Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of epilepsy: electromagnetic stimulation-mediated neuromodulation therapy and new technologies

Epilepsy is a severe,relapsing,and multifactorial neurological disorder.Studies regarding the accurate diagnosis,prognosis,and in-depth pathogenesis are crucial for the precise and effective treatment of epilepsy.The pathogenesis of epilepsy is complex and involves alterations in variables such as gene expression,protein expression,ion channel activity,energy metabolites,and gut microbiota composition.Satisfactory results are lacking for conventional treatments for epilepsy.Surgical resection of lesions,drug therapy,and non-drug interventions are mainly used in clinical practice to treat pain associated with epilepsy.Non-pharmacological treatments,such as a ketogenic diet,gene therapy for nerve regeneration,and neural regulation,are currently areas of research focus.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the pathogenesis,diagnostic methods,and treatments of epilepsy.It also elaborates on the theoretical basis,treatment modes,and effects of invasive nerve stimulation in neurotherapy,including percutaneous vagus nerve stimulation,deep brain electrical stimulation,repetitive nerve electrical stimulation,in addition to non-invasive transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation.Numerous studies have shown that electromagnetic stimulation-mediated neuromodulation therapy can markedly improve neurological function and reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures.Additionally,many new technologies for the diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy are being explored.However,current research is mainly focused on analyzing patients’clinical manifestations and exploring relevant diagnostic and treatment methods to study the pathogenesis at a molecular level,which has led to a lack of consensus regarding the mechanisms related to the disease.

Did pediatric drug development advance epilepsy treatment in young patients?It is time for new research goals

Modern drugs have changed epilepsy,which affects people of all ages.However,for young people with epilepsy,the framework of drug development has stalled.In the wake of the thalidomide catastrophe,the misconception emerged that for people<18 years of age drugs,including antiseizure medications(ASMs),need separate proof of efficacy and safety,overall called"pediatric drug development".For ASMs,this has changed to some degree.Authorities now accept that ASMs are effective in<18 years as well,but they still require"extrapolation of efficacy,"as if minors were another species.As a result,some of the pediatric clinical epilepsy research over the past decades was unnecessary.Even more importantly,this has hampered research on meaningful research goals.We do not need to confirm that ASMs work before as they do after the 18th birthday.Instead,we need to learn how to prevent brain damage in young patients by preventing seizures and optimize ASMs’uses.Herein we discuss how to proceed in this endeavor.

A Review of the Surgical Procedures for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Epilepsy and Their Seizure Control Outcomes

Background: Drug-resistant epilepsy can be defined as the existence of seizures within 6 months, despite adequate therapy regimens with one or more antiepileptic drugs. Epilepsy surgery has been the standard therapy to help those patients who suffer from drug-resistant epilepsy. The goal of this surgery is to halt or reduce the intensity of seizures. This literature review aims to provide an overview of existing surgical procedures for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy and the degree of seizure control they provide based on available literature. Methods: Data were collected from medical journal databases, aggregators, and individual publications. The most used databases were PubMed, Medline and NCBI. Some of the keywords used to search these databases include: “drug resistant epilepsy”, “seizure control”, and “neurosurgery”. Results: Epileptic surgery is divided into resective and non-resective procedures. Studies have shown that a full resection of the epileptogenic brain area increases the probability of seizure eradication, however, the risks of postoperative impairments grow as the resection area is extended. On the other hand, patients who are unsuitable for seizure focus removal by resective surgery, such as those with multifocal seizures or overlapping epileptogenic zone with a functional cortex, may benefit from non-resective surgical options such as Vagus Nerve Stimulation and Responsive Neurostimulation. Conclusion: This literature review discusses the comprehensive treatment of epilepsy, especially the surgical treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. The reviewed studies have shown that epilepsy surgery has promising outcomes in achieving seizure freedom/reducing seizure frequency with minimal adverse effects when performed correctly with the appropriate choice of surgical candidates.

Multiple hurdle mechanism and blood-brain barrier in epilepsy:glucocorticoid receptor-heat shock proteins on drug regulation

Epilepsy is a complex neurologic condition which affects over 50 million people worldwide.Pharmacotherapy,primarily involving the use of anti-seizure drugs(ASDs),is an essential part of controlling seizures.However,nearly 30%of patients develop drug-resistant epilepsy,clinically defined as the persistence of seizure following trials of two ASDs(Kwan et al.,2010).Although several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this phenomenon,the mechanism of drug-resistant epilepsy still remains unclear.

