"Fenlong Law" and Its Scientific Significance

Based on application of " Fenlong tillage technology" in 40 kinds of crops in 26 provinces of China,and saline alkali land and degraded grassland of 10 provinces in the past 10 years, " Fenlong law" that Fenlong depth of various land resources suitable for cultivation in reasonable depth interval and utilization degree of " natural resources" are proportional to increase in agricultural output,ecological environment improvement and increase in economic output is discussed in this paper. Moreover,its formula,8 " effect laws" and their scientific significance are given. " Full-layer tillage" or " bottom-layer tillage" of Fenlong " super deep ploughing,deep loosening and not disturbing soil layer" is expounded,and the way of multiple incremental utilization of " natural resources" is created,which could be applied in various land resources suitable for cultivation,and realizes deep utilization of natural resources in a " big explosion". Additionally,China has 147 million ha of cultivated land,saline alkali land and degraded grassland,and 400 million people can be supported by the newly increased grain and meat,etc. by Fenlong,and 88 billion m^3 of land water resources is added. " Fenlong law" is proposed based on Fenlong phenomenon,and it is conducive to deep enjoyment and protection of natural resources by human beings,and harmonious development between man and nature.

Implications of Declining Ground Water and Water Quality in the US Southeastern Coastal Plain Ecoregion and Areawide Environmental Impact Statement Required for Mining in the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin—Part 1

Karst aquifers occur worldwide and exhibit groundwater flow responses that differ considerably from aquifers lacking fractures, bedding planes, and other karst conduits where significant and rapid groundwater flow can occur. The regional, karst Floridan aquifer system underlies the United States (US) Southeastern Coastal Plain Physiographic Region and exhibits hydrologic interconnections with overlying surficial aquifers and throughout other zones of the aquifer system, as is characteristic of other karst aquifer systems. Anthropogenic groundwater declines in this regional karst aquifer system have been documented in published literature for decades, but the impacts of those declines in this coastal plain region and the embedded ecosystems that provide essential and critical habitat for native, endemic, and federally endangered and threatened species have not been considered previously. Those anthropogenic groundwater declines reduce surfacewater levels and flows due to the capture of both groundwater and overland flow of surfacewater, resulting in induced recharge through semi-confining zones and interbasin flow through fractures and other karst conduits. This case study identifies examples from the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area and comparison areas of how those declines result in loss of historic base flow to surface waters and other capture of surface waters, ultimately increasing saltwater intrusion. Those results alter and degrade the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters, in violation of the US Clean Water Act (CWA) of 1972. Historic groundwater declines from mining and other anthropogenic groundwater withdrawals from this regional karst aquifer system already threaten the survival and recovery of federally endangered and threatened species, as well as existing and proposed critical habitat for those species within this regional extent, in violation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973. This case study and its companion publication (Part 2) appear to be the first to provide scientific support for this regional karst aquifer system as the unifying factor in habitat responses to irreversible groundwater impacts on aquatic and marine ecosystems. These adverse impacts strongly suggest that the extent of the regional Floridan aquifer system should be designated as the Southeastern Coastal Plain Ecoregion for the purpose of managing natural resources. Mining activities continue to expand in our study area, which is the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. Despite that fact, no comprehensive Areawide Environmental Impact Statement (AEIS), similar to the AEIS required for phosphate mining within the Central Florida Phosphate District (CFPD) approximately a decade ago has been conducted for any of the numerous mining projects that are occurring and are proposed within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also provides examples of why a comprehensive AEIS is essential to consider all of the adverse direct, indirect, and cumulative impacts of those mining activities to the CWA, the ESA, and the irreversible losses to local economies, because federal agencies responsible for considering those adverse impacts rely on public comments to identify those adverse impacts. The mining activities authorized throughout the regional Floridan aquifer system under Category 44 Nationwide Permits (NWP) result in the same type of adverse impacts as the mining activities evaluated under Individual Permits in that region. Therefore, those Category 44 NWP mining activities also should be required to obtain Individual Permits and be evaluated under an AEIS in the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin. This case study also describes how Florida’s assumption of the CWA Section 404 regulatory authority in 2020 severs four sub-basins within the Greater Okefenokee Swamp Basin study area at the state line between Florida and Georgia.

