Looking up Prescriptions to Treat Infectious Disease:Anti-epidemic Books of Medical Formularies and Epidemic Prevention and Control in the Qing Dynasty

Copying,compiling,publishing,disseminating,and referencing anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were common activities during the outbreak of epidemics in the Qing dynasty.Its emergence,motivated by epidemic disease again and again,was important component parts of epidemic prevention and control.They played a unique role as media on affairs such as treating patients suffering from infectious diseases,mobilizing peoples to make contributions to anti-epidemic activities,integrating and popularizing knowledge of epidemic prevention.Anti-epidemic books of medical formularies were important to link peoples,things,and substances related with epidemic prevention and control,and were a kind of motivation to actively deal with the infectious disease,control the epidemic,and maintain health.Compared to other common measures,anti-epidemic books of medical formularies participated in many prevention and control practices deeply,which actually built a low cost,spontaneous,dispersed and non-institutional system to respond to epidemic,and the system had characteristics of stronger conductibility,bigger coverage area,and better external benefits.

“An integrated system,three separated responsibilities”,a new fever clinic management model,in prevention and control of novel coronavirus pneumonia

BACKGROUND Since December 2019,there have been many new cases of coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan,Hubei Province,which has gradually spread throughout the country.AIM To explore our hospital’s innovative management system to ensure the efficient operation of fever clinics during the epidemic,since controlling the spread of disease is an important way to prevent and control the epidemic.METHODS In total,200 outpatients with fever at our hospital between November 2019 and July 2020 were selected and allocated into two groups.RESULTS The fever clinic in our hospital operated smoothly,and infection with the novel coronavirus disease(COVID-19)has not been reported in our hospital.Additionally,we did not have any cases of missed diagnosis.The awareness regarding COVID-19 infection sources,transmission routes,early symptoms,and preventive measures was significantly higher in our fever clinic than in those of the pre-management group.CONCLUSION"An integrated system,three separate responsibilities"ensured the efficient functioning of our fever outpatient clinic and early screening of COVID-19 cases,which effectively curbed the transmission of COVID-19 and hence prevented COVID-19 pneumonia epidemic in our hospital,ultimately achieving the maximum effect of epidemic prevention and control.

Teaching Model Integrating Online and Offline in Real Time ——An Exploration of New Teaching Mode for Regular Epidemic Prevention and Control

During epidemic,students in medium-risk or high-risk areas are unable to return to school on time.In response to this new challenge,there is an urgent need to create a new teaching mode to offer on-line courses to those absent from the offline classes,and we propose a model integrating online and offline teaching.It is based on“dual-camera”method,which allows off-campus students to virtually build up a physical classroom scenario on campus through computers and mobile phones.Using this model,students can participate in class remotely.In order to enhance the engagement of off-campus online students,emphasis is placed on interactive teaching.Teachers are required to design their teaching in advance and to work in collaboration with multiple departments,then using information technology and suitable teaching methods to enable students to participate in physical classroom teaching.This model has been tested in practice and has been successful in meeting the challenges.Finally,4 areas for improvement and refinement are identified.

Simulation and Optimization of Traditional Village Wind Environment under Epidemic Prevention and Control:Take Anziling Village of Handan as an example

In the context of epidemic prevention and control,villages are the weakest part of epidemic prevention and control.Traditional villages,as representatives of villages,are often far away from cities,and medical conditions are relatively backward.Based on this background,epidemic prevention and control are particularly important.The quality of the environment is positively related to the spread of the virus.This article wanted to use CFD technology to simulate the wind environment of the traditional village street space,so as to propose measures to optimize the wind environment of the traditional village street space,and provide references for the future planning of village layout.

The Application of the “3 + 1” Mode in the COVID-19 Epidemic Prevention and Control at the Infection Ward of a Designated Comprehensive Hospital for COVID-19 Treatment

Objective: We assess the application effect of the “3 + 1” mode in the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control at the infection ward of a designated comprehensive hospital for COVID-19 treatment. Method: Based on the features of the inpatients of the infection ward and their relatives, a “3 + 1” mode for the COVID-19 prevention and control is developed to conform to the demands for epidemic prevention and control and the overall prevention and control scheme of the whole hospital. Here, “3” stands for the epidemic prevention and control system, personnel management, and prevention and control measures;“1” stands for COVID-19 testing. Result: From March 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021, a total of 3056 patients were hospitalized in the three infection wards. Among them, 265 patients had a fever, and 113 patients had respiratory symptoms. None of them were infected with COVID-19. The participation rate of the test about the knowledge related to COVID-19 and the knowledge mastery rate were both 100% among the medical staff. None of the inpatients and their companions or the medical staff was diagnosed with COVID-19. Conclusion: Thus the “3 + 1” mode proves successful for avoiding nosocomial infection and the spread of the epidemic.

