best mode. [Method] A field experiment under rice and wheat rotation with different swine manure-straw treatments was con- ducted to study the growth characters and output of rice and wheat, calculate the economic benefit and carbon dioxide emission reduction, and analyze the best mode of swine manure applying-straw returning. [Result] The swine manure-straw returning was conducive to the growth of crop, the highest outputs of rice and wheat were on the treatment of ＂30% swine manure and 20% straw and 50% chemical fertiliz- er＂, they were 7 874.57 and 6 427.00 kg/hm^2, and saved cost about 5 146.35 Yuan/hm^2, increased input 5 312.56 and 3 931.93 Yuan/hm^2, the greenhouse gas e- mission reduction was 1.30 t/hm^2 （calculated according to carbon dioxide on a dry basis）. [Conclusion] The treatment of ＂30% swine manure and 20% straw and 50% chemical fertilizer＂ was the best mode of swine manure-straw returning.

Environmental benefits of underground coal gasification

Environmental benefits of underground coal gasification are evaluated. The results showed that through underground coal gasification, gangue discharge is eliminated, sulfur emission is reduced, and the amount of ash, mercury, and tar discharge are decreased. Moreover, effect of underground gasification on underground water is analyzed and CO 2 disposal method is put forward.

Estimation on the Total Quantity of Biomass Energy and Its Environmental Benefit Analysis in Shandong Province

[Objective] The aim was to estimate the total quantity of biomass energy and analyze its environmental benefit in Shandong Province.[Method] Based on the data from the statistics yearbook of Shandong Province in 2010,the total quantity of biomass resources and biomass energy in Shandong Province in 2009 was estimated,and its environmental benefit was analyzed.[Result] Biomass resources in Shandong Province mainly refer to crop residues,forest residues,grassland changed from degraded land.If degraded land became grassland,the total quantity of biomass resources and biomass energy in Shandong Province in 2009 was 182.808 8 million tons and 2.68×1015 kJ respectively.Meanwhile,the reduction of total emission of CO2,SO2 and nitrogen oxides was up to 241.265 million tons,and the reduced emission of SO2 accounted for 48.9% of annual SO2 emission in Shandong in 2009.Planting energy crops plays important roles in the development of new energy sources,reduction of greenhouse gas emission and environmental protection.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundations for the establishment of energy policy and study on development strategy of biomass energy in Shandong Province.

Study on Environmental Risk and Economic Benefits of Rotation Systems in Farmland of Erhai Lake Basin

This study was designed to find out an optimised planting system of reducing non-point （source） pollution by analyzing the reasons and the factors of influence non-point pollution in farmland of Erhai Lake basin. The results showed that incomes, residual nitrogen in soil, and the loss of nitrogen in surface water in rice-garlic system were higher than those in rice-fava bean system. There were positive correlations between the nitrogen loss of farmland, nitrogen inputs, residual nitrogen in soil, and incomes of farmland. Economic benefits and environment benefits are both appropriate, if the area of rice-garlic system would be reduced to 53% and the area of rice-fava bean system increased to 36% of total cropping area in the investigated watershed. Adjustment of planting structure and introduction of reasonable rotation systems is considered an effective measure of controlling agricultural non-point pollution in watersheds of Erhai Lake.

Optimum Environmental Load Design Criterion for Marine Structures Based on Investment and Benefit Analysis

Marine structures operating in natural ocean environment are subjected to various stochastic loads. For design of the marine structures, the most important task is to determine environmental load design criterion. This paper presents a method to determine the optimum environmental load design criterion for marine structures. This method is based on the investment and benefit analysis and it can reach the design purpose of decreasing total costs during the service life of the structures and increasing economic benefits.

Modular Disruption in Construction Industry-The Environmental Benefits

The impact of Covid-19 on every aspect of life is undeniable.As the pandemic began to spread throughout February 2020,no one could have foretold the ways in which this disease would change society.One of the key things that the Covid-19 pandemic has accelerated is off-site manufacturing and the different ways in which modular construction can be utilized to deal more effectively with the demands of a crisis.The rapid erection of modular hospitals across the globe has been critical in fighting the outbreak of Covid-19,not least the modular hospital in Wuhan that was built in just 10 days.Modular construction was already a hot topic for the industry,the pandemic has simply enhanced this-and the last few months were given the opportunity to explore the options in more detail.There is no doubt that modular construction will continue to play a part in construction projects in the longer term and construction industry should adapt to accommodate this change.Since construction industry is the largest consumer of natural resources,this article would emphasize on the sustainability dimensions of modular construction and its performance during the whole lifecycle.A thorough literature review of the sustainability benefits of modular construction compared to its tradition counterpart is presented.