Tall gastrodis tuber combined with antiepileptic drugs repairs abnormal perfusion foci in focal epilepsy

One hundred patients with focal epilepsy were recruited for the present study and their seizures controlled with antiepileptic drugs. The patients then orally received a capsule of tall gastrodis tuber powder, a traditional Chinese drug, and underwent single photon emission computed tomography, long-term electroencephalogram, and CT/MRI. Blood drug levels were monitored throughout the study. Before treatment with tall gastrodis tuber, 35 of the 100 cases had abnormal CT/MRI scans; 79 cases had abnormal single photon emission computed tomography images; 86 cases had abnormal electroencephalogram; and a total of 146 abnormal perfusion foci were observed across the 100 subjects. After treatment, the number of patients with normal single photon emission computed tomography images increased by 12; normal electroencephalogram was observed in an additional 27 cases and the number of patients with epileptiform discharge decreased by 29 （34% of 86）; the total number of abnormal perfusion foci decreased by 52 （36%） and changes in abnormal loci were visible in 65 patients. These changes indicate that the administration of tall gastrodis tuber in combination with antiepileptic drugs repairs abnormal perfusion foci in patients with focal epilepsy Our results demonstrate that traditional Chinese drugs can repair abnormal perfusion foci and, as such, are a promising new pathway in the treatment of focal epilepsy.

Comparisons of drug efficacy and time-effect among magnesium valproate,sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet and depakine chrono for epilepsy An experiment of determining cortical convulsive threshold in rats undergoing electrical stimulation

BACKGROUND： Scholars have investigated the differences in drug metabolism and pharmacodynamics between valproate and its sustained-release tablets only from the angle of pharmaceutical sciences or clinical practice. Whether the fact that differences in drug efficacy and time-effect of different doses of valproate and different types of sustained-release valproate tablets at the same concentration can be quantitatively reflected by determining the changes in convulsive threshold pre- and post-administration in rat models of determining the convulsive threshold developed by direct cortical electrical stimulation remains unclear. OBJECTIVE： This study aimed to compare the drug efficacy and time-effect among magnesium valproate, sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet and depakine chrono in the treatment of epilepsy by determining the convulsive threshold of rat models created by direct cortical electrical stimulation, and human serum drug concentration before and after administration. DESIGN： A controlled observational experiment. SETTING： Research Institute of Epilepsy, Shanxi Medical University. MATERIALS： Adult health male SD rats of clean grade, weighing 200 - 220 g, provided by the Laboratory Animal Center of Shanxi Medical University. The protocol was carried out in accordance with requests from Animal Ethics Committees for guidance. Magnesium valproate （Lot No. 041004） and sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet （Lot No. 050501） were produced in Hunan Xiangzhong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. METHODS： This study was carried out in the Laboratory for Epilepsy, Shanxi Medical University between June and August 2005. （1）All the SD rats were created into models for determining cortical convulsive threshold. They were randomly divided into 4 groups with 20 rats in each： magnesium valproate tablet group, sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet group, depakine chrono group and control group. After being modeled, the rats in the first 3 groups were intragastrically administrated with magnesium valproate, sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet and depakine chrono, respectively, while the control group were intragastrically administrated with the same volume of normal saline. （2）Convulsive threshold of each fasting rat was determined 0.5 hour before, and 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14 and 24 hours after single administration, separately. （3） Convulsive threshold was determined repeatedly 2 weeks after single administration. Each rat was administrated two times daily successively. Convulsive threshold was determined 0.5 hour before, and 0.5, 2.5, 7 and 12 hours after administration, separately. （4）Hepatic and renal tissues were harvested for pathological examination after 1 month of administration. （5）Nine healthy voluntary medical stuffs were recruited in this study. Written informed consents of experiment were obtained each involved subject. The study was given an approval by the Ethics Committee of Shanxi Medical University. According to the scheme, the 9 volunteers were randomly assigned into 3 groups, in which, volunteers were asked to take magnesium valproate 500 g, sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet 500 g and depakine chrono 500 g, respectively, in the morning under the condition of fasting. Serum drug concentration of each drug was determined by fluorescence polarization immunoassay at different time points. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： （2） Rat convulsive threshold after single and repeated administrations. （2）Hepatic and renal pathological examination results. （3） Serum drug concentration in vivo. RESULTS：（4）Rat convulsive threshold after single and repeated administrations： Drug efficacy in the magnesium valproate tablet group reached to a peak level 1 to 2 hours after single administration, and was obviously higher than that in the other groups 1 hour after administration （P 〈 0.05）. Drug efficacy in the sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet group and depakine chrono group both reached to a peak level 7 hours after administration, and was significantly higher than that in the control group （P 〈 0.05）. After repeated administrations, the average peak valley deviation of the convulsive threshold in the magnesium valproate tablet group was 120- 150 μ A, which was 2 and 2.5 times as that in the sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet group and depakine chrono group, respectively. After repeated administrations for 10 times, convulsive threshold was increased by 440 μ A in the sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet group, and by 230 μ A in the depakine chrono group in comparison with before administration. （2） Hepatic and renal pathological examination results： No obvious differences in hepatic and renal impairment were found among the 4 groups after I month of administration successively. （3） Serum drug concentration in vivo： Serum-drug concentration of magnesium valproate was increased fast and reached to a peak level 0.5 - 2 hours after administration, remained at a relatively stable level 2 - 4 hours after administration, and then was slowly decreased. The drug efficacy of sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet and depakine chrono was slowly released 1 - 6 hours after administration, reached to a peak level at about 7 hours, and could last for about 16 hours. CONCLUSION： Magnesium valproate has a rapid onset and offset of action. Sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet has a slow onset but long duration of drug efficacy. Depakine chrono can be easier to be absorbed than sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet, but its long-term effect on improving the convulsive threshold is inferior to sustained-release magnesium valproate tablet.

