Risk Assessment of an Environmental Liability in the Commercialization of Hydrocarbons-A Secondary Publication

The risk analysis evaluates the probability of occurrence with the impact of said risks.In the hydrocarbon sector,an environmental liability is an improperly abandoned facility,soil contaminated by spills or others.The objective of this work is to define a risk management plan.The characterization of the residue and the area was carried out.Hazardous events were identified:overflow spill,soil contamination by infiltration,as well as radiant heat and suffocating and toxic fumes from a fire.The matrix method was applied considering the probability of occurrence against vulnerability.The danger of infiltration implied a high level of risk.The risk management plan was drawn up,its main action being the liquidation of the pool and the sanitation of the area.

Environmental availability and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in zinc leaching residue

Four different methods,namely mineralogical analysis,three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure,dynamic leaching test and Hakanson Potential Ecological Risk Index Method were used to access the environmental activity and potential ecological risks of heavy metals in zinc leaching residue.The results demonstrate that the environmental activity of heavy metals declines in the following order：CdZnCuAsPb.Potential ecological risk indices for single heavy metal are CdZnCuAsPb.Cd has serious potential ecological risk to the ecological environment and contributes most to the potential toxicity response indices for various heavy metals in the residue.

Environmental risk assessment on slag and iron-rich matte produced from reducing-matting smelting of lead-bearing wastes and iron-rich wastes

A new process for utilization of hazardous lead-bearing wastes and iron-rich wastes by reducing-matting smelting has been developed.The slag（SG） and the iron-rich matte（IRM） are the main by-products from reducing-matting smelting of lead-bearing wastes and iron-rich wastes.The environmental risk of heavy metals（Cd,Zn,Pb and As） in the main by-products versus the charging material for reducing-matting smelting（CM） has been systematically assessed using leaching toxicity test,the three-stage sequential extraction procedure of European Community Bureau of Reference（BCR） and Hakanson Potential Ecological Risk Index Method（PERI）.The results demonstrate that the ecological risk level of heavy metals for SG and IRM is significantly reduced after the reducing-matting smelting process compared with that for CM.

Adsorption and Desorption Characteristics of Cadmium and Lead in Typical Paddy Soils of Jiangxi Province and Its Environmental Risk Assessment

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the adsorption and desorption characteristics of cadmium and lead in typical paddy soils of Jiangxi Province. [Method] Gleyed paddy soil and waterloggogenic paddy soil were collected from Jiangxi Province and used as experimental materials to investigate single and com- petitive adsorption and desorption behaviors of cadmium and lead by batch equilib- rium method. The environmental risk of the presence of cadmium and lead in paddy soils was assessed using distribution coefficients. [Result] Under equal ratio condi- tions, the adsorption capacity of lead by two types of paddy soils was higher than that of cadmium, and the adsorption rate in waterloggogenic paddy soil was higher than that in gleyed paddy soil. The desorption capacity of cadmium by two types of paddy soils was higher than that of lead, and the desorption rate in gleyed paddy soil was higher than that in waterloggogenic paddy soil. Under competitive condi- tions, the adsorption capacity of cadmium and lead by paddy soils was significantly reduced compared with single ion system, while the desorption rate was remarkably improved. The potential environmental risk of cadmium contamination was greater than that of lead in paddy soils. Moreover, environmental risks of cadmium and lead were reduced with the increase of pH, which increased significantly under the coex- istence state. [Conclusion] In the coexistence of cadmium and lead, cadmium con- tamination should be controlled and avoided compared with lead contamination in paddy soils.

