Epinephrine also acts on beta cells and insulin secretion

In a recent review examining neurotransmitter modulation of insulin secretion,the significant impact of epinephrine was not addressed.Its primary action involves inhibiting insulin release via alpha-adrenergic receptors,thereby reducing the response to insulin secretion stimulators,through the activation of K+channels and resulting in membrane hyperpolarization in beta cells.

Reduction of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord following repetitive blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats

Traumatic brain inju ry-induced unfavorable outcomes in human patients have independently been associated with dysregulated levels of monoamines,especially epinephrine,although few preclinical studies have examined the epinephrine level in the central nervous system after traumatic brain injury.Epinephrine has been shown to regulate the activities of spinal motoneurons as well as increase the heart rate,blood pressure,and blood flow to the hindlimb muscles.Therefore,the purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of repeated blast-induced traumatic brain injury on the epinephrine levels in seve ral function-s pecific central nervous system regions in rats.Following three repeated blast injuries at 3-day intervals,the hippocampus,motor cortex,locus coeruleus,vestibular nuclei,and lumbar spinal cord were harvested at post-injury day eight and processed for epinephrine assays using a high-sensitive electrochemical detector cou pled with high-performance liquid chromatography.Our results showed that the epinephrine levels were significantly decreased in the lumbar spinal cord tissues of blast-induced traumatic brain injury animals compared to the levels detected in age-and sex-matched sham controls.In other function-specific central nervous system regions,although the epinephrine levels were slightly altered following blast-induced tra u matic brain injury,they were not statistically significant.These results suggest that blast injury-induced significant downregulation of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord could negatively impact the motor and cardiovascular function.This is the first repo rt to show altered epinephrine levels in the spinal cord following repetitive mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury.

Analysis of the Effects of Local Injection of Epinephrine and Lidocaine on Postoperative Pain and Bleeding in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy

Objective:To explore the effects of local injection of epinephrine and lidocaine on postoperative pain and bleeding in children undergoing tonsillectomy.Methods:Sixty-eight children who underwent a tonsillectomy in our hospital from March 2019 to October 2020 were selected.The children were randomly divided into two groups of 34 cases each.The observation group received local anesthetic injections of lidocaine and the control group received local anesthetic injections of epinephrine.The postoperative pain,operation time,blood pressure changes,and intraoperative blood loss of the two groups of children were observed and analyzed.Results:The postoperative pain,operation time,and intraoperative blood loss scores of the children in the observation group were 4.36±0.69,0.36±0.09,and 39.36±1.78 respectively,which were significantly better than those of the children in the control group(P<0.05)at 5.36±0.77,0.79±0.05,and 45.36±1.56,respectively.The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the observation group 3 minutes before surgery and 180 minutes after surgery were no different from those of the control group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Local injection of epinephrine and lidocaine effectively relieved postoperative pain and reduced bleeding in children undergoing tonsillectomy as compared to epinephrine alone.

Cardioprotective effects of Pinus eldarica bark extract on adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats

Objective:To investigate the effect of Pinus eldarica bark extract on adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction.Methods:Hydroalcoholic extract was prepared using maceration method and its total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-ciocalteu method.Pretreatment was done by oral administration of 100,200,and 400 mg/kg Pinus eldarica bark extract for 16 days in male Wistar rats.Injection of adrenaline(2 mg/kg,s.c.)was performed on the 15th and 16th days for induction of myocardial infarction.LeadⅡEEG was recorded.Serum cardiac marker enzymes and antioxidative parameters were evaluated and a histopathological examination of heart tissues was performed.Results:Pretreatment with Pinus eldarica bark extract especially at its high doses significantly lowered the ST-segment elevation,improved heart rate,and decreased RR interval in ECG pattern of rats with adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction.It declined serum markers of heart damage including aspartate aminotransferase,lactate dehydrogenase,and creatine phosphokinase-MB,and also decreased lipid peroxidation marker,and heart weight while raising total antioxidant capacity and considerably improved histopathological alterations of the heart induced by adrenaline.Conclusions:Pinus eldarica bark extract shows beneficial cardioprotective and antioxidant effects against adrenaline-induced myocardial infarction.It can be further explored as a potential treatment for myocardial infarction.

