Reformed Environmental Impact Assessment in China: An Evaluation of Its Effectiveness

Since 2015, a “reform storm” of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) opened up in China. This study tries to answer the question of whether these reforms improve the effectiveness of EIA. First, we elaborate on the reforms along with three well-acknowledged components, including EIA legislation, administration, and process. Then, evaluate the reformed EIA system against revised Ahmad and Wood’s criteria. The results demonstrate that the revised laws and regulations are more stringent than the old versions. The EIA process is simplified, and its coordination with the pollutant discharge permit system is promoted. The interim and post-event supervision is currently more robust and the penalties are more severe than before. However, the hierarchical position of the Environmental Protection Law is not high enough and the coordination of different government departments is still challenging. In summary, despite the problems occurring at the initial phase of reforms, the effectiveness of the EIA system has largely been improved.

Manufacturing Process Oriented Environmental Friendly Assessment with Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution

Green manufacturing is a mode to realize environmental friendliness by considering the environmental impact and energy consumption in manufacturing process.In order to make an environmental friendly assessment for manufacturing process,a multi-criteria decision making( MCDM) model combined with fuzzy analytic hierarchy process( FAHP) and fuzzy technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution( FTOPSIS) is proposed in this work.The environmental and resource criteria and manufacturing process objects are identified as the first step.Then,the weights of the criteria are calculated by FAHP.Finally,based on experts' evaluation using fuzzy words,the manufacturing process objects are ranked by FTOPSIS.The proposed methodology is applied to a gear shaft manufacturing.The sensitivity analysis and comparisons are implemented to prove its robustness and effectiveness for the ecofriendly assessment for process objects.

Life-Cycle Impact Assessment of Air Emissions from a Cement Production Plant in Cambodia

Cement industrial emissions account for 32% of air pollution in Cambodia. With that in mind, we examined the environmental impact of Cambodia’s cement industry and identified ways that it could reduce air pollution. The study focused on raw material extraction and preparation, calcination, and cement preparation. Data for the life-cycle inventory were provided by the Kampot Cement Plant. Air emissions were assessed using EMEP/EEA and IPCC criteria, and the impact assessment used ReCiPe (2016). The baseline analysis revealed that calcination contributed the most air pollutants, so mitigation scenarios focused on alternative fuels only during the calcination stage of cement production: 1) 100% coal (S1);2) 93% coal and 7% biomass (S2);3) 85% coal and 15% biomass (S3);4) 70% coal and 30% biomass (S4);and 5) 50% coal and 50% biomass (S5). The results demonstrated that certain mitigation measures reduced major emissions and environmental damage. S5 had the best results, reducing CO2 by 49.97, NOx by 2.233, and SO2 by 49.333%;however, it increased PM2.5 by 19.60% and total heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Se, Zn) output by 28.113%. The results of the study showed reductions in serious health and environmental effects associated with climate change of 48.83%, ozone generation of 9.62%, and particulate matter formation of 28.80%. However, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human toxicity increased by 35.66%. Therefore, such mitigation effect would be benefit to carbon reduction target in Cambodia.

The significance of resource recycling for coking wastewater treatment:based on environmental and economic life cycle assessment

The sustainability of the coking industry is supported by reasonable production profit and environmental quality requirements.The traditional measures substantially increased the related costs for enterprises to reach standards.This paper aims to develop a comprehensive cost combined environmental impact assessment method that is necessary for the analysis of wastewater treatment systems.Typical three coking wastewater treatment processes in China were evaluated.Results showed that eutrophication dominantly contributed to the overall environmental effect.Improving effluent quality could significantly reduce the total environmental impact.In terms of an economic perspective,the price of raw materials was the main factor that affected the operating cost of comprehensive treatment.Based on subsystem analysis,the pretreatment stage accounted for the majority of environmental and cost burdens,respectively reaching 64%-78%and 64%-86%.Optimizing the pretreatment process by enhancing the efficiency of high concentration raw material recovery and substituting toxic raw materials for extractant could reduce the environmental impact and economic cost by 43.8%and 57%,respectively,which was an effective way to improve the potential performance of coking wastewater treatment plants(WWTPs).