Effect of Phopshate Fertilizer and Manure on Crop Yield, Soil P Accumulation, and the Environmental Risk Assessment

Phosphorus （P） applied from fertilizer and manure is important in increasing crop yield and soil fertility; however, excessive uses of phosphate fertilizer and manure may also increase P loss from agricultural soils, posing environmental impact. A long term experiment was conducted on a calcareous soil （meadow cinnamon） in Hebei Province, China, from 2003 to 2006 to investigate the effects of phosphate fertilizer and manure on the yield of Chinese cabbage, soil P accumulation, P sorption saturation, soluble P in runoff water, and P leaching. P fertilizer （P2O5） application at a rate of 360 kg ha^-1 or manure of 150 t ha^-1 significantly increased Chinese cabbage yield as compared to the unfertilized control. However, no significant yield response was found with excessive phosphate or manure application. Soil Olsen-P, soluble P, bioavailable P, the degree of phosphorus sorption saturation in top soil layer （0-20 cm）, and soluble P in runoff water increased significantly with the increase of phosphate fertilizer and manure application rates, whereas the maximum phosphorus sorption capacity （Qm） decreased with the phosphate fertilizer and manure application rates. Soil Olsen-P and soluble P also increased significantly in the sub soil layer （20-40 cm） with the high P fertilizer and manure rates. It indicates that excessive P application over crop demand can lead to a high environmental risk owing to the enrichment of soil Olsen-P, soluble P, bioavailable P, and the degree of phosphorus sorption saturation in agricultural soils.

Driving risk assessment under the connected vehicle environment:a CNN-LSTM modeling approach

Connected vehicle(CV)is regarded as a typical feature of the future road transportation system.One core benefit of promoting CV is to improve traffic safety,and to achieve that,accurate driving risk assessment under Vehicle-to-Vehicle(V2V)communications is critical.There are two main differences concluded by comparing driving risk assessment under the CV environment with traditional ones:(1)the CV environment provides high-resolution and multi-dimensional data,e.g.,vehicle trajectory data,(2)Rare existing studies can comprehensively address the heterogeneity of the vehicle operating environment,e.g.,the multiple interacting objects and the time-series variability.Hence,this study proposes a driving risk assessment framework under the CV environment.Specifically,first,a set of time-series top views was proposed to describe the CV environment data,expressing the detailed information on the vehicles surrounding the subject vehicle.Then,a hybrid CNN-LSTM model was established with the CNN component extracting the spatial interaction with multiple interacting vehicles and the LSTM component solving the time-series variability of the driving environment.It is proved that this model can reach an AUC of 0.997,outperforming the existing machine learning algorithms.This study contributes to the improvement of driving risk assessment under the CV environment.

Distribution, Chemical Speciation, and Environmental Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Tailings Soils near Dexing Copper Mine, China

To complement information of heavy metals＇ distribution, chemical speciation, activity and environmental risks in agricultural soils surrounding tailings, a total of 16 samples obtained from the 4 # railings site of Dexing copper mine of China were investigated. The total concentrations of heavy metals Zn, Fe, Cu, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg, As, Mn, Ag, Co, and Ni were determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. Chemical speciations of Cu, Cd, and Zn were investigated with the procedures recommended by Tessier（1979）. Two different assessment approaches （GB 15618- 1995 and risk assessment code, RAC ） were employed to estimate heavy metals＇ environmental risks. Results indicated that heavy metals, especially Cu and Cd were in high levels of accumulation in these samples. Chemical speciation analysis results revealed that Cu was mainly in organic matter bound fraction （ORG） and residual fraction （ RES）, and Cd was predominantly in exchangeable fraction （EXC）, while Zn appeared mainly with the RES fraction. Environmental risk analysis results showed that Cd was in ＂heavy＂ pollution level （ classification m ） in almost all samples, which may exert ＂high＂ or ＂very high＂ environmental risks. Whereas, for Cu, one fourth samples showed ＂heavy＂ pollution level, but were located in ＂low＂ or ＂medium＂ environmental risk ranks. For Zn, many samples were grouped in ＂light＂ pollution level （ classification II ）, but were related to ＂ medium＂ and ＂ high＂ environmental risk ranks. These results indicated heavy pollution and high environmental risk of Cd in soils surrounding the 4# tailings site, which should be paid more attention to. Meanwhile, for Cu and Zn, the contrary results obtained by different environmental risk assessment approaches, may suggest that a more scientific, adequate environmental risk assessment criterion should consider both total content and chemical speciation activity of heavy metals.