Bio-Piracy on the High Seas? Benefit Sharing from Marine Genetic Resource Exploitation in Areas beyond National Jurisdiction

Transnational benefit sharing from the exploitation of Marine Genetic Resources’ (MGR’s) in Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction (ABNJ) presents a unique problem in international law. Proposals to govern MGR’s in ABNJ include leaving them unregulated, governance under the International Seabed Authority (ISA) or the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) or implementing a new international regime. This paper demonstrates that a hybrid solution for MGR governance?under the ISA which is modeled on the CBD and The Nagoya Protocol (Nagoya), provides the most adroit solution to the problem of equal benefit and access to MGR’s for all States. This solution ensures adequate conservation of MGR’s, meanwhile fostering sustainable exploitation and maintaining equality in access, biodiversity and the sharing of financial and technological benefits amongst the internationalcommunity. Further, examining benefit sharing from bioprospecting under the CBD and Nagoya provides a foundation for a benefit-sharing regime in ABNJ under The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). Examining the CBD, Nagoya and UNCLOS demonstrates how benefits arising from exploitation of MGR’s in the high seas and deep bed should be included as a mandate of the ISA. This methodology is accomplished by focusing on bioprospecting for MGR’s and how the CBD and Nagoya facilitate access to the resource while ensuring that the host State or community benefits from granting access. As the CBD and Nagoya focus on benefit sharing in light of national sovereignty, and UNCLOS regulates in areas beyond national jurisdiction, the ISA is perfectly placed to adopt the principles of the CBD and Nagoya and provide a mechanism to ensure that MGR’s in ABNJ are adequately conserved and the benefits arising from their exploitation equitably shared.

Human Rights Connotations and Its Legal Protection in the Harmonious Coexistence between Humans and Nature

Promoting the unity of human nature and sociality in practice is a fundamental path dependence for achieving people's well-rounded development.Within the context of harmonious coexistence between humans and nature,the practice of the unity of human nature and sociality is allowed to be truly implemented,and people's well-rounded development moves from possibility to reality.Strengthening the protection of human rights for people's well-rounded development in the harmonious coexistence between humans and nature not only requires the expansion of the connotations of environmental rights from“the right to a healthy environment”to“the right to a beautiful environment”,but also necessitates the formation of a collaborative framework between environmental rights and development rights.For legal responses to the expansion of the connotations of environmental rights,it is necessary to implement such expansions in environmental legislation,enhance the underlying principles,and make progress in the development of systematic environmental legislation simultaneously.Regarding the legal promotion of the synergy between environmental rights and development rights,it is essential to follow the guidance of the“Two Mountains Theory,”take the coordinated functions of environmental and traditional legal departments as the basis,and build a legal mechanism for the realization of the value of ecological products and services.

页岩气开发过程水资源管理及水环境保护对策探讨

水力压裂和水平钻井技术是页岩气高效经济开采的关键,随着页岩气大规模商业性开发,会带来水资源大量消耗、地表水与地下水污染风险等水环境问题,可能造成页岩气开发区域内水环境影响。为此,本文系统对比研究了中国、美国、加拿大的页岩气开发水资源管理、水环境保护、监管制度相关的环保法规与标准规范,在借鉴北美页岩气开发的环保经验基础上,结合我国页岩气开发过程面临的水资源管理问题,以及国内页岩气企业在水管理中的实践经验,分别从取水用水、废水处置、水污染预防和控制三个方向提出水资源管理及水环境保护措施建议,目的在于促进页岩气企业规范水资源保护措施,改进清洁生产工艺、采用先进的技术与设备、不断改善管理水平,源头削减新鲜水消耗,减少处置风险,提高水资源循环利用效率,最大限度缓解页岩气开发中的用水问题。

自然资源资产有偿使用的法治化构造

自然资源资产有偿使用是生态文明体制的改革重点。从基本属性、资源利用和表现形式三个方面廓清自然资源资产的概念内涵是建构自然资源资产有偿使用制度的逻辑起点。在宏观层面,公权力规制失范与私权利保障失衡是阻滞自然资源资产实现有偿使用的主要原因。在实践层面,价值核算体系混乱、使用范围模糊、使用方式粗放是推动自然资源资产有偿使用走向法治化道路的现实动因。以法治维度构造自然资源资产有偿使用制度,应以“公权管制”与“私权自治”为中心,准确释明自然资源资产的法律概念;明确允许有偿使用的自然资源资产范围;建立自然资源资产收益共享机制;完善自然资源资产有偿使用的程序性规则,为维护国家所有者权益和建设美丽中国提供制度保障。

