NECESSITY AND METHOD OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION IN STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF CHINA

Public participation has been one of important problems in the strategic environmental assessment (SEA). In this paper, the origin and the present research-conditions of public participation in SEA were analyzed. And the necessity of public participation was illuminated from following three aspects: 1) the public participation in China′s SEA is a key method of gaining the public support; 2) the public participation is one important source of gaining information; 3) the public participation is a good way to overcome the obstruction in the traditional mechanism of making strategy decision. Effective public participation should be involved in the whole process of SEA, and the public participators should include the public representatives of the groups affected by environmental change, the specialists in SEA and relevant fields, persons who are interested in the strategy and media, and so on. Various methods of public participation in SEA, including the methods of obtaining information and information feedback or consultation, were discussed. Further, the function, the advantages and the disadvantages of each method were discussed in detail, too.

Research on Public Participation and Information Publicity in Strategic Environmental Assessment

It has been generally recognized that strategic environmental assessment integrates environment and development into decision-making and becomes an important decision-making tool for implementing sustainable development. This paper firstly introduces the relationships of SEA, public participation(PP)and information publicity(IP),then discusses the key parts in enforcing the effective process of PP: They are the methods for how to make sufficient information open (What), when to implement PP (When), who will determinate the public (Who), and how to make the models of PP (How). Six cases are compared and analyzed. At last, ways to improve the effectiveness of PP in China is also presented.

Public Awareness and Participation in Canal Environmental Protection： Case Studies in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Raising public awareness and participation of the local communities in the environmental protection has become a major objective of sound development programs. In the framework of the canal environmental protection program of Ho Chi Minh City, we had developed 32 public awareness meetings for 14 districts with about 2,726 participants from year 2012 to 2015. The program had been organized in various forms such as training, brochure, leaflet, poster, propaganda gifts, face-to-face discussion, study visits, survey questionnaire. The results of the program can add substantial value to the canal environmental protection program of the city. The information gained through public comments can help identify key issues and solutions for the authorities as district and city levels. It was determined that most important outcomes from the public participation were educating the public, incorporating public values, assumptions and preferences into decision making process.

Public participation in environmental protection activities

Great importance is attached to public participation in environmental protection activities. Public participation is the requirement for human race to protect themselves and to realize their environmental rights. The issue of respecting human rights is the substance. Public participation will produce tremendous deterrent power and impact to solve environmental problems, for it＇s strong, extensive and wise. World forms of public participation include political parties, non-government organizations, and environmental movements. History indicates that the initial power of protecting environmental was from the public. No public participation, no environmental movements. Therefore, our government and environmental protection departments should encourage good conditions for it. public participation and create

An Analysis of the Public Participation in Environmental Management in the Era of＂Intemet＋＂

In recent years, the application of Intemet technology in the public participation in environmental management has been developing continuously in China. From the case of Maoming PX Incident and the case of Chai＇s ＂Under the Dome,＂ it can be seen that Internet technology has both advantages of promoting the public participation in environmental management and disadvantages of the lacks of normative guidance. Government departments should not only adapt to the ＂Internet＋＂ era and guide the public use of Internet technology in environment management, but also strengthen the construction of laws and regulations and the construction of institutional mechanisms to standardize concrete links of the public participation in environmental management through the Intemet and finally establish a system of the public participation in environmental management in the era of＂lnternet＋.＂

Knowledge map analysis of China's public participation in environmental governance PPP project using CiteSpace

China’s public participation in environmental governance PPP projects has become a hot research issue.Based on the CiteSpace software,taking 1592 literatures collected by CNKI from 2000 to 2021 as samples,the paper visually analyzes the literature timing,author distribution,institutional distribution,hot topics and evolution trends of Chinese public participation in environmental governance PPP project.After 20 years of development,the research focus of China’s public participation in environmental governance PPP project involves rural environmental governance,environmental diversification governance,regional environmental governance and environmental governance value-driven,and shows endogenous implicit drive and endogenous explicit drive.The multi-spiral characteristics of China’s public participation in environmental governance PPP coexist with endogenous implicit obstacles and exogenous implicit obstacles.