Integrated water risk early warning framework of the semi-arid transitional zone based on the water environmental carrying capacity (WECC)

Water risk early warning systems based on the water environmental carrying capacity(WECC)are powerful and effective tools to guarantee the sustainability of rivers.Existing work on the early warning of WECC has mainly concerned the comprehensive evaluation of the status quo and lacked a quantitative prejudgement and warning of future overload.In addition,existing quantitative methods for short-term early warning have rarely focused on the integrated change trends of the early warning indicators.Given the periodicity of the socioeconomic system,however,the water environmental system also follows a trend of cyclical fluctuations.Thus,it is meaningful to monitor and use this periodicity for the early warning of the WECC.In this study,we first adopted and improved the prosperity index method to develop an integrated water risk early warning framework.We also constructed a forecast model to qualitatively and quantitatively prejudge and warn about the development trends of the water environmental system.We selected the North Canal Basin(an essential connection among the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region)in China as a case study and predicted the WECC in 25 water environmental management units of the basin in 2018–2023.We found that the analysis of the prosperity index was helpful in predicting the WECC,to some extent.The result demonstrated that the early warning system provided reliable prediction(root mean square error of 0.0651 and mean absolute error of 0.1418),and the calculation results of the comprehensive early warning index(CEWI)conformed to the actual situation and related research in the river basin.From 2008 to 2023,the WECC of most water environmental management units in the basin had improved but with some spatial differences:the CEWI was generally poor in areas with many human disturbances,while it was relatively good in the upstream regions with higher forest and grass covers as well as in the downstream areas with larger water volume.Finally,through a sensitivity analysis of the indicators,we proposed specific management measures for the sustainability of the water environmental system in the North Canal Basin.Overall,the integrated water risk early warning framework could provide an appropriate method for the water environmental administration department to predict the WECC of the basin in the future.This framework could also assist in implementing corresponding management measures in advance,especially for the performance evaluation and the arrangement of key short-term tasks in the River Chief System in China.

Eco-environmental Risk Assessment on Port Area:Taking Yangpu Port Area for Example

The environment in port area is a regional environment including marine ecological environment,land bio-environment and interlaced zone environment between them.Taking Yangpu port area for example,based on analyzing changes of risk factors(such as hydrodynamic condition and pollutant emission increment) caused by port area construction,the risks of various risk factors to aquatic ecology,terrene ecology and mangrove wetland ecosystem were studied so as to provide evidence for the planning and construction of port area and the comprehensive management of marine environment and coastal zone.

Health Risk Assessment of Employees Exposed to Chlorination By-products of Recreational Water in Large Amusement Parks in Shanghai

Objective Chlorination is often used to disinfect recreational water in large amusement parks;however,the health hazards of chlorination disinfection by-products(DBPs)to occupational populations are unknown.This study aimed to assess the exposure status of chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and the health risks to employees of large amusement parks.Methods Exposure parameters of employees of three large amusement parks in Shanghai were investigated using a questionnaire.Seven typical chlorinated DBPs in recreational water and spray samples were quantified by gas chromatography,and the health risks to amusement park employees exposed to chlorinated DBPs were evaluated according to the WHO's risk assessment framework.Results Trichloroacetic acid,dibromochloromethane,bromodichloromethane,and dichloroacetic acid were detected predominantly in recreational water.The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of the five DBPs did not exceed the risk thresholds.In addition,the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of mixed exposure to DBPs were within the acceptable risk limits.Conclusion Typical DBPs were widely detected in recreational water collected from three large amusement parks in Shanghai;however,the health risks of DBPs and their mixtures were within acceptable limits.

Modeling the fate of paddy field pesticide in surface water and environmental risk assessment

The risk of drinking water is greatly concerned because of the large amount of pesticide applied to paddy field and the contamination of drinking water sources due to the runoff. A mathematical model is developed, based on the mass balance, to predict the fate of paddy field pesticides from application, runoff and mixing in a river, taking account of the physical chemical properties and processes of volatilization, degradation, adsorption and desorption. The model is applied to a river basin in Japan to estimate the contaminant level of several popularly used pesticides at the water intakes. The health risk in drinking water induced by each pesticide concerned is estimated and evaluated by comparing with the acceptable daily intake values(ADI) and with that induced by trihalomethanes. An index to evaluate the total risk of all pesticides appearing in water is proposed. The methods for risk management are also discussed.