论环境资源法之遵守自然规律原则

环境资源法确立遵守自然规律原则具有充分、可靠的理论依据,包括物质决定意识、生态中心主义、生态系统理论、天人合一和道法自然的中国传统文化。遵守自然规律原则乃环境资源法之基石和根本,也直接体现了环境资源法之特有属性,实有必要确立为基本原则。遵守自然规律原则是环境资源法之基础性、根本性和普遍性准则,是实现环境资源公平、正义之根基,对环境资源法律规范具有指导和制约效力,有着极其广泛的适用性,是环境资源法基本属性之集中体现,是生态理性法治化的关键。遵守自然规律原则要求人们不违背生态规律,服从并合理利用生态规律,包括以整体性为依据统筹解决环境资源问题,非必要不改变生态系统自然状态,合理享受生态服务,维护和保障生态系统动态平衡,科学发挥生态资本作用。

地方本科院校环境法课程教学改革与实践

地方本科院校聚焦于应用型人才培养,是地方人才培养的基础性力量,与地方经济社会发展联系密切。地方本科院校的环境法课程教学应从“立足地方、德才兼备”的法学应用型人才培养目标出发,践行“教什么”“怎么教”“教得怎么样”的教学路径,将饱含思政元素的优质本土资源运用到环境法课程教学中,同时采用启发式教学、混合式教学、研讨式教学等教学方法开展教学活动,以达到更好的“育人”效果。

法成令修:新《环保法》对债券定价的影响研究

本文将环境规制效应延伸到债券市场,以新《环保法》的实施作为准自然实验,采用双重差分法考察环境规制对企业债券信用利差的影响。研究发现,新《环保法》的实施能够显著提高重污染企业债券信用利差。将债券信用利差分解为流动性利差和违约利差之后发现,新《环保法》的实施显著提高了债券违约利差,对流动性利差未产生显著影响。机制检验表明,新《环保法》的实施对债券信用利差的提升作用主要通过处罚效应、投资者情绪效应以及资源效应来实现。异质性分析发现,新《环保法》的实施对债券信用利差的作用会随着客户集中度的降低、社会关注度的提高以及企业积极改善自身环境绩效而减弱。本文的研究对评估新《环保法》的经济效果,推动政策进一步精准发力,实现经济绿色转型具有一定的参考意义。

《资源税法》实施对资源型企业绿色技术创新的影响

2020年《资源税法》正式实施,其作为我国绿色税制的重要组成将从价计征改革成果上升固化为法律制度,开启我国经济绿色发展的新篇章,因此有必要对《资源税法》的实施效果进行分析。本文基于2013~2022年中国上市资源型企业的面板数据,采用双重差分模型实证分析《资源税法》实施对资源型企业绿色技术创新的影响及作用机制。研究结果表明:《资源税法》的实行,显著促进了资源型企业的绿色技术创新,机制检验表明《资源税法》的实施有助于增加资源型企业的研发创新投入,进而对资源型企业的绿色技术创新起到激励作用。异质性分析发现,《资源税法》的实施对中部和东部地区、国有资源型企业绿色技术创新的激励作用更明显;相较于绿色实用新型专利,《资源税法》的实施对资源型企业绿色发明专利的边际贡献更大。未来《资源税法》可以从增加企业绿色技术创新投入的激励性政策、促进资源税与财政税收政策协调配合、实施差异化的税收优惠等方面进行完善。

法治强化会影响企业真实盈余管理行为吗?——来自环保法庭设立的证据

本文利用各地中级人民法院自2007年开始陆续设立环境资源审判庭这一准自然实验,考察环境法治强化对企业真实盈余管理的影响。研究结果表明,环境资源审判庭的设立会使本地上市公司进行向上的真实盈余管理。机制分析表明,环境资源审判庭显著改善了地区环境司法效率,进而提高企业面临的环境规制风险,使企业从事真实盈余管理以应对未来的潜在诉讼。异质性分析结果表明,对于非国有企业以及处于低法治水平、低生态激励、高经济激励城市的企业,设立环境资源审判庭对企业真实盈余管理的影响更为明显。本文结论对充分发挥环境管制政策作用、引导企业实现高质量绿色转型和可持续发展具有重要启示。