基于思政育人理念的环境影响评价课程实践教学探索

在“绿水青山就是金山银山”的新时代论断下,在环境工程专业课程中引入思政育人理念,不仅有助于传统教学理念的改革,同时也可以提高教师的教学技能,还能够塑造当代大学生的生态文明观和增强社会责任感,培养具备良好的专业技能、拥有人文精神的新型理工科人才。该文以环境影响评价课程为例,对于环境工程专业基础课程如何开展课程思政改革进行实践教学探索。通过分析环境影响评价课程特点,结合课程思政建设目标,梳理课程思政建设的思路,总结将专业教育与思政教育融合的方法,举例说明如何建立思政育人目标达成的考核评价,初步为环境工程专业课程的思政改革提供实践经验。

建设项目环境影响评价打捆审批工作的实践与思考——以日照市为例

建设项目环境影响评价打捆审批是环评审批制度改革的重要举措,通过将类型相同的项目打捆编制一个环境影响评价文件进行报批,并由审批部门出具统一环评批复的模式,为建设单位节约了大量的环评编制成本,提高了环评审批效率。以山东省日照市为研究对象,在对其打捆审批情况进行梳理的基础上,分析了实际应用存在的“难打捆”、企业对此存有疑虑、审查难度大、单体项目变动影响其他项目等问题。最后,提出合理利用环评打捆审批这一手段,加强部门之间协同联动,同时加大事中事后监管和政策宣传解读等建议。

上海市产业园区“三线一单”和规划环评跟踪评估

产业园区既是产业高质量发展的承载区,也是环境污染治理和风险防范的重点区域,落实“三线一单”和规划环评的生态环境管控是产业园区提高环境综合管理水平的重要抓手。连续5年的跟踪评估试点显示,上海市产业园区生态环境分区管控和规划环评效力不断提升,约90%的入园项目可以简化环评手续,营商环境优化明显,有力助推市域产业的高质量发展。跟踪评估试点工作具有显著的借鉴意义,值得全国推广。

探索规划环评碳排放评价技术方法推动产业园区减污降碳协同增效

产业园区是我国经济绿色低碳转型的重要载体,是推动工业领域减污降碳的重要平台。目前,规划环评与减污降碳协同增效衔接处于探索阶段,构建规划环评碳排放评价技术方法,制订切实可行的减排计划方案,是推进园区减污降碳的重要抓手。以某市X产业园区规划方案为研究对象,从园区核算边界界定、评价标准体系构建、碳排放预测与分析方法探索、管控目标设定与措施等方面,为产业园区规划碳排放评价提供实践基础,并为产业园区规划环评碳排放评价提出具体工作建议,对发挥规划环评在园区减污降碳方面的源头约束指导作用具有重要意义。

城市道路类项目环境影响评价技术要点探讨

城市道路类项目的建设与发展对环境产生广泛的影响。为了评估这些影响并确保道路建设的环境可持续性,环境影响评价技术在城市规划和道路建设中发挥着重要作用。本文探讨了城市道路类项目环境影响评价技术的要点,包括评估范围、评价方法和评估指标。通过综合分析和比较,可以更好地理解和评估城市道路建设对环境的影响,为决策者提供科学依据,以实现可持续发展的城市交通系统。

环境影响评价中生物多样性的影响评价探析

在社会不断进步过程中,各类规划建设活动严重影响了自然生态环境,给生物多样性带来了不良影响。我国在推进生态文明建设的过程中,越来越重视保护生态环境、保护生物多样性,并在各类项目规划中将环境影响评价作为一项重点工作。本文主要从建设项目的角度,探究在环境影响评价中实施生物多样性影响评价的方法,以供参考。

水利工程环境影响回顾性评价研究

对已有水资源开发利用活动的流域/区域,应结合拟建水利项目任务开展环境影响回顾性评价,以修复现有生态环境问题为目标,提出“以新带老”措施。文章探讨了水利项目环境影响回顾性评价工作的要点,以云南省海稍水库扩建工程为例,调查和识别现有水库运行中存在的环境问题,以“修复现有问题,持续改善生态环境”为原则,提出工程扩建的环境要求和环境问题解决思路。