电力P2P交易中计及社会福利的产消者合作联盟

随着分布式清洁能源发电技术的发展,传统电力用户逐渐转变为电能产消者,并可采用合作联盟形式参与电力P2P(peer to peer)交易,促进分布式清洁能源就地消纳。该文通过从源端和传输端分别核算碳减排量的方法,构建一类考虑经济效益和环境效益的社会福利函数,研究分布式电能产消者通过合作联盟形式实现社会福利最大化的途径。设计一种依据产消者对联盟社会福利贡献值分配合作剩余的机制,激励产消者合作的积极性以维持联盟的稳定。算例分析表明:相较于P2G(peer-to-grid)交易和非合作P2P交易,产消者以合作联盟方式参与电力P2P交易的社会福利分别提升了62.62%、33.79%。因此,以市场化的方式组建合作联盟参与电力P2P交易并合理分配利益,可挖掘分布式清洁能源就地消纳的潜力,促进能源消费的绿色低碳转型。

南水北调东线一期工程受水区生态环境效益演变

研究南水北调东线一期工程通水以来受水区生态环境效益的演变态势,对南水北调后续工程高质量建设、加快构建国家水网以及促进工程综合效益发挥有决策参考作用。以定性定量相结合的方式分析东线一期工程在优化水资源配置、保障饮水安全、复苏河湖生态环境和畅通南北经济循环等方面的作用,进而结合层次分析法,从直接效益和间接效益2个方面,筛选构建东线一期工程受水区生态环境效益评价指标体系,主要包括工程年供水量、水质改善度、生态补水量、地下水压采量、地下水水位、水域面积、绿地面积和涵养水源等,并采用VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje(VIKOR)多准则妥协解排序方法对南水北调东线一期工程通水以来即2013-2022年受水区生态环境效益演变态势进行分析。结果表明:南水北调东线一期工程通水的10年以来,受水区的生态环境整体复苏效果明显,近3年排序值保持在0.8以上;受降水偏枯进而影响地下水开采量和地下水水位等因素影响,2019年间接生态环境效益下降29.2%,之后迅速恢复并保持稳定。在分析直接效益和间接效益演变的基础上,从工程提质增效、提高工程水质状况以及完善体制机制建设等方面提出东线一期工程进一步促进受水区生态环境持续改善的策略和建议,以期为东线工程及受水区生态环境保护及高质量发展相关研究、决策制定等提供参考。

Study on Cost of Environmental Degradation Based on Cost-Benefit Analysis

With the rapid economic development of China,the environmental degradation brought by economic development cannot be ignored.In order to measure the cost of environmental degradation brought by land projects in the process of economic development and evaluate a land project,this paper establishes an ecological service evaluation model based on cost-benefit method to analyze the cost and benefit of land development projects from a new perspective,and explore effective strategies to alleviate environmental degradation.

Benefits of Environmental Site Assessment Standards in China

1.Preface As the fast paced Chinese economy brings more and more direct and indirect affects into ourlives,environmental protection has become one ofthe most popular subjects of recent times.

煤炭码头粉尘无组织排放防治措施对比研究

露天堆场的粉尘无组织排放一直是干散货码头大气污染防治工作的重点和难点。苫盖和湿式除尘是我国专业化煤炭码头露天堆场粉尘无组织排放的两种主流防治措施。文章以北方某煤码头为例,基于露天堆场采用苫盖和湿式除尘措施下的粉尘无组织排放浓度监测数据,对两种主流粉尘防治措施的环保效益进行了对比分析。研究结果显示:采用湿式除尘措施比采用苫盖措施更适用于高周转率的专业化煤炭码头露天堆场的粉尘无组织排放的防治。