环保法影响资源型企业绿色创新效应研究——基于外部知识搜寻的视角

借助环境规制促使资源型企业绿色创新,已成为缓解环境压力、实现提质增效、推动高质量发展的关键所在与必然选择。以环保法为代表,基于2010-2019年上市公司微观数据,从不利因素和有利条件两方面深入探讨了环境规制对资源型企业绿色创新的影响效应。研究发现:若环境规制忽视资源型企业合规成本等因素将不利于资源型企业绿色创新效应,该结论通过一系列稳健性检验和因果识别检验,佐证结论可靠。进一步研究发现增强知识搜寻能力和优化外部创新知识环境能够降低资源型企业合规成本的不利影响,实现环境规制对资源型企业绿色创新的促进效应。文章厘清了环境规制如何有效缓解合规成本的不利影响因素,进而提升资源型企业绿色创新效应的影响机理,对推动经济绿色转型、实现高质量发展提供了理论支撑与政策依据。

全球治理中气候环境资源面临的“公地悲剧”——基于国际法视角的对策分析

在全球治理深入开展的背景下,全球公域问题正逐渐引起国际社会的广泛关注。全球气候环境资源作为全球公域的一部分,也正面临着严重的“公地悲剧”。全球气候环境资源开发方面的相关法律制度缺失和国际社会主体责任与实践的不规范,导致气候变暖、碳排放量超标等一系列严重危及人类自身生存安全的环境问题频发。全球公域问题作为全球治理的一部分,也需要国际社会共同参与其中。在当前以国际法为规则秩序的国际框架下,可以从国际法制度规范层面、责任划分层面、主体实践层面进一步丰富完善国际法体系,为各国有效参与全球气候环境治理,提供多边协作平台和行为规范准则,同时也要正视国际法在解决全球气候环境资源所面临的“公地悲剧”问题中的成效有限性。

海洋生态环境损害政府索赔的挑战与因应

在建设海洋强国的时代背景下,如何充分填补、有效救济海洋生态环境损害已然成为一个重要的法治命题。检视相关规范文本与法治实践不难发现,当前我国业已建立起以政府索赔为主导的海洋生态环境损害救济制度,但其在运行中却存在法理基础不清、法律定性不明等理论质疑,同时面临政府行权模式分散、索赔权与监管权“重叠”“冲突”、多元主体缺乏必要联动等实践困局。鉴于海洋生态环境的整体性、共享性及公共性特质,海洋生态环境损害政府索赔的理论基础应回归公法框架寻求合理解说,据此可将其定性为“公法性质、私法操作”的公权行使之新样态。就其规范进路而言,我国应结合国家机构改革之发展趋向,以新一轮《海洋环境保护法》之施行为契机,在海洋环境保护领域设置“分散式监管+集中式索赔”的权限运行模式,明确“行政监管优先、索赔诉讼补充”的行权规则,并实现政府部门、检察机关及环保组织等多元索赔主体之间的有效联动。

生态环境损害赔偿的逻辑重构--从“权利救济”到“义务证成”的嬗变

当前生态环境损害赔偿主要是在自然资源国家所有权的理论框架内进行设计,但在权利话语下,不仅自然资源国家所有权的性质争议引发诉讼性质认定之困难,而且权利本质的个人性与生态环境的公共性相悖。为避免循此“权利救济”逻辑安排给环境司法造成不可忽视的漏洞,有必要转向义务视角证成政府提起索赔的内在逻辑。即生态环境损害赔偿制度的实质是政府履行环境保护义务的新方式。鉴于此,首要的是遵循行政优先原则将生态环境损害赔偿诉讼作为行政执法不能之兜底手段,在此基础上合理赋权和严格控权以保证赔偿磋商的公平公正,同时应完善问责机制以避免政府索赔角色的冲突,最后衔接好生态环境损害赔偿与关联诉讼的关系,进而保障该制度的全面推进。

