Immunoregulatory Effect and Mechanism of Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate in A Mouse Oral Cancer Model

Objective:This investigation delineates the anti-cancer potency of epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG)in an oral cancer mouse model,with a focus on its effect on T-cell activation.Methods:An oral cancer model was established in male Balb/c mice using 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide(4-NQO).The mice were systematically grouped and administered graded concentrations of EGCG.Key parameters such as body weight,hydration levels,tumor volume,and mass were meticulously tracked.T-cell activity and cytokine expression profiles,focusing on interleukin-2(IL-2),interferon-gamma(IFN-γ),and tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),were quantified using ELISA.A comprehensive statistical evaluation included one-way ANOVA,Tukey’s HSD multiple comparison test,and the Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric assessment.Results:EGCG-administered cohorts exhibited a pronounced reduction in tumor size and mass,with the high-dose group showing the greatest efficacy.ELISA findings corroborated a significant increase in T-cell activity and concomitant upregulation of key cytokines,including IL-2,IFN-γ,and TNF-α(P<0.05).Conclusion:This investigation confirms the tumor-suppressive efficacy of EGCG in a murine oral squamous cell carcinoma model.The therapeutic effects of EGCG are mediated through T-cell activation and the upregulation of pivotal cytokine expression,highlighting its potential immunomodulatory role in oral cancer treatment.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate treatment to promote neuroprotection and functional recovery after nervous system injury

Traumatic spinal cord injury （SCI） causes motor paralysis, sensory anesthesia and autonomic dysfunction below the le- sion site and additionally some SCI patients refer neuropathic pain together with these signs and symptoms. Clinical and experimental studies have revealed the main pathological changes of injured spinal cord implicated in all these signs and symptoms, including neuropathic pain. After few hours of traumatic SCI, it is usual to observe broken blood brain barrier with plasma and blood cells extravasation, cell necrosis, disruption of ascending and descending spinal cord pathways and increased potassium and glutamate. Glutamate contributes to excitotoxicity of neurons whereas potassium facilitates ectopic depolarization of survival neurons and activation of resident microglia.

Study on Preparation Process of Effervescent Tablets Made from EGCG of Tea

[ Objectivel The study aimed to discuss the preparation process of Epigallocatechin-3-gallate （EGCG） effervescent tablets. [ Method] Various raw materials were dried for different time at 50℃, and then the sticking degree of EGCG effervescent tablets was reviewed. Hereafter, the formula of EGCG effervescent tablets was optimized by orthogonal test. [ Result] Effervescent tablets without sticking were smooth after being dried for 150 rain. The optimal formula of EGCG effervescent tablets was composed of 4% EGCG, 45% citric acid and sodium carbonate （Citric acid： Sodium carbonate = 1.6：1 ）, 20% lactose, 4% L-leucine, 4% sodium cyclamate and 23% orange powder. [Condusion] The prepared EGCG effervescent tablets without sticking has a good effervescence effect and taste.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate affects the growth of LNCaP cells via membrane fluidity and distribution of cellular zinc

Objective:To evaluate effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on the viability, membrane properties, and zinc distribution, with and without the presence of Zn2+, in human prostate carcinoma LNCaP cells. Methods: We examined changes in cellular morphology and membrane fluidity of LNCaP cells, distribution of cellular zinc, and the incorporated portion of EGCG after treatments with EGCG, Zn2+, and EGCG+Zn2+. Results: We observed an alteration in cellular morphology and a decrease in membrane fluidity of LNCaP cells after treatment with EGCG or Zn2+. The proportion of EGCG incorporated into liposomes treated with the mixture of EGCG and Zn2+ at the ratio of 1:1 was 90.57%, which was significantly higher than that treated with EGCG alone (30.33%). Electron spin resonance (ESR) studies and determination of fatty acids showed that the effects of EGCG on the membrane fluidity of LNCaP were decreased by Zn2+. EGCG accelerated the accumulation of zinc in the mitochondria and cytosol as observed by atomic absorption spectrometer. Conclusion: These results show that EGCG interacted with cell membrane, decreased the membrane fluidity of LNCaP cells, and accelerated zinc accumulation in the mitochondria and cytosol, which could be the mechanism by which EGCG inhibits proliferation of LNCaP cells. In addition, high concentrations of Zn2+ could attenuate the actions elicited by EGCG.