基于多级模糊综合评价法的公路建设方案环境影响评价研究

由于公路工程的生态影响性,对公路建设方案进行环境影响评价是降低其环境负面影响的关键。建立由5类一级指标,27项二级指标构成,其中二级指标按属性分为定性、定量、半定量三种的公路建设方案环境影响评价指标体系。通过多级模糊综合评价法(MFCA)与改进层次分析法(IAHP)建立公路建设方案环境影响MFCA评价模型,并以乌尉高速建设方案为例进行评价。结果表明,MFCA评价模型实现了多因素、多属性的公路建设方案环境影响综合评价目标,提高了评价结果准确性。

Comparative Evaluation of the EIA Systems in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa, Angola, and the European Union

This article provides a comparative overview of environmental impact assessment (EIA) in Mozambique, Tanzania, Kenya, South Africa, Angola, and the European Union (EU). EIA “systemic measure” and “foundation measure” criteria are used to evaluate and compare the performance of each system. In contrast to the EU, EIA must be carried out by registered experts in the African countries. In Tanzania, Mozambique and South Africa public consultation is mandatory during scoping. In Kenya and Tanzania the EIA study should contain measures to prevent health hazards, to ensure employee safety, and for emergency management. EIA system monitoring is required in Kenya, Tanzania, Mozambique, and in the EU, but not in South Africa and Angola. Financial issues, insufficient qualified personnel, and an increasing number of EIA applications undermine the capacity of competent authorities to adequately monitor these EIA systems. Consequently, training programmes increase effectiveness of EIA implementation is a common request. The African countries reviewed here have adopted EIA and integrated EIA systems into public policy despite the constraints they face. As they continue to gain experience in EIA and to revise their EIA systems, they are moving towards a more flexible system with greater public involvement and robust arrangements and practices.

Life Cycle Assessment of Different Sea Cucumber(Apostichopus japonicus Selenka) Farming Systems

The life cycle assessment was employed to evaluate the environmental impacts of three farming systems(indoor intensive, semi-intensive and extensive systems) of sea cucumber living near Qingdao, China, which can effectively overcome the interference of inaccurate background parameters caused by the diversity of economic level and environment in different regions. Six indicators entailing global warming potential(1.86 E + 04, 3.45 E + 03, 2.36 E + 02), eutrophication potential(6.65 E + 01,-1.24 E + 02,-1.65 E + 02), acidification potential(1.93 E + 02, 4.33 E + 01, 1.30 E + 00), photochemical oxidant formation potential(2.35E-01, 5.46E-02, 2.53E-03), human toxicity potential(2.47 E + 00, 6.08E-01, 4.91 E + 00) and energy use(3.36 E + 05, 1.27 E + 04, 1.48 E + 03) were introduced in the current study. It was found that all environmental indicators in the indoor intensive farming system were much higher than those in semi-intensive and extensive farming systems because of the dominant role of energy input, while energy input also contributed as the leading cause factor for most of the indicators in the semi-intensive farming system. Yet in the extensive farming system, infrastructure materials played a major role. Through a comprehensive comparison of the three farming systems, it was concluded that income per unit area of indoor intensive farming system was much higher than those of semi-intensive and extensive farming systems. However, the extensive farming system was the most sustainable one. Moreover, adequate measures were proposed, respectively, to improve the environmental sustainability of each farming system in the present study.