Environmental risk assessment of the middle route of south－to－north water transferring source project in China

This paper focused on the environment risk of the middle route of south-to-north water transferring source project in China. Analytic hierarchy process was applied to risk identification,fuzzy probability-fault tree analysis to risk probability assessment,statistics and analogy process to risk consequences assessment, lastly, grey relevant analysis and comprehensive index process to risk impact evaluation. The main environment risk accident of the project is dam failure, the main causative factors of the accident are catastrophic flood and wrecking earthquake. The flash flood, due to dam failure, will impact on nature, society and economy. The major environment risk areas are Jingzhou and Xiangfan,Hubei Province. The environment risk management measures should be adopted in order to ensure the safety of the project-environment complex system.

Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemical Projects——A Case Study of a Polystyrene Production Project

Taking a polystyrene production project as an example, according to Technical Guidelines for Environmental Risk Assessment of Con- struction Projects （HJ/T169-2004）, we firstly identity the risk of substances and production process to determine the major source of danger, and then conduct source analysis and consequence prediction of the maximum credible accident, finally assess the environmental risk of the project and propose main risk management measures. The results reveal that the environmental risk of the project is acceptable, and it is suggested that some dsk prevention and mitigation measures as well as contingency plans should be established.

3D Field-Scale Environmental Multimedia System Validation of the Dispersion of Benzene for Trail Road Landfill Site and Its Risk Assessment

In this paper, a new modeling approach incorporating both a new environmental multimedia system (EMS) and the Monte Carlo method (MCM) is developed as a tool for the risk assessment of contaminants. An EMS has been developed and validated by the use of field data and investigation to create a 3D simulation of current conditions of the Trail Road Landfill area. In addition, given the high level of uncertainty associated with EMS practices, the MCM approach is embedded into the developed EMS to deal with vague or imprecise model and site conditions related to uncertainties in the system. In this study, two emission rates were examined for risk assessment of Trail Road Landfill site in the years 2016 and 2026;the data are predicted on the basis of the known production trend from 2001 to 2006. The risk quotient (RQ) factors, combined with present and future rates of chemical pollution, provide spatial and temporal assessment of risk from the leachate in Trail Road Landfill site. Results of the risk assessment approach reveal that as the landfill or oil drilling site becomes depleted, adverse effects on the multimedia environment associated with benzene concentration occur, and the potential risk levels have been quantified for the Trail Road Landfill site. The present study indicates that the dispersion of a large volume of pollutants from the landfill or the oil drilling site poses possible risks to the regional multimedia environment. The new EMS will serve as a risk assessment tool to address the fate and transportation of pollutants in complex multimedia environments. This tool will also be useful in the management of the resulting environmental impacts.

Metagenomic Shotgun Sequencing Provides Prevalence Data for Pathogens, and Source-Tracking Indices Useful in Public Health Risk Assessment of Environmental Waters

State-approved membrane filtration (MF) techniques for water quality assessments were contrasted with metagenomic shotgun sequencing (MSS) protocols to evaluate their efficacy in providing precise health-risk indices for surface waters. Samples from a freshwater receiving pond (ABI-1002) and two upstream storm water ditches (ABI-1003) and (ABI-1004) yielded alarmingly high Fecal coliform MF densities of 220, >2000 and >2000 CFU/100ml respectively. The indicator, Enterococcus bacteria exceeded allowable limits in all but the equipment control (ABI-1001). Using MSS, the relative numerical abundance of pathogenic bacteria, virulence and antibiotic resistance genes revealed the status and potential pollution sources of each ditch. High levels of Shigella sp. (0 (ABI-1001), 4945 (ABI-1002), 55,008 (ABI-1003), and 2221 (ABI-1004) genomic reads/100ml) correlated with virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes found in fecal samples for ABI1003 and not ABI1004. Traditional culture methods (TCM) showed possible fecal contamination in two of the four samples, and no contamination in the others. MSS clearly distinguished between fecal and environmental bacteria contamination sources, and pinpointed actual risks from pathogens. Our data underscore the potential utility of MSS in precision risk assessment for public and biodiversity health and tracking of environmental microbiomes shifts by field managers and policy makers.

