Epinephrine also acts on beta cells and insulin secretion

In a recent review examining neurotransmitter modulation of insulin secretion,the significant impact of epinephrine was not addressed.Its primary action involves inhibiting insulin release via alpha-adrenergic receptors,thereby reducing the response to insulin secretion stimulators,through the activation of K+channels and resulting in membrane hyperpolarization in beta cells.

Reduction of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord following repetitive blast-induced traumatic brain injury in rats

Traumatic brain inju ry-induced unfavorable outcomes in human patients have independently been associated with dysregulated levels of monoamines,especially epinephrine,although few preclinical studies have examined the epinephrine level in the central nervous system after traumatic brain injury.Epinephrine has been shown to regulate the activities of spinal motoneurons as well as increase the heart rate,blood pressure,and blood flow to the hindlimb muscles.Therefore,the purpose of the present study was to determine the impact of repeated blast-induced traumatic brain injury on the epinephrine levels in seve ral function-s pecific central nervous system regions in rats.Following three repeated blast injuries at 3-day intervals,the hippocampus,motor cortex,locus coeruleus,vestibular nuclei,and lumbar spinal cord were harvested at post-injury day eight and processed for epinephrine assays using a high-sensitive electrochemical detector cou pled with high-performance liquid chromatography.Our results showed that the epinephrine levels were significantly decreased in the lumbar spinal cord tissues of blast-induced traumatic brain injury animals compared to the levels detected in age-and sex-matched sham controls.In other function-specific central nervous system regions,although the epinephrine levels were slightly altered following blast-induced tra u matic brain injury,they were not statistically significant.These results suggest that blast injury-induced significant downregulation of epinephrine in the lumbar spinal cord could negatively impact the motor and cardiovascular function.This is the first repo rt to show altered epinephrine levels in the spinal cord following repetitive mild blast-induced traumatic brain injury.

Analysis of the Effects of Local Injection of Epinephrine and Lidocaine on Postoperative Pain and Bleeding in Children Undergoing Tonsillectomy

Objective:To explore the effects of local injection of epinephrine and lidocaine on postoperative pain and bleeding in children undergoing tonsillectomy.Methods:Sixty-eight children who underwent a tonsillectomy in our hospital from March 2019 to October 2020 were selected.The children were randomly divided into two groups of 34 cases each.The observation group received local anesthetic injections of lidocaine and the control group received local anesthetic injections of epinephrine.The postoperative pain,operation time,blood pressure changes,and intraoperative blood loss of the two groups of children were observed and analyzed.Results:The postoperative pain,operation time,and intraoperative blood loss scores of the children in the observation group were 4.36±0.69,0.36±0.09,and 39.36±1.78 respectively,which were significantly better than those of the children in the control group(P<0.05)at 5.36±0.77,0.79±0.05,and 45.36±1.56,respectively.The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of the observation group 3 minutes before surgery and 180 minutes after surgery were no different from those of the control group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Local injection of epinephrine and lidocaine effectively relieved postoperative pain and reduced bleeding in children undergoing tonsillectomy as compared to epinephrine alone.

EPS混合土地基-沉箱抗震性能振动台模型试验

采用振动台试验研究了饱和砂土地基(CSS)和EPS混合土地基(CES)两种地基模型下沉箱结构的抗震性能。对比了两种不同地基模型下土体动力响应特征及沉箱结构动力稳定性,探讨了动力作用下沉箱的受力状态及失稳机制,分析了EPS混合土地基对上部沉箱结构地震稳定性的影响。试验结果表明:振动过程中CES工况的超孔压发展速率明显低于CSS,EPS混合土可显著提高模型抗液化性能。墙后填土作用于沉箱的动土压力沿深度方向呈三角形分布,沉箱中部位置动土压力最大。CES工况沉箱动力响应,包括加速度、位移及转动角等均小于CSS,表现出更好的抗震性能。CES沉箱所受动土推力与惯性力存在明显的相位差,有利于提高沉箱结构的稳定性。

基于CLSI指南EP09-A3比对2套化学发光免疫分析系统血清TT_3测定结果

目的 基于美国临床实验室标准化协会(CLSI)指南EP09-A3探讨2套化学发光免疫分析系统血清总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT_3)测定结果的可比性。方法 根据EP09-A3指南要求,使用2个品牌化学发光免疫分析系统(分别命名为系统一和系统二)分别测定111例血清样本TT_3水平。通过广义极端学生化偏差(ESD)法检验离群值,选用EP09-A3指南列举的5种回归模型分析2套系统TT_3检测结果,并计算医学决定水平处的偏移。结果 散点图目测和ESD法检验均未发现离群值。2套系统TT_3检测结果的5种回归分析结果显示,一般线性回归、加权最小二乘法回归、Deming回归、Passing-Bablock回归分析在TT_3医学决定水平处(0.75和1.91 ng·mL~(-1))的偏移均<可接受范围[允许总误差(TEa)±12.5%],偏移的95%可信区间(CI)结果类型解读为可接受的A型和B型,加权Deming回归分析得到的偏移的95%CI部分超出可接受范围,结果类型解读为C型。结论 EP09-A3指南适用于2套系统检测TT_3的方法学比对和偏移评估,且该指南更新的离群值判断方法、回归分类分析法和对应的解读分型方式更为科学、合理。