Public Participation in Water Environment Control：the Status and Experience of Shenzhen, Southern China

Public participation is an important part of watershed water environment management. Via public participation, it could enhance public environmental awareness, mobilize multiple forces to reconcile the conflicts among multiple interest groups, supervise corporate environmental be-havior, and overcome the shortcomings of government unilateral decision-making. In this paper, the status quo of public participating in water envi-ronment control is summarized, and the existing problems of public participating in water environment control are analyzed. From the aspects of per-fecting legal system, perfecting water environment information disclosure system, expanding information communication channels, correctly guiding the development of environmental social organization, playing the supervision role of the people＇s congress and political consultative committee, and enriching the forms of publicity and education, the countermeasures and suggestions of public participating in water environment control are proposed, to perfect public participation mechanism, and scientifically and orderly impel comprehensive treatment of water environment.

A Study on the Theory and Approach of Environmental Impact Assessment in General Land Use Planning

In this paper,the theory and approach of environmental impact assessment in general land use planning are studied from different aspects.First,starting from the content and concept of general land use planning,the necessity of environmental impact assessment in general land use planning is illustrated.On the basis of its evaluation theories and methodologies,it attempts to establish index system of environmental impact assessment in general land use planning,and point outs that current general land use planning requires public participation.

Selection and Optimization of Path Responding to Unexpected Environmental Incidents in China

By analyzing disposal status of unexpected environmental incidents by government,public and enterprise,and combining the characteristics of unexpected environmental incidents,specific measures of responding to unexpected environmental incidents are proposed from the aspects of perfecting guarantee system of emergency nomocracy,enhancing information disclosure,encouraging public participation,enhancing the construction of emergency response capability,and enhancing post-event management,to improve the ability of defending environmental risk.

Assessment of Utilizing of the Perception on Environmentally Friendly Products

Nowadays, the majority of people believe that solving the environmental problems should start with the adoption of sufficient and convincing education programs and then enhance environmentally friendly consciousness. This would eventually lead to the final solution. However, the problem solution scenario is not so simple. Naturally, consumers＇ behaviors are difficult to be predicted and they do not always necessarily follow the rational-mind purchasing criteria. When purchasing food, mostly they choose the product because of its taste, quality and price, and lastly maybe due to its environmental friendliness from one hand. From the other hand, the manufacturer＇s priority is for the quantity sold and profit rather than product＇s environmental safety. Recently, is it possible to change consumers＇ mind-set and make them behave and select products in environmentally friendly manner？ The author thinks it＇s possible and the key is the kind of trigger through heart-moving incentive. This paper focuses on the Acorn Point System Project, which incorporates carbon foot print and carbon offset scheme, and argues about methods that can be used effectively and efficiently to facilitate those environmentally unmotivated companies and consumers to adopt environmentally friendly mind-set and shift to more proactive ones. This paper has confirmed that the most effective factors to stimulate unmotivated consumers to better acquire environmentally friendly mind-set, which leads to proactive eco-mind products purchasers and activists, are： （1） non-environmental product benefits must be stressed even for the environmentally friendly products; （2） environment consideration project incubation involves various interest parties and mechanism of shared satisfaction as a team; （3） start with small scale community project, which enables participants to recognize their project contribution.

Public Participation in Community Landscape Planning and Design: A Case Study of Public Participation in Planning of Danny Woo Community Park in Seattle

This paper, based on a case study of public participation in Danny Woo Community Park in Seattle, explored public participation in community landscape planning and design and analyzed the present situation, main forms and problems of public participation in development planning of community setting in China, so as to provide constructive reference for public participation in Chinese community planning and design that involves public interests.