Knowledge about the Management of Anti-Epileptic Drug Treatment among General Practitioners in Brazzaville, Congo

Background: Epilepsy is a chronic brain disorder. It often leads to disabilities and handicaps. In Africa, epilepsy is almost exclusively treated by general practitioners (GPs) because of a shortage of epilepsy specialists. It is therefore important to know the level of knowledge about epilepsy among GPs in order to improve their skills. Objectives: To assess the level of knowledge about the management of anti-epileptic drug treatment among GPs in Brazzaville;to investigate the relationship between demographic factors and GPs’ knowledge. Methods: This was a cross-sectional analytical study. It was conducted from 20 July to 1 September 2021. It focused on GPs working in public hospitals and private care centers in Brazzaville. Information on treatment aspects was collected through a standardized 11-item questionnaire. Results: Among the 137 participants, there were 84 (61.3%) men and 53 (38.7%) women. Of these participants, 36 (26.3%) were trained in Congo versus 101 (73.7%) in other countries. Only 21 (15.3%) GPs had good knowledge about the management of anti-epileptic drug treatment. The overall average knowledge score among GPs was low (31.4%). No significant associations were found between low and good levels of knowledge and gender (OR = 1.03;95% CI = 0.40 - 2.68;p = 1.000), age groups (OR 0.05), training country (OR = 0.62;95% CI = 0.19 - 1.98;p = 0.591), practice hospital (OR = 0.40;95% CI = 0.05 - 3.20;p = 0.695) and duration of professional experience (OR 0.05). Conclusion: The study population has insufficient knowledge about the management of anti-epileptic drug treatment. Demographic factors have no impact on GPs’ knowledge. Epilepsy education programs are needed to improve GPs’ knowledge and skills.

主穹窿蛋白基因在高原地区癫痫儿童中的多态性分析

目的:探讨分析主穹窿蛋白(MVP)基因三个SNP位点rs4788187、rs3815824、rs3815823多态性与高原地区儿童癫痫的相关性。方法:选取2017年1月~2020年1月青海大学附属医院收治的80例癫痫患儿为研究对象,根据耐药性不同分为耐药组与非耐药组各40例,利用PCR-RELP方法检测rs4788187、rs3815824、rs3815823三个SNP位点的多态性分布,并进行统计分析。结果:两组年龄、性别、民族以及癫痫发作类型比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。癫痫患儿rs4788187、rs3815824的等位基因C频率明显低于T,而rs3815823的等位基因T频率明显低于C;两组患儿SNP位点rs4788187、rs3815824、rs3815823的基因型频率和等位基因频率比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:MVP基因的SNP位点(rs4788187、rs3815824、rs3815823)与癫痫耐药性不相关。