调脾增食颗粒对幼龄厌食大鼠血浆β-EP及CCK-8的影响

目的:探讨调脾增食颗粒对幼龄厌食大鼠血浆β-EP(β-内腓肽)及CCK-8(胆囊收缩素)的影响。方法:选取60只幼龄SD大鼠,随机分为6组,正常对照组,模型对照组,调脾增食颗粒高、中、低剂量组及阳性对照组,每组10只。除正常对照组喂饲常规鼠饲料外,其余各组均采用特制高蛋白高脂饲料喂养1周,建立幼龄厌食大鼠模型。正常对照组和模型对照组给予蒸馏水,调脾增食颗粒高、中、低剂量组按33.86、16.93、8.47 g/(kg·d)剂量给药,阳性组给予健胃消食片0.675 g/(kg·d),连续给药4周;记录各组大鼠进食量,应用放射免疫法测定大鼠血浆β-EP及CCK-8的含量。结果:调脾增食颗粒中、高剂量组第3周和第4周的进食量明显多于模型对照组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。调脾增食颗粒中、高剂量组大鼠血浆β-EP含量明显高于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01),CCK-8含量明显低于模型组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:调脾增食颗粒治疗厌食症与调节血β-EP及CCK-8的分泌与释放有关。

Predictors of rebleeding after initial hemostasis with epinephrine injection in high-risk ulcers

AIM: To identify the predictors of rebleeding after initial hemostasis with epinephrine injection (EI) in patients with high-risk ulcers. METHODS: Recent studies have revealed that endoscopic thermocoagulation, or clips alone or combined with EI are superior to EI alone to arrest ulcer bleeding. However, the reality is that EI monotherapy is still common in clinical practice. From October 2006 to April 2008, high-risk ulcer patients in whom hemorrhage was stopped after EI monotherapy were studied using clinical, laboratory and endoscopic variables. The patients were divided into 2 groups: sustained hemostasis and rebleeding. RESULTS: A total of 175 patients (144, sustainedhemostasis; 31, rebleeding) were enrolled. Univariate analysis revealed that older age (≥ 60 years), advanced American Society of Anesthesiology (ASA) status (category Ⅲ , Ⅳ and Ⅴ ), shock, severe anemia (hemoglobin < 80 g/L), EI dose ≥ 12 mL and severe bleeding signs (SBS) including hematemesis or hematochezia were the factors which predicted rebleeding. However, only older age, severe anemia, high EI dose and SBS were independent predictors. Among 31 rebleeding patients, 10 (32.2%) underwent surgical hemostasis, 15 (48.4%) suffered from delayed hemostasis causing major complications and 13 (41.9%) died of these complications. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic EI monotherapy in patients with high-risk ulcers should be avoided. Initial hemostasis with thermocoagulation, clips or additional hemostasis after EI is mandatory for such patients to ensure better hemostatic status and to prevent subsequent rebleeding, surgery, morbidity and mortality.

EPS及消毒剂对细菌表面附着和初期生物膜形成的影响

为探究胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances, EPS)和消毒剂对细菌表面附着聚集行为的影响,文中以野生型铜绿假单胞菌和藻酸盐分泌过量的突变株为研究对象,分析不同氯浓度条件下细菌EPS生成及其对表面附着和初期生物膜形成的影响。结果表明,相较于野生型,突变型的生物膜形成优势显著,特别是当氯质量浓度≥1.0 mg/L时,强化了其形成优势;EPS也显著提高了生物膜的黏附强度以及降低其表面粗糙程度。低浓度氯促进细菌EPS的生成以及初期生物膜的形成,但高质量浓度氯(3.0 mg/L)则抑制了生物膜的形成,同时也降低了两种菌株生物膜的黏附力与表面粗糙度。对于两种菌株而言,聚氯乙烯(PVC)管材上生物膜的形成优势显著高于不锈钢(STS)管材。

Electroanalysis and simultaneous determination of dopamine and epinephrine at poly(isonicotinic acid)-modified carbon paste electrode in the presence of ascorbic acid