Strategic environmental assessment in China

In the past three decades, especially in recent years, the environment has unceasingly deteriorated with rapid development of Chinese economy, and the inherent limitations of conventional project EIA have come to light. Thus, to pursue a broader course of sustainable development, the Chinese government has attached more and more importance to SEA. Strategic Environmental Assessment （SEA） is a frontier subject in the field of Environmental Impact Assessment （EIA）. This article describes the current situation of SEA in China, discusses major problems with SEA, and then recommends improvements in the system. EIA Act of the People＇s Republic of China was promulgated which explicitly provides SEA is required in regional and sector plans and programs. In order to promote comprehensive development of SEA, a lot of work has been done by SEPA. Some SEA ＂experiments＂ have been implemented, and some research has been conducted on the topic in China. But SEA as applied today in China is confronted with a host of methodological and institutional limitations. Moreover, public participation is often extremely limited, because the system restricts public participation. Policies and strategies are kept secret from the public. Most of the research has been focused on the concept, theory, and framework of SEA. Comprehensive application of SEA in China has yet to occur, and only a limited number of case studies are available. We believe SEA can be improved by the following recommendations： dividing SEA into two stages, formulating legislation to safeguard the funds for SEA, guiding actively the public to participate in SEA, completing basic data bank about SEA, and setting up Hall for Workshop of Meta-synthetic Engineering for SEA.

On the Expansion and Realization of the Right to Environmental Information in Environmental Protection Supervision

As an innovation in the environmental governance system that breaks the traditional hierarchical structure,environmental protection supervision has not only played a significant role in protecting tangible environmental rights but also expanded the basic scope of the right to environmental information—part of procedural environmental rights.In the supervision of environmental protection,the objects of the right to environmental information and the subjects of the obligation to provide environmental information have been both expanded,with the focus shifting from government information to Party information and from administrative organs to Party organs.This vividly demonstrates the Communist Party of China’s concrete efforts to protect human rights in the field of the endeavor to build an ecological civilization.At present,the realization of the right to environmental information in environmental protection supervision still faces problems such as insufficient standards and norms,disordered practice and operation,and lack of liability guarantee.In this context,based on renewing relevant subjects’cognition of the right to know in environmental protection supervision,we should further improve and specify the rule for disclosing information about environmental protection supervision,rationally distribute the obligations for information disclosure in environmental protection supervision,and clarify the accountability rules for violating relevant requirements for information disclosure,so as to promote the overall development of the environmental protection supervision system while guaranteeing the realization of the right to environmental information.

Public Participation in Rural Environmental Governance around the Water Source of Xiqin Water Works in Fujian

Public participation is an important way to improve the overall effect and social recognition of rural environmental governance in water source areas. Public participation makes environmental governance measures more targeted and effective, contributes to protecting the basic environmental rights of the public, and makes it easier to meet the livelihood needs of rural people. Public participation in rural environmental governance in water source areas is characterized by complex behavior and is dependent on public willingness to participate. Amongst other factors, it is subject to the combined influences of both internal（psychological cognition） and external（environmental regulation） conditions. This paper builds a theoretical framework for understanding public participation behavior in rural environmental governance, and uses it to analyze a case in the rural area surrounding the Xiqin Water Works in Fujian Province. In the case study, the public shows high willingness to participate, but low actual rates of participation. At the same time, the willingness of villagers to pay for the control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding varies greatly from village to village, and there are also noticeable individual differences in public participation in the use of public collection points for rural household waste. We found that gender, understandings of environmental protection and perception of environmental regulation, play a key role in influencing the willingness of farmers to pay for the control of pollution from livestock and poultry breeding. Individual awareness of environmental protection, environmental protection facility conditions, and environmental service quality had a significant influence on public participation in the use of public collection points for rural household waste.

环境监测中第三方监测机构策略选择与行为演化研究

环境监测社会化能够弥补政府环境公共服务供给能力的不足,但频繁发生的第三方环境监测机构违规现象表明第三方环境监测市场需要监督和规范。本文借助演化博弈模型和数值仿真对地方政府主观型环境监管缺失和客观型监管不足情形下第三方环境监测机构行为演化过程进行研究。结果表明:在地方政府主观型环境监管缺失情形下,第三方监测机构不存在履责动机,“违规”是其占优策略。在地方政府客观型监管不足情形下,地方政府对第三方机构违规行为的惩罚存在阈值效应;当第三方机构存在单方违规行为时,在保障地方政府监管能力前提下,提升惩罚力度和复查概率,可对第三方机构违规行为进行有效纠偏,但公众环境参与作用丧失;当第三方机构和企业均存在违规行为时,在保障地方政府对第三方机构惩罚力度的前提下,公众环境参与可以弥补地方政府监管能力的不足。最后,基于本文研究结论,为发挥多主体监督作用,维护环境监测市场有效运作,提出可行建议。