妊娠合并癫痫患者孕期抗癫痫药物血液浓度以及服用种类和数量对妊娠结局的影响

目的:回顾性分析妊娠合并癫痫患者孕期抗癫痫药物服用情况以及血液药物浓度对妊娠结局的影响,为癫痫女性备孕以及孕期抗癫痫药物安全、有效服用提供科学依据。方法:收集2017年至2022年我院就诊癫痫女性备孕期以及孕期抗癫痫药物服用情况和血药浓度数据,统计分析妊娠结局。分析抗癫痫药物妊娠期应用和药物浓度对孕妇癫痫发作的控制情况和对孕妇以及胎儿的影响。结果:相较于足月正常妊娠的癫痫患者,出现不良妊娠结局的患者孕期抗癫痫药物血液浓度偏低比率更高(65.2%vs 9.1%,P=0.002)。服用传统抗癫痫药物相较于新型抗癫痫药物出现不良妊娠结局的比率更高(92.3%vs 19%,P=0.000)。多药联合抗癫痫出现不良妊娠结局的概率虽略高于单药治疗(50%vs 44.4%),但差异不具统计学意义(P=0.746)。结论:癫痫合并妊娠的患者妊娠期癫痫控制情况是影响妊娠结局的重要因素,患者应根据治疗药物监测结果科学服用抗癫痫药物,过度担忧抗癫痫药物的不良反应导致服药依从性降低进而引起体内药物浓度偏低,会使不良妊娠结局风险增加。育龄期癫痫患者应科学备孕,在妊娠前及时科学调整抗癫痫药物的种类和数量以降低不良妊娠风险。

拉考沙胺治疗4岁以下癫痫患儿疗效、安全性与血药浓度的相关性研究

目的 评估拉考沙胺(LCM)治疗4岁以下癫痫患儿的疗效、安全性与血药浓度的相关性。方法 回顾性纳入新疆维吾尔自治区儿童医院2019年1月1日至2023年12月31日期间190例使用LCM治疗的癫痫患儿,收集个人资料、记录LCM血药浓度、疗效及药品不良反应。分析疗效、安全性和血药浓度的相关性。结果 LCM治疗有效率为77.37%,不良反应发生率为31.58%。LCM血药浓度预判疗效的准确性[曲线下面积(AUC)(95%CI)=0.532(0.440~0.623)]高于给药剂量[AUC(95%CI)=0.525(0.422~0.628)]。癫痫患儿LCM稳态血药浓度参考区间为1.50~14.65μg·mL^(-1)。发生不良反应患儿的LCM血药浓度显著高于未发生不良反应组患儿[(7.93±3.90)μg·mL^(-1) vs(6.44±3.10)μg·mL^(-1),P<0.05]。结论 LCM治疗4岁以下癫痫患儿的疗效和安全性均较好,可用于临床癫痫治疗。。

脑卒中后癫痫患者发生抗癫痫药物耐药的预测因素分析

目的:分析脑卒中后癫痫(PSE)患者发生抗癫痫药物耐药的预测因素。方法:收集2017年1月至2021年1月郑州大学第五附属医院收治的141例PSE患者。根据国际抗癫痫联盟对于抗癫痫药物耐药的判定标准将患者分为耐药组(n=23)与非耐药组(n=118)。采用Logistic回归分析PSE患者发生抗癫痫药物耐药的影响因素,并分析筛选出的影响因素对PSE患者发生抗癫痫药物耐药的预测价值。结果:Logistic回归分析显示,脑卒中首发年龄≤50岁、出血性脑卒中、中重度脑卒中是PSE患者发生抗癫痫药物耐药的危险因素[OR(95%CI)分别为1.226(1.108~1.356)、6.866(1.197~39.390)、0.073(0.013~0.417)]。脑卒中首发年龄≤50岁、出血性脑卒中对PSE患者发生抗癫痫药物耐药的预测价值较高,敏感度和特异度分别为0.826和0.848,0.739和0.780。结论:脑卒中首发年龄≤50岁、出血性脑卒中对于PSE患者发生抗癫痫药物耐药具有良好的预测价值。