An Academic Summary of the International Seminar Series on “Safeguarding the Right to Life in the Epidemic Prevention and Control”

Guided by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and organized by Southwest University of Political Science and Law,the First Session of the Series of International Seminars on"Global Epidemic Prevention and Control and Human Rights Protection"was held in Chongqing on May 9,2020.The seminar featured the theme of"Guarantee of the Right to Life in Epidemic Prevention and Control"and two sub-topics:"Value Status and Legal Protection of the Right to Life"and Safeguarding the Right to Life of Vulnerable Groups under the Pandemic".Over 40 experts and scholars from China,the Netherlands,France,Pakistan and Sri Lanka attended the conference,and conducted in-depth discussions on specific issues such as"life supremacy","attributes of the right to life","government responsibilities","protection of vulnerable groups","balance of the right to life and other human rights",and"science-based approaches to epidemic prevention".This conference reaffirmed the key idea of life supremacy,which is conducive to strengthening the safeguarding of and attention to the right to life in the global pandemic prevention and control.

An Academic Summary of the International Seminar on “Comparison of the Human Rights value between the East and the West in Epidemic Prevention and Control”

The international video seminar"Comparison of the Human Rights Values between the East and the West in Epidemic Prevention and Control",hosted by the Institute of Human Rights Law of Huazhong University of Science and Technology,was successfully held on May 30,2020.Against the background of the fight against the CO VID-19 pandemic,this seminar fostered exchanges and discussions on human rights values.As the first country that has contained the epidemic successfully,China shared its experience in the practice of human rights values in epidemic prevention and control,while experts from various countries also shared different human rights values embodied in epidemic prevention and control.This seminar allowed for demonstration of the situation of human rights protection in different countries and regions and exchanges of dilemmas and countermeasures during the specific practice of human rights protection.In the collision of different views and the exchange of multi-dimension dialogues,the seminar called for a sense of a global community of health for all and aimed to foster solidarity and international cooperation for greater contributions to the human rights protection in global epidemic prevention and the development of human rights worldwide.

Resilience Evaluation of Housing Estates from the Perspective of Epidemic Prevention:A Case Study of A District in Handan City

The outbreak of COVID-19 at the beginning of 2020 has a great impact on public health security at home and abroad.Community is the basic unit of urban epidemic prevention,and improving community resilience is of great significance for reducing the spread of the epidemic and maintaining the normal life of residents during the epidemic.Based on the concept of resilience,10 indicators were selected from four dimensions of urban space,including facilities,space,nature and society,to construct a community resilience evaluation indicator system for epidemic prevention,and 56 housing estates in Congtai District,Handan City,were selected for scientific evaluation.The results showed that the overall resilience of this region was relatively low and the resilience index decreased from southwest to northeast with the degree of urban development.The accessibility of urban open space,the proportion of redundant space area and the area of public space per capita had the lowest resilience index.Finally,policy suggestions were put forward to improve the resilience of housing estates in the region,so as to promote the steady progress of the city towards the agenda for sustainable development.

The Role of the “Traditional Chinese Medicine Proclamation” in Cholera Prevention and Control in Modern China

During the period of social transformation in modem China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modem Western medical system promoted the profoimd self-revolution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Multiple factors,including politics,economy or religion contributed to the formulation of paper-based“TCM proclamation”.This paper,based on the prevention and control of cholera advocated in TCM proclamation,analyzes the new ways of cholera spread in China in early modem times and the complicated“country-region-medical instilulions-other institutions-individuals”correlations.

The Role of the“Traditional Chinese Medicine Proclamation”in Cholera Prevention and Control in Modern China

During the period of social transformation in modern China,the sudden onslaught of malignant infectious diseases,the helplessness of the public,and the impact of the modern Western medical system promoted the profound self‑revolution of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Multiple factors,including politics,economy or religion contributed to the formulation of paper-based“TCM proclamation”.This paper,based on the prevention and control of cholera advocated in TCM proclamation,analyzes the new ways of cholera spread in China in early modern times and the complicated“country‑region‑medical institutions‑other institutions‑individuals”correlations.