中国出口经济利益与环境成本绩效评价

文章利用多区域投入产出模型并借助“贸易条件”概念,编制相对出口增加值率和出口隐含碳污染条件指数;构建出口经济利益-环境成本增长弹性系数,对中国通过出口获得的经济利益与付出的环境成本进行绩效评价。结果表明:加入世界贸易组织初期,中国总体出口经济利益处于有利地位,但此后呈现持续下滑态势;中国总体出口环境成本相对较大,但呈现相对改善态势;中国对贸易伙伴出口的经济利益与环境成本绩效总体呈现优化态势。

论美丽中国建设背景下我国环境经济学学科的发展方向

环境经济学是一门研究经济发展与环境保护之间相互关系的经济学分支学科.在全面建设美丽中国的时代背景下,环境经济学学科的发展面临新的机遇与挑战.本文分析了在美丽中国建设背景下中国环境经济学科的主要发展方向.首先,简述了环境经济学学科的诞生背景与发展的历史脉络,梳理了中国环境经济学学科的发展进程;其次,总结了环境经济学学科主要的研究领域,归纳了环境经济政策设计与评估、费用-效益分析、环境价值评估与气候变化经济学四个领域的核心研究内容;然后,阐述了环境经济学学科从哪些角度可以回应美丽中国建设中的重要任务;最后,论述了中国环境经济学学科可以从环境政策与制度、绿色金融、污染与健康、生态产品价值评估与实现、气候应对与国际合作等多个角度做出创新,助力美丽中国建设.

环境健康权作为法律权利的证成

环境健康权是以环境健康利益为核心的一项新兴权利,具有公法与私法属性,环境健康权与环境权以及健康权有着密切的关联。环境健康权优先性是证成环境健康权的逻辑前提,环境健康利益能够满足人格尊严需求,具有伦理道德基础,并形成社会普遍的共识。环境健康权权利推定的合法性证成和权利创设的实践性证成将应然性的环境健康权利转化为实然性权利,可通过修订环境法律将环境健康权利内容予以明确规定。完善私法救济机制,法院在环境民事诉讼中应确立环境健康利益的优先地位,降低环境健康受害人的举证难度,发挥惩罚性赔偿责任的损害填补功效。健全以环境行政部门管控环境健康风险为核心的公法制度,实施环境法律制度须以保障公众健康为导向。

低能耗组装式深冬生产型日光温室环境因子变化及番茄性状分析

【目的】研究低能耗组装式深冬生产型日光温室对室内环境因子以及番茄生长与产量的影响,为该新型温室越冬茬番茄栽培提供数据支持。【方法】选取低能耗组装式深冬生产型日光温室(新型温室)为试验温室,传统砖墙结构日光温室为对照温室,分析试验温室和对照温室的环境差异性对越冬茬番茄生长发育与产量品质的影响。【结果】新型日光温室空气温度相对于砖墙日光温室空气温度,其夜间增温效果提高14.7%,其昼间增温效果降低7.35%;夜间室内表层土壤温度提高30.1%,-50 cm土壤温度提高20.85%;空气相对湿度降低20.85%,日光照辐射量提高12.20%。新型日光温室较之传统砖墙日光温室,其平均株高提高约32%,平均茎粗增加约9.2%。新型日光温室更有利于番茄生长发育。新型日光温室番茄单位面积产量、番茄单果重以及VC含量较之传统砖墙日光温室,分别提高17.28%、12.72%和14.34%,尤其在番茄单位面积产量上,其增益效果明显。【结论】新型日光温室在夜间保温性能方面明显优于传统砖墙结构日光温室,其更大的空间结构降低了室内空气湿度进而提高了温室光照总辐射,间接提高作物光合作用能力。新型日光温室相比于传统墙体日光温室,其番茄整体产量更高。相比于传统砖墙温室,新型日光温室的总体优势大,其竞争力强,实用性、经济效益均佳。