编纂生态环境法典的重大理论问题研究

生态环境法典的编纂对环境法学的若干基本问题提出了新时代环境法学守正与创新、完善与突破的挑战。首先,自然生态保护法是环境法体系的新兴组成部分,是生态文明体制机制改革和建设成果的集中反映,生态环境法典编纂应吸纳并展现这一领域的最新成就。自然生态保护法按照保护目的和方式不同又可分为自然保护法和生态保护法领域。自然保护法采取禁止和限制开发利用方式对原真自然生态系统和生物多样性进行保护;生态保护法对自然生态系统进行维护,尤其注重对生态破坏后果的修复、治理和恢复。生态环境法典编纂已经考虑设立自然生态保护编,表明法典与学理的融贯。其次,全面确认环境权是生态环境法典编纂的重要使命,其重大意义表现在:能充分体现以人民为中心的发展思想,是中国参与全球人权治理的重要基石,环境权作为环境法学科的基础性概念具有重要的法学价值。环境权全面入典,应规定环境权的一般性概念和具体类型,兼顾实体性和程序性的内容。再次,生态环境法典编纂重启环境法是否为独立部门法的学理讨论。不同的定位将决定法典不同的编纂模式、结构和制度内容。将环境法认定为领域法,将削弱学术共同体和法治建设共同体对环境法的法体系发展的主观确信,不利于环境立法、执法和司法的整体协调发展。环境法作为独立部门法有利于法律制度的体系化建设。最后,编纂生态环境法典应当充分考虑全球生态环境法治的发展趋势,准确把握其内在价值规律和制度发展运行逻辑,以整体主义生态观指引法典的内在体系构造,确立环境正义原则,构建沟通、协商制度,加强专家和公众参与决策,增强我国环境法典编纂在全球生态法律秩序中的引领性和贡献度。

生态文明视域下湘西少数民族的制度性生态民俗

制度性生态民俗是指以制度规则为主要内容的生态民俗,属于非正式制度的范畴,相对于普通生态民俗而言,具有规范性、补充性和调整性等典型特征。以调整对象和规制目的为依据,可将湘西的制度性生态民俗大致分为三大类型:一是主要调整“人-神”关系的自然禁忌型生态民俗,如苗族的枫树禁忌民俗;二是主要调整“民-民”关系的村民公约型生态民俗,如禁止越界砍伐林木的苗族榔规;三是主要调整“人-天(自然)”关系的技术规则型生态民俗,如侗族的“林粮间作”民俗。在新时代推进生态文明建设和中国传统文化传承发展,应增强对制度性生态民俗的文化自觉,推进湘西少数民族传统生态文化的创造性转化和创新性发展。

移动GIS技术在自然资源巡查执法管理中的应用

为实现新时期下自然资源执法监察工作的高效、精准要求,解决传统方法中的效率低下、信息不实时等问题,确保自然资源的合理配置和可持续利用,该文提出利用移动GIS技术设计并搭建自然资源巡查执法系统的方案。通过该系统,整合自然资源巡查执法的各类数据资源,实现违法行为的迅速定位、精确分析、及时处置,做到违法行为早发现、早制止、早处置,有效提高执法人员的工作效率,确保自然资源的保护与管理。

人与自然和谐共生的法治回应与立法体现

人与自然和谐共生的理论阐释需要以内涵解读为前提,以生成逻辑为基础。在全面依法治国的背景中,人与自然和谐共生的实现有赖于法治路径的选择。人与自然和谐共生的法治路径选择基于人与自然和谐共生的法治需求而形成,在传统法律部门中难以落实,在环境法律中的回应缺乏系统性、体系性和整全性。在人与自然和谐共生的法治回应的多重模式中,法律成典模式全面系统回应了人与自然和谐共生的理念。在环境法典的编纂中,应在理念、内容、实现路径等方面对人与自然和谐共生予以全面体现。

“互联网+执法”模式的执法监察平台体系架构设计

近年来,市场土地供需不平衡、土地供应未满足城市快速扩张需求、工商资本下乡导致非法占用土地、私搭乱建等违法用地现象层出不穷[1]。为适应自然资源执法监管工作新形势,创新监管手段,有效遏制自然资源违法行为,建设了依托“互联网+执法”模式“天上看、地上查、网上管”的执法监管体系,实现了违法行为“发现在初始、解决在萌芽”的目标。综合运用GIS、物联网、移动互联、高精度定位、工作流等先进技术,设计了自然资源执法监察综合管理平台,实现了对违法用地初判、举证、核实、处置、整改、统计分析等环节的全流程监管,有效提高了执法监察工作的管理水平。