Thoughts of a travelling ecologist 14. Structure-function conflation in environmental risk assessment and monitoring

Recently,I attended a conference organised by the European Food Safety Authority in the beautiful and prosperous Italian city of Parma.The overall topic of the conference was risk assessment,and the program included a section on aspects of environmental risk assessment.In various areas,including the evalution of the effects of pesticide applications,invasive organisms or genetically modified plants(Arpaia et al.,2014)preparing an environmental risk assessment is an obviously relevant exercise.

A mathematical model for environmental risk assessment in manufacturing industry

Environmental conscious manufacturing has become an important issue in industry because of market pressure and environmental regulations. An environmental risk assessment model was developed based on the network analytic method and fuzzy set theory. The "interval analysis method" was applied to deal with the on site monitoring data as basic information for assessment. In addition, the fuzzy set theory was employed to allow uncertain, interactive and dynamic information to be effectively incorporated into the environmental risk assessment. This model is a simple, practical and effective tool for evaluating the environmental risk of manufacturing industry and for analyzing the relative impacts of emission wastes, which are hazardous to both human and ecosystem health. Furthermore, the model is considered useful for design engineers and decision maker to design and select processes when the costs, environmental impacts and performances of a product are taken into consideration.

Companies and Sustainable Development:The Adequacy of Environmental Impact Assessment for the Management of Environmental Risks

The choice of the environmental risk management instrument to be used within the scope of corporate governance in companies is of paramount importance to avoid or mitigate the triple environmental responsibility to which they are exposed.In this sense,the following research problem arises:The Environmental Impact Assessment(EIA),an instrument of the National Environment Policy and a model of environmental risk management adopted by some companies,proves to be efficient,effective and effective for the fulfillment of the duty to protect the environmental balance and,therefore,for sustainable development?The present study aims to elucidate this research problem.To this end,analyzes were carried out on risk and environmental damage,from a perspective of the socio-environmental function of companies today;the need for a new posture by companies in view of the reflexes of environmental risks in business activity;and the question of the adequacy or inadequacy of the EIA as an instrument of the National Environment Policy and as a model for managing environmental risks and damages,in the pursuit of sustainable development.The method of approach used was the deductive one,and the research was carried out using the method of bibliographic procedure,through which research was carried out on books,scientific articles and legislation.The result points out the inefficiency and ineffectiveness of the EIA for the management of environmental risks and,thus,for the fulfillment of the duty to protect the environmental balance by companies.

Simulation of Revised Puff Trajectory Model in Regional Atmospheric Environmental Risks

[Objective] The aim was to research application of revised puff trajectory model in atmospheric environmental risks simulation.[Method] In the research,theory of puff trajectory model for pollution diffusion in atmosphere in urban areas was analyzed and CALPUFF,a revised puff trajectory model,was applied in prediction on atmospheric environmental risks in Xining City.[Result] The simple puff trajectory model can not be applied for long-distance transport or in complex terrain and airflow field.In contrast,CALPUFF would be applied in urban areas,and complex terrain or underlying surface.With high resolution ratio,it would depict the beginning condition and detailed distribution of pollutants transport and diffusion.For prediction on atmospheric environmental risks in Xining City,northwest wind dominated in Huangshui Valley;north wind dominated in Beichuan Valley;temperature inversion occurred at high altitude.These had a significant effect on the downwind direction in Xining urban district.The simulation results indicated that puffs usually spread along Huangshui Valley and some non-steady phenomena occurred,such as blocking effect by mountains,deformation of puff by airflow field in ridges and influence of valley wind.[Conclusion] The research is of significance for precise prediction on characters,influence and extent of atmospheric environmental risks in cities.