Interpretation of Information Security and Data Privacy Protection According to the Data Use During the Epidemic

COVID-19 has swept the whole our country and the world in the beginning of 2020.31 provinces and municipalities across the country have launched the first-level response to major public health emergencies since January 24,and China has carried out intensive epidemic control.It is critical for effectively responding to COVID-19 to collect,collate and analyze people’s personal data.What’s more,obtaining identity information,travel records and health information of confirmed cases,suspected cases and close contacts has become a crucial step in epidemic investigation.All regions have made full use of big data to carry out personnel screening,travel records analysis and other related work in epidemic prevention and control,effectively improving the efficiency of epidemic prevention and control.However,data leakage,personnel privacy data exposure,and personal attack frequently occurred in the process of personnel travel records analysis and epidemic prevention and control.It even happened in the WeChat group to forward a person’s name,phone number,address,ID number and other sensitive information.It brought discrimination,telephone and SMS harassment to the parties,which caused great harm to individuals.Based on these,lack of information security and data security awareness and other issues were exposed.Therefore,while big data has been widely concerned and applied,attention should be paid to protecting personal privacy.It is urgent to pay more attention to data privacy and information security in order to effectively protect the legitimate rights of the people.Therefore,measures can be taken to achieve this goal,such as improving the relevant legal system,strengthening technical means to enhance the supervision and management of information security and data protection.

Behavior analysis and formative assessments in online oral medicine education during the COVID-19 pandemic

BACKGROUND During the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)pandemic,traditional teaching methods were disrupted and online teaching became a new topic in education reform and informatization.In this context,it is important to investigate the necessity and effectiveness of online teaching methods for medical students.This study explored stomatology education in China to evaluate the development and challenges facing the field using massive open online courses(MOOCs)for oral medicine education during the pandemic.AIM To investigate the current situation and challenges facing stomatology education in China,and to assess the necessity and effectiveness of online teaching methods among medical students.METHODS Online courses were developed and offered on personal computers and mobile terminals.Behavioral analysis and formative assessments were conducted to evaluate the learning status of students.RESULTS The results showed that most learners had already completed MOOCs and achieved better results.Course behavior analysis and student surveys indicated that students enjoyed the learning experience.However,the development of oral MOOCs during the COVID-19 pandemic faced significant challenges.CONCLUSION This study provides insights into the potential of using MOOCs to support online professional learning and future teaching innovation,but emphasizes the need for careful design and positive feedback to ensure their success.

The impact of the COVID-19 prevention and economic interventions on express delivery industry:Evidence from China

As a fundamental logistics service,the express delivery(ED)industry provides production and consumption activities to maintain efficient supply chain operations.It plays an important role in promoting industrial development and maintaining daily life and consumption.This study examined the effects of COVID-19 on the ED industry using ED package delivery data from 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities)in China.Using a difference-in-differences method,the COVID-19 outbreak was found to have a positive effect and epidemic prevention and control(EPC)policies were found to have negative effects on the development of the ED industry.In addition to EPC policies,the Chinese government has implemented other short-term economic interventions(SEI),such as the resumption of work and production(RWP),policies to balance economic growth,and epidemic prevention.This study divided the pandemic period into three stages to analyze the different impacts of EPC and SEI policy changes on the ED industry.The RWP policies adopted during the pandemic positively impacted the volume and income of packages delivered to the ED industry.The conclusions of this study are significant for the ED industry in addressing public health emergencies and for the Chinese government to formulate EPC and SEI policies during epidemic periods.

Development Path and Urgency of Further Strengthening Construction of Public Hospitals Based on Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Treatment

During the outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia(NCP)in Wuhan,public hospitals have played an important role in intensive care,case guidance and scheme optimization.At the same time,it also faces unprecedented challenges and tests.Based on the treatment of severe patients in Wuhan,combined with the treatment practice in Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji Medical College,Huazhong University of Science and Technology,this paper puts forward the urgency of further strengthening the construction of public hospitals,discusses the feasible path for promoting the development of public hospitals,so as to meet the growing medical needs of the people,improve the ability to respond to major public health emergencies,and effectively guarantee the safety of people's lives and the promotion of a healthy China construction.