院外心脏骤停患者良好神经功能预测因素与决策树预测模型构建

目的探讨院外心脏骤停(OHCA)患者良好神经功能预测因素并构建决策树预测模型。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2022年12月沧州市中心医院急诊重症监护病房(EICU)收治的117例OHCA并行心肺复苏(CPR)成功患者的临床资料。根据心脏骤停后3个月时的格拉斯哥-匹兹堡脑功能分级将患者分为良好神经功能组(1~2级)和不良神经功能组(3~5级)。通过单因素及多因素Logistic回归分析识别OHCA患者3个月良好神经功能的预测因素,并基于预测因素构建决策树预测模型。应用受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)评估决策树预测模型的区分度,校准曲线评估决策树预测模型预测结局与观察结局的一致性,决策曲线分析评估决策树预测模型的临床实用性。结果29.1%(34/117)的OHCA患者具有良好神经功能。与不良神经功能组相比,良好神经功能组患者多接受旁观者CPR(χ^(2)=4.81,P=0.028)、可除颤心律比例高(χ^(2)=8.74,P=0.003)、CPR持续时间短(Z=3.36,P=0.001)、肾上腺素用量低(Z=4.69,P<0.001)及血乳酸水平低(Z=3.83,P<0.001)。单因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,旁观者CPR(OR=0.34,95%CI 0.13~0.92,P=0.033)、可除颤心律(OR=0.20,95%CI 0.07~0.63,P=0.006)、CPR持续时间(OR=1.08,95%CI 1.02~1.14,P=0.010)、肾上腺素用量(OR=1.64,95%CI 1.28~2.09,P<0.001)及血乳酸(OR=1.20,95%CI 1.09~1.33,P<0.001)为OHCA患者良好神经功能的独立预测因素。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,可除颤心律(OR=0.25,95%CI 0.06~0.95,P=0.041)、CPR持续时间(OR=1.07,95%CI 1.00~1.14,P=0.047)、肾上腺素用量(OR=1.95,95%CI 1.29~2.94,P=0.001)及血乳酸(OR=1.13,95%CI 1.01~1.26,P=0.042)为OHCA患者良好神经功能的独立预测因素。决策树预测模型预测OHCA患者良好神经功能的AUC为0.829(95%CI 0.745~0.912),其敏感度为70.6%,特异度为86.7%。校准曲线图表明决策树预测模型的预测结局与观察结局相一致。决策曲线分析证实决策树预测模型的临床可用性良好。结论可除颤心律、CPR持续时间、肾上腺素用量及血乳酸为OHCA患者良好神经功能的预测因素,决策树模型可预测OHCA患者良好神经功能。

基于文献的阿替卡因肾上腺素注射液所致过敏反应的流行病学分析

目的:通过文献检索分析阿替卡因肾上腺素注射液(atocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine tartrate injection,AHETI)所致过敏反应的流行病学特点,为临床该药的用药安全提供参考。方法:以“阿替卡因肾上腺素注射液(atocaine hydrochloride and epinephrine tartrate injection)”“、过敏反应(anaphylaxis or anaphylactic response)”“、药物不良反应(adverse drug reaction)”等位关键词,在中国知网、万方数据库、重庆维普、PubMed、Springer、Elsevier等国内外数据库中检索截至2022年12月31日的所有相关案例文献,采集相关病例的年龄、性别、所患疾病和AHETI的用法用量,以及所致过敏反应的发生时间、严重程度、临床表现和转归情况等信息,分析AHETI所致过敏反应的流行病学特点。结果:在数据库中共检索到相关案例文献22篇,涉及病例23例;其中,性别上以女性为主(18例,占78.26%),年龄上以>20~40岁为主(12例,占52.17%);23例患者中,其诊断主要为牙髓炎(6例,占26.09%)、慢性牙周炎(5例,占21.74%)和拔牙术(4例,占17.39%),过敏反应的发生时间主要集中在用药后的10min内(12例,占52.17%),过敏反应主要的累及器官有皮肤及其附件、神经肌肉、循环系统和呼吸系统;经过对症处置,23例患者全部好转。结论:AHETI所致过敏反应在患者年龄和性别、发生时间和临床表现上有其特点,对此临床应积极关注,并做好防护,以保证患者的用药安全。