儿童抗癫痫药物所致重症药疹与HLA基因的关系

目的:明确西北地区汉族儿童抗癫痫药物所致重症药疹与人类白细胞抗原(HLA)基因多态性的关联性。方法:收集2018年1月1日至2023年6月30日应用抗癫痫药物所致重症药疹的住院患儿20例为病例组,应用抗癫痫药物3个月以上未出现皮肤不良反应的患儿55例为耐受组,正常体检的40例儿童为正常对照组,采用序列特异性引物-聚合酶链反应法(PCR-SSP)检测外周血HLA-B^(*)1502、HLA-A^(*)2402、HLA-A^(*)3101 3个等位基因,分析等位基因分布频率在三组之间的差异。结果:重症药疹平均发病年龄(6.78±3.28)岁,平均潜伏期15天。三组总体基因分布频率有统计学差异(P<0.05)。病例组HLA-B^(*)1502等位基因分布频率与耐受组及正常对照组有统学差异(P<0.05),HLA-A^(*)2402及HLA-A^(*)3101基因分布频率在三组之间无统计学差异(P>0.05)。病例组HLA-B^(*)1502等位基因分布频率在卡马西平组与非卡马西平组有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论:抗癫痫药物引发的重症药疹学龄前及学龄期儿童高发,潜伏期长。卡马西平所致重症药疹与HLA-B^(*)1502等位基因密切相关,建议患者服用抗癫痫药物前筛查HLA基因型,避免重症药疹的发生。

左乙拉西坦片仿制药与原研药治疗儿童癫痫的疗效、安全性比较

目的:研究住院环境下儿童癫痫患者使用左乙拉西坦片仿制药与原研药以及在两者之间切换使用的临床结果,探讨门诊环境下左乙拉西坦片原研药的转换与回切。方法:对2020年1月至2022年6月于该院住院并接受左乙拉西坦片250 mg治疗的125例儿童癫痫患者进行回顾性队列研究。计算使用仿制药及原研药患者的发作频率减少率,汇总并分析在两个品种间切换的患者的特征,并进一步随访原研药在门诊的转换与回切率。结果:125例癫痫患者中,原研药组患者的癫痫控制率为87.50%(63/72),仿制药组为83.02%(44/53),两组的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);患者联合用药数量增加将降低癫痫控制率(OR=0.333,95%CI=0.114~0.969,P=0.044)。报告的4例不良反应均来自原研药组单药治疗的患者,分别为情绪不稳(2例)、皮疹(2例)。入组患者中,14例存在原研及仿制药品种间切换的情况,在控制性别、年龄及治疗特征时,患者入院次数(OR=2.7,95%CI=1.506~4.791,P=0.001)、癫痫控制情况(OR=0.07,95%CI=0.009~0.555,P=0.012)与品种切换相关。门诊随访过程中,原研药的累积转换率为50.05%,校正累积回切率为20.29%。结论:本研究队列中,原研与仿制左乙拉西坦片对癫痫儿童的疗效和安全性无差异,药物品种的切换更多出现在入院次数增加和癫痫未控制的情况下。尽管仿制药物已在门诊普及,原研药物仍存在固定的使用人群。

立体定向脑电图引导下电刺激引起微笑与欢笑2例

欢笑和微笑在大脑中的产生和传播网络尚未完全清楚。本文报告2例行立体定向脑电图植入的药物难治性癫痫患者,通过电刺激分别在左侧中央前回、右侧岛短回反复诱发出微笑(不带有愉悦情绪及运动意识)及欢笑(带有与情景不相符的愉悦情绪)。该现象反映了笑的情绪及行为网络存在区别与联系。

基于国家专利的中药复方治疗癫痫的数据挖掘研究

目的基于数据挖掘研究中药复方专利治疗癫痫的用药及配伍规律。方法通过查询国家知识产权局专利公布网站中治疗癫痫的中药复方专利数据,运用Excel、Origin 2021、R 4.3.1、Cytoscape 3.9.1等软件进行描述性分析、关联规则分析、聚类分析和计算相关拓扑学属性值进行构建核心复杂网络。结果纳入治疗癫痫的中药复方专利共346项,涉及中药738味,用药频次前5味的中药分别是石菖蒲、天麻、全蝎、僵蚕、钩藤。药物类别以平肝息风药为主,聚类分析共得到2大类药物组合,共现网络得到核心组合石菖蒲-全蝎-天麻-僵蚕-钩藤;关联规则得到数据23条。结论本研究揭示了治疗癫痫的主要特点,即以平肝熄风、息风止痉、宁心安神为主的治疗方向结合与活血化瘀、健脾化痰等个体化的辩证诊治策略。这一发现旨在为中医药临床治疗癫痫提供了参考和借鉴价值。