江苏生态环保公众参与的实践探索与对策研究

公众参与是建设美丽中国的内在要求和重要推动力量。党和国家对生态环保公众参与高度重视,提出要构建党委领导、政府主导、企业主体、社会组织和公众共同参与的现代环境治理体系。江苏在全国率先成立“省环境保护公共关系协调研究中心”后,持续深入开展生态环保公众参与工作的探索和实践,从强化培育引导、开展社会动员到推进制度建设,影响着公众生态环境行为发生了积极改变。建立并完善共建共治共享的多元主体共同参与机制,是构建现代环境治理体系的应有之义,需要建立生态环境治理协同机制,推动公众依法、理性、有序参与生态环境保护事务。

Different people,different wild:Comparing and mapping wilderness representation in Wuyishan National Park,China

It is essential to better integrate wilderness representations of different stakeholders into wilderness conservation.The way in which local residents and other stakeholders frame the construction of wilderness of protected areas in developing countries are poorly understood.In these areas,land use policy and decision may lead to conflicts.This study aims to explore existing public wilderness representations using a questionnaire survey(n=514)administered amongst tourists and other stakeholders in the Wuyishan National Park,in southeast China.The spatial differences in public representations of wilderness across different stakeholder groups were compared against expert knowledge.We found that integrated wilderness representation maps of different stakeholder groups were consistent,namely'area where wild animals live','area with no human influence','a barren and lonely area'.However,three sub-representations of the individual stakeholders varied significantly.Moreover,expert-based wilderness mapping did not reflect public representations accurately,and an integrated wilder-ness quality map considering wilderness representations across both stakeholders and experts can better identify detailed wilderness areas.Our study provides new insights and technical support for future exploration of wilder-ness conservation and mapping in China and other countries with insufficient awareness of wilderness values and investigations in a regional scale.

环境监测与环境风险评估在环境保护中的应用与挑战

随着信息技术的飞速发展,环境监测与风险评估方法得到了显著改进,为环境保护提供了新的工具和视角。然而,现实中仍面临数据准确性、公众参与度不足等问题。基于此,文章深入分析环境监测与环境风险评估在环境保护中的应用,并提出相应的对策与建议,旨在提高监测与评估的效率和准确度,加强公众参与,以期为环境政策的制定和实施提供更加科学、有效的支持。

中国环境新闻宣传性与专业性的统一——以《中国环境报》为例

中国环境新闻传播媒体需要坚持宣传性与专业性的统一:既要坚持马克思主义新闻观,又要坚持科学报道。宣传性是对新闻工作者的要求,专业性则是对环境新闻工作者特殊技能的要求。优秀的环境新闻工作者应当做到环境新闻报道宣传性与专业性的统一。一方面,提高新闻的宣传性,坚持马克思主义新闻观,以党性修己,把握好宣传话语权;另一方面,尊重新闻传播规律,对环境问题做及时准确客观公正的报道。立足环境问题,找到突破口,从环保生态的角度做好舆论引导。环境新闻宣传性与专业性的统一是出产优秀新闻作品的前提,研究和探索如何出产优质的新闻作品,并在现代传播体系中最大限度地发挥其传播功能,对于建设美丽中国具有时代意义。

考虑公众参与和规制俘获的央地企环境行为的演化博弈分析

在环境压力日益增大的情境中,有效的环境治理不仅是提升生态质量的关键,也是确保社会经济可持续发展的必要条件。基于演化博弈理论,结合规制俘获并引入公众参与作为主要参数构建中央政府、地方政府和企业的三方博弈模型,探究了各博弈主体的策略选择及其影响因素,并分析了系统均衡点的稳定性。结论表明:企业选择绿色转型主要取决于转型的成本和收益,在缺乏各级政府监管情况下企业转型收益的提高有利于企业主动转型;中央政府的策略选择受到成本收益的制约,公众环境关注度的增加可以有效推动中央政府选择监督策略;地方政府是否被规制俘获的关键在于其监督成本的高低和对经济的偏好程度。