肾虚血瘀型SD大鼠膝骨关节炎模型的建立与验证

背景:肾虚血瘀证候作为膝骨关节炎常见中医证候,又是膝骨关节炎的基本病机,二者之间有着重要联系。但肾虚血瘀证候如何促进膝关节软骨损伤及其潜在机制并不明确,还需进一步研究。目的:探讨肾虚血瘀证候对SD大鼠膝骨关节炎进程的影响。方法:将16只SD大鼠随机分为模型观察组和对照组,每组8只。模型观察组采用卵巢摘除方法建立肾虚模型,2个月后采用改良HULTH手术进行膝骨关节炎造模,HULTH手术后1周皮下注射盐酸肾上腺素进行血瘀造模;对照组给予卵巢摘除假手术,改良HULTH手术,皮下注射生理盐水。HULTH手术后第5周,检测血液流变学、凝血四项、三碘甲状腺原氨酸、四碘甲状腺原氨酸及雌二醇水平;同时,拍摄膝关节X射线片,进行膝关节苏木精-伊红染色、番红-固绿染色和免疫组化染色。结果与结论:①与对照组相比,模型观察组全血黏度低切、中切、高切和血浆黏度显著升高,凝血四项中纤维蛋白原水平显著升高,凝血酶原时间和活化部分凝血活酶时间显著下降;三碘甲状腺原氨酸、四碘甲状腺原氨酸及雌二醇水平均显著下降;②影像学结果显示模型观察组大鼠膝关节间隙狭窄程度更严重且表面欠光滑,出现高密度影;③苏木精-伊红染色和番红-固绿染色表明,模型观察组大鼠软骨损伤更严重,并且OARSI评分和Mankin评分明显高于对照组;④免疫组化染色结果显示,相较于对照组,模型观察组大鼠软骨外基质Ⅱ型胶原、聚集蛋白聚糖蛋白表达显著下降,炎症因子基质金属蛋白酶13、解聚蛋白样金属蛋白酶5蛋白表达显著升高。结果表明,该研究成功建立了SD大鼠肾虚血瘀型膝骨关节炎模型;肾虚血瘀证候通过促进炎症因子表达进一步加重软骨外基质裂解和软骨退变,促进大鼠膝骨关节炎进程。

垂体后叶素联合肾上腺素应用于心肺复苏治疗效果的meta分析

目的系统评价垂体后叶素联合肾上腺素应用于心肺复苏治疗的效果。方法计算机检索PubMed、The Cochrane Library、VIP、CNKI、WanFang Date数据库(建库至2022年10月),按照纳入与排除标准选择文献、评价质量并提取资料后,采用RevMan 5.3软件进行meta分析。结果共纳入符合条件的17篇文献,共计1059例患者。Meta分析结果显示:垂体后叶素联合肾上腺素增加自主循环恢复率[RR=2.02,95%CI(1.74,2.34),P<0.01],缩短自主循环恢复时间[MD=-8.91,95%CI(-11.13,-6.69),P<0.01],增加了24 h存活率[RR=2.43,95%CI(1.86,3.18),P<0.01]及出院存活率[RR=2.41,95%CI(1.83,3.18),P<0.01],降低了终止复苏率[RR=0.39,95%CI(0.22,0.68),P=0.001],增加了复苏后6 h尿量[MD=130,95%CI(113.68,146.32),P<0.01];但复苏后平均动脉压及心电图ST-T下移两组间差异无统计学意义。结论垂体后叶素联合肾上腺素应用于心肺复苏治疗时,可明显提高复苏成功率,缩短复苏时间,提高患者24 h及出院存活率,增加复苏后6 h尿量,改善器官灌注。

Uremic Bleeding in 2 Patients with Dieulafoy’s Lesion: Case Report and Literature Review

Dieulafoy’s lesions are rare vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract. A Dieulafoy’s lesion is an aberrant vessel that does not reduce in caliber when it extends from the submucosa to the mucosa. Damage to this artery can cause severe and intermittent arterial bleeding from small vascular stumps that are difficult to visualize. Furthermore, these catastrophic bleeding episodes frequently result in hemodynamic instability and the need for transfusion of multiple blood products. Recently, uremic syndrome has been identified as a risk factor for gastric mucosal lesions. We present two clinical cases of acute digestive bleeding due to Dielafoy lesion with chronic kidney disease as the main cause, where two different therapies were performed endoscopically. We concluded with the results of our patients that the best therapy was the application of the hemostatic hemoclip on the injury vs the injection with adrenaline on the wound site. Uremia is identified as a risk factor for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with pre-existing Dieulafoy’s lesion, as well as a higher incidence of new bleeding.

甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠联合肾上腺素治疗过敏性休克患者的效果

目的:观察甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠联合肾上腺素治疗过敏性休克患者的效果。方法:回顾性分析2021年3月至2023年3月该院收治的80例过敏性休克患者的临床资料,按照不同治疗方案将其分为研究组(n=40)与对照组(n=40)。对照组给予肾上腺素治疗,研究组在对照组基础上联合注射用甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠治疗,比较两组抢救成功率、抢救成功患者临床症状改善时间、治疗前后血气分析指标[动脉血二氧化碳分压(PaCO_(2))、动脉血氧分压(PaO_(2))、血氧饱和度(SpO_(2))]水平和不良反应发生率。结果:研究组抢救成功率为95.00%(38/40),高于对照组的77.50%(31/40),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);研究组抢救成功患者呼吸困难、胸闷心悸、皮疹、血压下降等临床症状改善时间均短于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);治疗1 h后,两组抢救成功患者PaO_(2)、SpO_(2)水平高于治疗前,且研究组高于对照组,PaCO_(2)水平均低于治疗前,且研究组低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组抢救成功患者不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠联合肾上腺素治疗过敏性休克患者可提高抢救成功率,缩短抢救成功患者临床症状改善时间,改善抢救成功患者血气分析指标水平,效果优于单纯肾上腺素治疗。

Predictors of rebleeding after initial hemostasis with epinephrine injection in high-risk ulcers

AIM: To identify the predictors of rebleeding after initial hemostasis with epinephrine injection (EI) in patients with high-risk ulcers. METHODS: Recent studies have revealed that endoscopic thermocoagulation, or clips alone or combined with EI are superior to EI alone to arrest ulcer bleeding. However, the reality is that EI monotherapy is still common in clinical practice. From October 2006 to April 2008, high-risk ulcer patients in whom hemorrhage was stopped after EI monotherapy were studied using clinical, laboratory and endoscopic variables. The patients were divided into 2 groups: sustained hemostasis and rebleeding. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients (144, sustainedhemostasis; 31, rebleeding) were enrolled. Univariate analysis revealed that older age (≥ 60 years), advanced American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) status (category Ⅲ , Ⅳ and Ⅴ ), shock, severe anemia (hemoglobin < 80 g/L), EI dose ≥ 12 mL and severe bleeding signs (SBS) including hematemesis or hematochezia were the factors which predicted rebleeding. However, only older age, severe anemia, high EI dose and SBS were independent predictors. Among 31 rebleeding patients, 10 (32.2%) underwent surgical hemostasis, 15 (48.4%) suffered from delayed hemostasis causing major complications and 13 (41.9%) died of these complications. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic EI monotherapy in patients with high-risk ulcers should be avoided. Initial hemostasis with thermocoagulation, clips or additional hemostasis after EI is mandatory for such patients to ensure better hemostatic status and to prevent subsequent rebleeding, surgery, morbidity and mortality.

Electroanalysis and simultaneous determination of dopamine and epinephrine at poly(isonicotinic acid)-modified carbon paste electrode in the presence of ascorbic acid

A carbon paste electrode modified with electropolymerized fills of isonicotinic acid was developed. The modified electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of both dopamine （DA） and epinephrine （EP）. Separation of the reduction peak potentials for dopamine and epinephrine was about 357 mV in pH 5.3 phosphate buffer solution （PBS） and the character was used for the detection DA and EP simultaneously. The peak currents increase linearly with DA and EP concentration over the range of 8.0×10^-5 to 7.0×10^-4 mol/L and 5.0×10^-6 to 1.0×10^-4 mol/L with detection limits of 2×10^-5 and 1×10^-6 mol/L, respectively. The interference studies showed that the modified electrode exhibits excellent selectivity in the presence of large excess of ascorbic acid （AA）.