Synergic Inhibition of Lung Carcinoma 95-D Cell Proliferation and Invasion by Combination with(—)-Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Ascorbic Acid

In this study, the anti-invasion effects of（-）-epigallocatechin-3-gallate（EGCG） mixed with ascorbic acid（Vc） on human lung carcinoma 95-D cells in vitro were examined and the synergism of the combination of EGCG and Vc was evaluated. Soft agar colony formation assay, cell migration assay, invasion assay, western blot analysis of NF-κB, in situ detection of cellular oxidative stress, and statistical analysis were assessed. The results showed that combining EGCG with Vc could inhibit clone forming rate of 95-D cell by 73.2%, reduce the migration ability of 95-D cell by 65.9%, and decrease the intracellular reactive oxygen species（ROS） level by 76.8%. The results of western blot proved that Vc enhanced the activity of EGCG in inhibiting NF-κB localization. It is speculated that the combination of EGCG and Vc can strongly suppress the proliferation and metastasis of lung carcinoma cells in a synergic manner, possibly with a mechanism associated with the scavenging of reactive oxygen species.

Separation of epigallocatechin-3-gallate from crude tea polyphenols by using Cellulose diacetate graft β-cyclodextrin copolymer asymmetric membrane

This study demonstrates a new Cellulose diacetate graft b-cyclodextrin(CDA-b-CD)copolymer asymmetric membrane prepared by a phase inversion technique for the separation of(–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG)from other polyphenols in crude tea.The graft copolymer,CDA-b-CD,was synthesized by pre-polymerization of cellulose diacetate(CDA)and 1,6-hexamethylene-diisocyanate(HDI),which was then grafted with b-cyclodextrin(b-CD).Surface and cross-section morphologies of the CDA-b-CD membranes were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy(SEM).Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR)indicated that the b-CD was grafted onto the CDA by chemical bonding.The influences of the HDI/CDA mass ratio and the catalyst mass fraction on the b-CD graft yield were investigated.The optimum conditions of a HDI/CDA mass ratio of 0.35 g$g–1 and a catalyst mass fraction of 0.18 wt-%produced ab-CD graft yield of 26.51 wt-%.The effects of the b-CD graft yield and the concentration of the polymer cast solution on the separation of EGCG were also investigated.Under optimum conditions of a b-CD graft yield of 24.21 wt-%and a polymer concentration of 13 wt-%,the purity of EGCG increased from 26.51 to 86.91 wt-%.

Potential effect of EGCG on the anti-tumor efficacy of metformin in melanoma cells

Metformin,a first-line drug for type 2 diabetes mellitus,has been recognized as a potential anti-tumor agent in recent years.Epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),as the dominant catechin in green tea,is another promising adjuvant agent for tumor prevention.In the present work,the potential effect of EGCG on the anti-tumor efficacy of metformin in a mouse melanoma cell line(B16F10)was investigated.Results indicated that EGCG and metformin exhibited a synergistic effect on cell viability,migration,and proliferation,as well as signal transducer and activator of transcription 3/nuclear factor-κB(STAT3/NF-κB)pathway signaling and the production of inflammation cytokines.Meanwhile,the combination showed an antagonistic effect on cell apoptosis and oxidative stress levels.The combination of EGCG and metformin also differentially affected the nucleus(synergism)and cytoplasm(antagonism)of B16F10 cells.Our findings provide new insight into the potential effects of EGCG on the anti-tumor efficacy of metformin in melanoma cells.

Synergistic effects of tea polyphenols and ascorbic acid on human lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells

Tea polyphenols have been shown to have anticancer activity in many studies.In the present study,we investigated effects of theaflavin-3-3'-digallate(TF3),one of the major theaflavin monomers in black tea,in combination with ascorbic acid(AA),a reducing agent,and(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG),the main polyphenol presented in green tea,in combination with AA on cellular viability and cell cycles of the human lung adenocarcinoma SPC-A-1 cells.The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay showed that the 50% inhibition concentrations(IC50) of TF3,EGCG,and AA on SPC-A-1 cells were 4.78,4.90,and 30.62 μmol/L,respectively.The inhibitory rates of TF3 combined with AA(TF3+AA) and EGCG combined with AA(EGCG+AA) at a molar ratio of 1:6 on SPC-A-1 cells were 54.4% and 45.5%,respectively.Flow cytometry analysis showed that TF3+AA and EGCG+AA obviously increased the cell population in the G0/G1 phase of the SPC-A-1 cell cycle from 53.9% to 62.8% and 60.0%,respectively.TF3-treated cells exhibited 65.3% of the G0/G1 phase at the concentration of its IC50.Therefore,TF3+AA and EGCG+AA had synergistic inhibition effects on the proliferation of SPC-A-1 cells,and significantly held SPC-A-1 cells in G0/G1 phase.The results suggest that the combination of TF3 with AA or EGCG with AA enhances their anticancer activity.