关于ILAE/AES联合报告“重新审视耐药性癫痫概念”的解读

尽管新型抗癫痫药物(ASMs)不断涌现,目前已经发展到第三代,但仍有1/3癫痫患者可发展为耐药性癫痫(DRE)。早在2010年,国际抗癫痫联盟(ILAE)就提出了DRE概念并沿用至今,及早诊断DRE,有助于对ASMs无反应的个体进行术前评估,并从癫痫外科手术中受益。由于DRE的发病率仍然很高以及概念一直没有更新,故在2023年8月ILAE/美国癫痫协会(AES)联合工作组从协调临床前和临床研究角度出发,在整个生命周期和跨物种基础上讨论了DRE表现和机制的异质性、复杂性及动态变化。联合工作组建议有必要重新审视DRE的当前定义,以更好地服务DRE临床管理以及指引DRE未来研究方向,为患者筛选更有效、更精准的个体化治疗,以减少DRE发病率,提高患者生活质量。本文旨在就ILAE/AES此份报告做一简要介绍和解读。

血药浓度监测在卡马西平中毒老年癫痫患者诊断和治疗中的临床应用

目的探讨卡马西平血药浓度监测在识别老年癫痫患者潜在药物中毒风险中的价值,为卡马西平服用过量所致毒性反应的诊断和治疗提供参考依据。方法分析1例卡马西平中毒慢性老年癫痫患者的临床资料及其诊断和治疗过程。以“卡马西平中毒”“卡马西平过量”为检索词分别对中国知网、PubMed数据库建库至2023年发表的文献进行检索。结果卡马西平在正常用法、用量下,仍然会发生药物过量毒性反应。症状可表现为血药浓度峰值极高、肝肾功能受损、神志不清、意识障碍、失语、癫痫反复发作、血压升高等。此时对老年癫痫患者进行补液利尿治疗有效。文献检索结果:共检索到可用的中文文献67篇,英文文献147篇。结合病例分析和文献复习,该文总结了卡马西平中毒的致病因素、临床诊断、治疗方法及血药浓度监测的重要性。结论老年癫痫患者应定期进行抗癫痫治疗药物监测以及时调整给药剂量,规避抗癫痫药物治疗时潜在的中毒风险。

694例癫痫医师药师联合门诊患者药品不良反应分析

目的分析癫痫医师药师联合门诊患者药品不良反应(ADR)发生率、常见类型及其相关因素,为癫痫个体化治疗提供依据。方法回顾性调查2020年1月1日至2021年12月31日于某院癫痫医师药师联合门诊就诊的患者,对患者性别、年龄及ADR发生情况进行描述性统计,并对患者ADR发生率与性别、年龄、是否联合用药的相关性进行卡方检验。结果694例癫痫医师药师联合门诊患者中ADR发生率为36.17%(251/694)。男性和女性患者ADR发生率分别为37.08%(142/383)、35.05%(109/311),两者比较无统计学差异(χ^(2)=0.306,P=0.580)。≤14岁、15~44岁、45~64岁、≥65岁年龄组的ADR发生率分别为24.00%、33.88%、42.96%、55.10%;4个年龄组的ADR发生率之间有统计学差异(χ^(2)=16.226,P=0.001)。合并用药与无合并用药的ADR发生率分别为45.00%和26.65%,两者比较有统计学差异(χ^(2)=25.279,P=0.000)。结论癫痫的药物治疗强调个体化,应当在充分考虑患者性别、年龄、合并用药等基础上制定给药方案,必须向患者或家属强调定期复查的重要性与复查项目,保障用药安全。

Safety and efficacy of a novel responsive neurostimulation system in China for drug-refractory focal epilepsy:The first-in-man study

To the Editor:Recent studies have characterized drugresistant epilepsy(DRE)as essentially a neural network disease.[1]Detection and disconnection of this pathological epileptic connectome or network can greatly improve seizure outcomes.Our team also proposes the development of the newly emerging branch of epileptic networks neurosurgery(ENN).Responsive neurostimulation(RNS)is an ENN-oriented emerging treatment option without the resection of the seizure-onset zone or epileptic focus and aims to control the seizure or other epileptic manifestations by modulating or disrupting the network’s key nodes(epileptic hubs)in a self-responsive way.

基于血浊理论与援药理论的卒中后癫痫辨治初探

卒中后癫痫(PSE)是指卒中前无癫痫病史,卒中后出现的痫性发作,西医目前对其发病机制认识尚为不足,治疗手段有限且不良作用明显。根据王新陆教授提出的血浊理论与援药理论,PSE的中医病机责之于过食肥甘,血失常度,痰瘀互结,酿生血浊。清化血浊法是治疗PSE的有效方法,化浊行血汤可作为防治PSE的基础方剂。