Low doses of intravenous epinephrine for refractory sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

We report three cases of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia(VT) in the setting of coronary artery disease,resistant to beta-blockers in two patients and to amiodarone in all,successfully terminated by low doses of intravenous(IV) epinephrine.VT was the first manifestation of coronary artery disease in one patient,whereas the other two patients had a previous history of myocardial infarction and were recipients of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD).One of these two patients experienced an arrhythmic storm.All had hemodynamic instability at the time of epinephrine administration.A single slow administration of IV epinephrine(0.5 to 1 mg administered over 30 to 60 s) restored sinus rhythm after 30-90 s with only minor side effects.In the ICD patient with recurrent VT and several cardioversions due to transformation of VT to ventricular fibrillation,epinephrine injection led to the avoidance of further shocks.Although potentially harmful,low doses of IV epinephrine used alone or in combination with beta-blocker treatment and electrical cardioversion may be an alternative effective therapy for sustained monomorphic VT refractory to amiodarone.The role of epinephrine in the termination of VT should be studied further,especially in patients pre-treated with amiodarone in combination with beta-blockers.

Safety of epinephrine for anaphylaxis in the emergency setting

BACKGROUND:While epinephrine is the recommended first-line therapy for the reversal of anaphylaxis symptoms,inappropriate use persists because of misunderstandings about proper dosing and administration or misconceptions about its safety.The objective of this review was to evaluate the safety of epinephrine for patients with anaphylaxis,including other emergent conditions,treated in emergency care settings.METHODS:A MEDLINE search using PubMed was conducted to identify articles that discuss the dosing,administration,and safety of epinephrine in the emergency setting for anaphylaxis and other conditions.RESULTS:Epinephrine is safe for anaphylaxis when given at the correct dose by intramuscular injection.The majority of dosing errors and cardiovascular adverse reactions occur when epinephrine is given intravenously or incorrectly dosed.CONCLUSION:Epinephrine by intramuscular injection is a safe therapy for anaphylaxis but training may still be necessary in emergency care settings to minimize drug dosing and administration errors and to allay concerns about its safety.

Intercalation of Epinephrine with Calf-thymus ds-DNA

A strong interaction between double stranded calf-thymus DNA (ds-DNA) and epinephrine but no interaction between single stranded calf-thymus DNA (ss-DNA) and epinephrine were observed by the use of UV-spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. It is suggested that the interaction leads to an intercalation of EP molecules into the groove of ds-DNA and the formation of ds-DNA(EP)(n) complex.

2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid self-assembled gold electrode for the simultaneous determination of epinephrine and dopamine

Simultaneous determination of epinephrine （EP） and dopamine （DA） at 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid （DMSA） modified electrode was studied. The oxidation peaks of the mixture of EP and DA appeared at the same potential, but the cathodic peak currents were only linear to the concentration of DA, whereas the anodic peak currents were equal to the sum of individual anodic peak currents of EP and DA. Therefore, a novel electrochemical method for the simultaneous determination of EP and DA at a DMSA modified electrode （DMSA/Au electrode） by cyclic voltammetry was established. The DMSA self-assembled electrode showed good sensitivity, selectivity and stability and could be used to determine DA and EP, simultaneously, in the real application with satisfactory results.

Cyclic Voltammetry Determination of Epinephrine with a Nano-gold Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode in the Presence of High Concentration Ascorbic Acid

Nano-gold (NG) modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were used for determination of epinephrine (EP) in the presence of high concentration ascorbic acid (AA) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). This modified electrode can not only catalytically oxidize EP and AA, but also separate the catalytic peak potentials of EP and AA by about 183.5 mV. In pH = 7.0 ogisogate byffer solution, the linear range of epinephrine was 5 106 ~ 1 ?10-4 mol/L.