Management strategies in a thoracic surgery ward during COVID-19 pandemic: Experience from West China Hospital

The coronavirus disease 2019 was first reported in Wuhan in December 2019 and then spread rapidly throughout the world.On March 11,2020,the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease 2019 a pandemic.In response to the pandemic,the management division of West China Hospital oversaw the implementation of hospital-wide emergency measures.In accordance with these measures,the hospital's thoracic surgery ward implemented a new management system by reformulating staff training plans,patient admission procedures,and other systems for managing the ward and protecting perioperative patients.Overall,the ward was successful in restoring normal working order,protecting all staff from occupational exposures,and ensuring the safety of inpatients and their families.

The Rise of Youth under the Epidemic

The leaders of the Party have always attached great importance to youth education,fully affirming the important position of youth in the revolutionary war and modernization,and fighting against the epidemic of the new crown virus.The unique mode of action interprets the ideals,beliefs,missions,national feelings and hard work of the young people in the new era,and proves to the people of the world that they are a responsible and capable young generation.It is China’s future and hope.

Expert consensus on the management process of gynecological emergency under the regular epidemic prevention and control of COVID-19

At present,China is in the stage of the COVID-19 epidemic where regular prevention and control measures are required to contain the spread of disease.Reports of new sporadic cases are still widespread across China and medical personnel remain at high risk of exposure to infection.This is especially the case for medical staff working within emergency departments.Most gynecological emergency cases are complex and a high proportion require emergency surgical treatment.By referring to national regulations and requirements on COVID-19 prevention and control,and by summarizing our experiences in the battle against COVID-19 within Wuhan,this consensus report provides recommendations on the triage,reception,consultation,admission and surgical management of gynecological emergency patients.We also make suggestions for the environmental layout and disinfection and the medical waste management.This consensus aims to optimize the diagnosis and treatment process of gynecological emergency patients and reduce the exposure risk of medical staff within the current context of routine COVID-19 prevention and control.

Application of big data and artificial intelligence in epidemic surveillance and containment

Faced with the current time-sensitive COVID-19 pandemic,the overburdened healthcare systems have resulted in a strong demand to develop newer methods to control the spread of the pandemic.Big data and artificial intelligence(AI)have been leveraged amid the COVID-19 pandemic;however,little is known about their use for supporting public health efforts.In epidemic surveillance and containment,efforts are needed to treat critical patients,track and manage the health status of residents,isolate suspected cases,and develop vaccines and antiviral drugs.The applications of emerging practices of artificial intelligence and big data have become powerful"weapons"to fight against the pandemic and provide strong support in pandemic prevention and control,such as early warning,analysis and judgment,interruption and intervention of epidemic,to achieve goals of early detection,early report,early diagnosis,early isolation and early treatment.These are the decisive factors to control the spread of the epidemic and reduce the mortality.This paper systematically summarized the application of big data and AI in epidemic,and describes practical cases and challenges with emphasis on epidemic prevention and control.The included studies showed that big data and AI have the potential strength to fight against COVID-19.However,many of the proposed methods are not yet widely accepted.Thus,the most rewarding research would be on methods that promise value beyond COVID-19.More efforts are needed for developing standardized reporting protocols or guidelines for practice.

Group Decision-Making Method of Entry Policy During a Pandemic

Omicron,the new mutant coronavirus,has spread rapidly globally,attracting close attention from different stakeholders worldwide.The complex and constantly changing epidemic situation has had a new impact on the world.Therefore,this paper focuses on the characteristics of the rapid spread of the COVID-19 variant strain.Generally,epidemic prevention experts conduct preliminary screening as part of the existing epidemic plan database according to the current local situation,after which they sort the alternatives deemed more suitable for the situation.Then the decision-makers identify the most divergent expert group,plan for consultation and adjustments,and finally obtain the plan with the smallest divergence.This article aims to integrate the experts'opinions with the method of minimizing the differences,which can maximize the expert consensus and help organize the schemes that best meet the epidemic situation.The experts'negotiation and iteration of the differences in the initial plan align with the current complex and dynamic epidemic situation and are of great significance to the rapid formulation of plans to achieve effective prevention and control.

新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情发布中的公共卫生伦理考量

分析公共卫生实践中个人隐私泄露可能造成的问题,以上海市新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情信息发布为例,分析疫情发布中涉及病例信息时考虑公共卫生伦理原则而采取的具体方式,以及根据疫情的变化而不断调整工作方法的具体表现,体现上海在新型冠状病毒肺炎防控中为维护公共卫生伦理所作的努力。同时指出,疫情防控信息的公布应遵循公共卫生伦理原则,疫情防控信息的采集、传输与发布需要规制,而公共卫生相关人员的能力与素质也需要与时俱进。