甘肃省碳中和路径下二氧化碳减排与环境健康效益协同分析

基于LEAP(the Low Emissions Analysis Platform)模型,并利用综合效益模型(Integrated Benefits Calculator,IBC),耦合建立甘肃LEAP-IBC模型。根据碳中和政策,结合甘肃省社会经济发展现状,建立基准情景与碳中和情景。通过自下而上不同部门的技术组合叠加,量化分析甘肃省2019—2050年的能源需求量以及CO_(2)与PM_(2.5)等污染物的排放量,并评估其带来的环境、健康协同效益,进而以碳减排成本及健康成本衡量综合效益。结果显示:在碳中和情景下,甘肃省CO_(2)排放将呈现达峰期、平台期、中和期3个阶段,并在2027年达到峰值,约为1.90亿t;随后,CO_(2)排放量将持续下降,到2050年CO_(2)排放量为380.82万t,根据甘肃省综合碳汇,可以达到碳中和。此外,实现碳中和可以使污染物协同减排与健康效益更好,较基准情景相比,碳中和情景下可以减少1.64亿t CO_(2)排放量以及4.15万t PM_(2.5)污染物的排放量。同时,PM_(2.5)质量浓度在2050年将下降为13.34μg/m3,符合国家一级标准。碳中和情景下可以多避免8636人(48.26%)的提前死亡和12.06万a(49.06%)的生命损失。因此,相较于基准情景,碳中和情景可以多带来477.7亿元的经济效益,具有更好的综合效益。

“21世纪海上丝绸之路”:海上风能的宏观与微观等级区划

以风能宏观战略布局、微观精准选址对合理资源等级区划的迫切需求为牵引,本文采用Delphi法,充分考虑资源特征、环境风险、成本效益,对“21世纪海上丝绸之路”(“海上丝路”)及关键海域的风能展开了常规需求、商业开发、应急供电、用电量巨大几种情景下的宏观和微观等级区划。研究结果表明:从“海上丝路”的风能宏观等级区划来看,大部分区域的风能属于较丰富区和丰富区(风能等级期望值大于0.5),索马里近海、马纳尔湾、斯里兰卡东南近海、南海大风区为风能等级的相对大值中心。从斯里兰卡海域的风能微观等级区划来看,相对富集区分布于斯里兰卡和印度半岛之间的海峡、斯里兰卡东南部近海(风能等级期望值在0.7以上);贫乏区为印度半岛东西海岸、斯里兰卡东部近海和西南部近海。

基于生命周期评估的需求响应碳减排量评估方法

需求响应作为电网公司实现电力系统平衡的重要调节手段,可有效降低电力系统的碳排放水平。鉴于当前对需求响应的环境效益缺乏有效的量化手段,提出了一种基于生命周期评估(LCA)的需求响应碳减排量评估方法,为电网公司需求响应参与碳排放权交易市场提供理论参考。分析了需求响应碳减排量转化成中国核证自愿减排量并参与碳交易市场的可行性;提出了基于LCA的电力系统碳排放传导路径,并梳理分析了不同碳排放项目之间的关系;通过分析需求响应过程中的碳排放变化量及其带来的环境效益,提出了一种基于LCA的需求响应碳减排量评估方法。以简化的浙江省实际电网和用户负荷数据为算例,探究需求响应中不同阶段的碳减排量状况,结果表明所提方法能够有效评估需求响应过程中的碳减排量,为电力产业的低碳化发展提供借鉴。

福州国家森林公园游憩者场所感知与环境行为对健康效益评估的影响

【目的】场所依恋和环境行为是探究游憩者与环境交互所形成的结果,与景观知觉的构建紧密联系,对于探讨森林公园与游憩者健康影响关系具有重要意义。结合游憩者场所感知与环境行为视角探讨森林公园健康效益的内在转化机制。【方法】以福州国家森林公园为研究样地,结合游憩者“感知评价—情感响应—行为实践”视角,构建景观知觉、场所依恋、环境行为与健康效益评估之间的关系模型,并通过结构方程模型解析四者之间的影响关系。【结果】①自然属性感知、设施属性感知、文化属性感知、空间属性感知是构成景观知觉的主要因素,影响系数分别为0.777、0.696、0.743、0.755,景观知觉对场所依恋有显著影响,影响效应达74.4%;②景观知觉能显著影响环境行为水平,直接影响效应达39.8%,间接影响效应达44.3%,场所依恋是两者影响关系中的中介变量。③景观知觉对健康效益评估产生30.2%的直接影响效应,并通过场所依恋和环境行为的中介作用对健康效益评估产生50.9%的间接影响效应。【结论】通过结构关系模型检验分析,揭示了游憩者在森林公园中的健康恢复是“感知评价—情感响应—行为实践”要素相互作用形成的复合体系。后续可结合媒体大数据以及科学的人体健康测定器材拓展研究的深度和广度。