Epinephrine injection therapy versus a combination of epinepnrine injection and endoscopic hemoclip in the treatment of bleeding ulcers

AIM: To assess the efficacy of hemoclip application in combination with epinephrine injection in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers and to compare the clinical outcomes between patients treated with such a combination therapy and those treated with epinephrine injection alone.METHODS: A total of 293 patients (211 males, 82females) underwent endoscopic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers. Of these, 202 patients (152 males, 50females) received epinephrine injection therapy while 91patients (59 males, 32 females) received combination therapy. The choice of endoscopic therapy was made by the endoscopist. Hemostatic rates, rebleeding rates, need for emergency surgery and 30-d mortality were the outcome measures studied.RESULTS: Patients who received combination therapy were significantly older (mean age 66±16 years, range24-90 years) and more suffered from chronic renal failure compared to those who received epinephrine injection therapy alone (mean age 61±17 years, range 21-89 years).Failure to achieve permanent hemostasis was 4% in the group who received epinephrine injection alone and 11%in the group who received combination therapy. When the differences in age and renal function between the two treatment groups were taken into account by multivariate analysis, the rates of initial hemostasis,rebleeding rates, need for surgery and 30-d mortality for both treatment options were not significantly different.CONCLUSION: Combination therapy of epinephrine injection with endoscopic hemoclip application is an effective method of achieving hemostasis in bleeding peptic ulcer diseases. However, superiority of combination therapy over epinephrine injection alone, could not be demonstrated.

Effects of epinephrine on angiogenesis-related gene expressions in cultured rat cardiomyocytes

Epinephrine is often used for the treatment of patients with heart failure, low cardiac output and cardiac arrest. It can acutely improve hemodynamic parameters; however, it does not seem to improve longer term clinical outcomes. Therefore, we hypothesized that epinephrine may induce unfavorable changes in gene expression of cardiomyocyte. Thus, we investigated effects of epinephrine exposure on the mediation or modulation of gene expression of cultured cardiomyocytes at a genome-wide scale. Our investigation revealed that exposure of cardiomyocytes to epinephrine in an in vitro environment can up-regulate the expression ofangiopoietin-2 gene （~ 2.1 times）, and down-regulate the gene expression of neuregulin 1 （-3.7 times）, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 （-2.4 times） and SPARC-related modular calcium-binding protein-2 （-4.5 times）. These changes suggest that epinephrine exposure may induce inhibition of angiogenesis-related gene expressions in cultured rat cardiomyocytes. The precise clinical significance of these changes in gene expression, which was induced by epinephrine exposure, warrants further experimental and clinical investigations.

Optimal injection volume of epinephrine for endoscopic treatment of peptic ulcer bleedinq

瞄准：与活跃地为溃疡放血在病人为血壅滞和低复杂并发症率与高功效定义肾上腺素的最佳的注射体积。方法：这未来的、使随机化的、比较试用在一个医学中心被进行。有活跃地为溃疡放血的 228 个病人的一个总数(喷射或流着) 随机与 20， 30 和 40 mL 被分到三个组肾上腺素的一个 1:10000 答案的内视镜的注射。止血效果和临床的结果在三个组之间被比较。结果：在在三个组之间的所有背景变量没有有效差量。起始的血壅滞在 97.4% 被完成， 98.7% 并且百分之百，病人，分别地，在 20， 30 和 40 mL，肾上腺素组织。处于在三个组之间的起始的血壅滞的率没有有效差量。消化性溃疡穿孔的率比在 20 和 30 个 mL 肾上腺素组在 40 mL 肾上腺素组是显著地更高的(P 【 0.05 ) 。周期性的流血的率比在在 20 mL 肾上腺素组(20.3%) 是显著地更高的 30 (5.3%) 并且 40 个 mL (2.8%) 肾上腺素组(P 【 0.01 ) 。处于外科的干预，输送要求的数量，住院的日子，从流血的死亡和在三个组之间的 30 d 死亡的率没有有效差量。由于内视镜的注射形成了腹上部的疼痛的病人的数字，比在在 40 mL 肾上腺素组(51/76 ) 是显著地更高的 20 (2/76 ) 并且 30 个 mL (5/76 ) 肾上腺素组(P 【 0.001 ) 。在内视镜的注射以后的收缩血压的重要举起在 40 mL 肾上腺素组被观察(P 【 0.01 ) 。在内视镜的注射以后的重要减少和脉搏率的正规化在 20 mL 和 30 个 mL 肾上腺素组被观察(P 【 0.01 ) 。结论：30 mL 的注射冲淡了肾上腺素(1:10000 ) 能有效地阻止与复杂并发症的低率的周期性的流血。为活跃地流血的溃疡的内视镜的治疗的肾上腺素的最佳的注射体积(喷射或流着) 是 30 mL。