地质环境健康适宜性评价指标体系与评价方法研究

人的健康与地质环境息息相关,地质环境对人群健康的影响一直以来备受环境、地质、医学等多学科领域研究者的关注。在环境健康影响评估方面,已有的研究注重从化学物质或工程建设等单一视角对健康风险进行评估,而从地球系统角度综合评估地质环境健康影响的研究尚不多见。本文提出从环境地球化学、区域地质背景、气候状况及人为活动强度等多维度出发,开展基于复合视角的地质环境健康适宜性评价指标体系与评价方法研究。本文建立了地质健康指数(GHI)评价方法,该方法按照GHI得分情况,将区域地质环境的健康适宜性分为优(85分及以上)、良(75~85)、一般(60~75)、较差(50~60)和差五个等级,分别代表区域地质环境处于极适宜、适宜、较适宜、可能适宜与不适宜人群健康的状况。本文以浙江省安吉与龙游两县为例,对GHI法的应用进行了案例分析。GHI法评价结果显示,两地在“气候状况”、“地质背景”与“人类活动强度”等三个分指数上得分相当,而在“环境地球化学”分指数上存在较大分异。这是因为安吉富硒土地农产品在富硒的同时重金属超标严重,而龙游富硒土地则无此类现象。两地GHI总指数得分显示,安吉地质环境的人群健康适宜性处于“良”级(78.16分),而龙游则处于“优”级(85.50分)。调查发现,两地居民健康状况差异不大,居民平均预期寿命均优于全国平均水平,说明虽然安吉地质环境存在高Cd、Ni的地球化学特征,但富硒环境起到了一定弥补作用,使得安吉整体上仍处于“适宜”人群健康的水平。GHI评价方法能够从总体上考虑与人群健康相关的地质环境要素,客观反映区域地质环境的健康适宜性状况,评价结果可以为合理利用有益健康的地质资源,以及规避不利健康的地质风险提供指导。

基于FAHP-FCE的地下管道运维阶段环境影响评价体系研究

为提高城市地下雨污水管道运维阶段对环境影响评价的准确性,将FAHP-FCE模型运用于地下管道运维阶段环境影响评价体系中。构建空气污染、噪音污染、水环境污染、周围土体污染、交通影响与社会影响准则层,借助专家打分法进行多层次模糊综合评价,得到地下管道运维阶段环境影响的量化标准。结合实际工程案例,算法符合实际,能有效实现地下管道运维阶段环境影响的研判与分级,为防治环境污染、提高工程管理质量提供理论支撑。

建设项目环境影响评价审批豁免目录实施绩效评估体系建设及应用

针对民营经济发达、小微企业众多的情况,浙江省在实施《建设项目环境保护分类管理名录》过程中,发布了该名录外5批不纳入建设项目环境影响评价(以下简称环评)管理的豁免政策。为评估豁免政策实施绩效,建立主、客观结合的指标评估法,构建由3个维度、8个一级指标和17个二级指标组成的指标体系,对2021年浙江省环评豁免政策实施绩效进行评估。结果显示,豁免政策实施成效总体良好。同时,从指标失分原因细化分析存在的问题。

产业园区规划环评碳排放评价研究

以江苏省某“两高”(高耗能、高排放)行业为主导的产业园区为例,探索了产业园区规划环评中碳排放评价的技术方法及工作路径。在摸清产业园区碳排放底数的基础上,结合政策分析设置碳排放目标指标,根据园区产业规划及碳减排方案科学预测产业园区规划碳排放量,并采用规划指标值进行碳排放评价,提出针对性的碳减排管控措施,为产业园区减污降碳工作提供决策依据,促进产业园区绿色低碳高质量发展,也为同类产业园区碳排放评价提供借鉴。

基于OBE的环境影响评价课程教学改革探索

传统的环境影响评价课程教学中存在多种问题,主要表现为学生缺少学习兴趣、实践教学环节薄弱、教材内容滞后、教学方法单一和考核方式不合理等。为了提升教学质量,培养出满足毕业要求的应用型人才,基于成果导向教育(OBE)模式,提出基于OBE的环境影响评价课程模式,通过反向设计,正向实施的模式设计课程体系、课堂教学和教学评价。根据培养目标确定毕业要求,由毕业要求确定课程目标,课程目标又决定教学内容、教学方法及课程考核。该课程的改革与实践证明OBE教育模式应用到环境影响评价课程的教学中可以很好地解决传统教育模式下存在的一些问题,适应当前高等教育改革和发展的需要。

规划环境影响评价有效实施的行政监督机制研究

规划环境影响评价制度是从源头预防规划造成环境污染、生态破坏的重要制度,加强行政监督是促进其有效实施的重要保障。我国规划环评行政监督机制的低效运转源于监督对象范围狭窄、生态环境主管部门权限配置不足、监督主体缺乏配合与衔接等困境。破除规划环评行政监督机制的弊端应推动顶层设计,利用环境法典编纂之机完善环评法律制度,强化生态环境主管部门的监督角色,调整与优化监督主体权限,加强法律责任的追究。