A carbon paste electrode modified with electropolymerized fills of isonicotinic acid was developed. The modified electrode shows excellent electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of both dopamine （DA） and epinephrine （EP）. Separation of the reduction peak potentials for dopamine and epinephrine was about 357 mV in pH 5.3 phosphate buffer solution （PBS） and the character was used for the detection DA and EP simultaneously. The peak currents increase linearly with DA and EP concentration over the range of 8.0×10^-5 to 7.0×10^-4 mol/L and 5.0×10^-6 to 1.0×10^-4 mol/L with detection limits of 2×10^-5 and 1×10^-6 mol/L, respectively. The interference studies showed that the modified electrode exhibits excellent selectivity in the presence of large excess of ascorbic acid （AA）.

EPE网套包装皇冠梨的静力学特性及损伤研究

目的模拟皇冠梨在物流运输中受静压情况,研究发泡聚乙烯(Expandable Polyethylene,EPE)网套包装皇冠梨在横向、纵向及斜向上的静压力学特性及损伤。方法主要采用皇冠梨准静态压缩试验和有限元分析法。结果横向、纵向及斜向仿真与试验的结果相对误差分别为1.21%、5.49%和5.55%,验证了有限元模型的准确性。与皇冠梨裸果相比,在横向、纵向及斜向静压下,EPE网套包装皇冠梨出现初始损伤的位移分别提高了3.5倍、2.9倍和2.3倍;压缩位移为15 mm时,EPE网套包装皇冠梨承受的静压力分别减小了76.1%、74.4%和51.0%;梨果压缩至破裂时,EPE网套包装皇冠梨承受的静压力分别提高了17.9%、14.9%和21.5%,抵抗外界变形量分别提高了1.9倍、1.8倍和1.7倍。EPE网套包装皇冠梨损伤面积和体积百分比均保持在5%以下。结论EPE网套包装对静压下皇冠梨的缓冲效果明显,提高了其静压承载力,减小了静压损伤,可为皇冠梨缓冲包装设计及采收减损提供一定的参考。

EPS颗粒混凝土改性现状及其发展趋势研究

EPS颗粒混凝土是当前热门的绿色环保轻质建材,EPS颗粒混凝土改性是提高EPS颗粒混凝土强度和研发高性能EPS颗粒混凝土的有效途径。首先,将EPS颗粒混凝土改性方法分为EPS颗粒改性、胶凝材料改性两大类,仔细梳理了已有EPS颗粒混凝土改性工艺和改性效果;其次,基于EPS颗粒改性和胶凝材料改性的综合讨论,提出了能够扬长避短的复合改性方法;最后,整理了当前EPS颗粒混凝土改性方法存在问题,对未来改性方法的发展进行了思考和展望。研究发现,EPS颗粒改性包括化学改性、裹砂改性、造壳改性;胶凝材料改性包括纤维改性、掺合料改性、外加剂改性;将EPS颗粒改性和胶凝材料改性有机结合的复合改性可以有效提高EPS颗粒混凝土性能,但技术复杂,需进一步研究;同时纳米材料改性、EPS陶粒改性、微胶囊改性、新养护工艺是EPS颗粒混凝土改性的未来发展方向,但新技术高昂的成本亟待降本增效研究。综上,可以为高性能EPS颗粒混凝土研发提供参考,具有较高的参考价值。

Low doses of intravenous epinephrine for refractory sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia

We report three cases of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia(VT) in the setting of coronary artery disease,resistant to beta-blockers in two patients and to amiodarone in all,successfully terminated by low doses of intravenous(IV) epinephrine.VT was the first manifestation of coronary artery disease in one patient,whereas the other two patients had a previous history of myocardial infarction and were recipients of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator(ICD).One of these two patients experienced an arrhythmic storm.All had hemodynamic instability at the time of epinephrine administration.A single slow administration of IV epinephrine(0.5 to 1 mg administered over 30 to 60 s) restored sinus rhythm after 30-90 s with only minor side effects.In the ICD patient with recurrent VT and several cardioversions due to transformation of VT to ventricular fibrillation,epinephrine injection led to the avoidance of further shocks.Although potentially harmful,low doses of IV epinephrine used alone or in combination with beta-blocker treatment and electrical cardioversion may be an alternative effective therapy for sustained monomorphic VT refractory to amiodarone.The role of epinephrine in the termination of VT should be studied further,especially in patients pre-treated with amiodarone in combination with beta-blockers.

Safety of epinephrine for anaphylaxis in the emergency setting

BACKGROUND:While epinephrine is the recommended first-line therapy for the reversal of anaphylaxis symptoms,inappropriate use persists because of misunderstandings about proper dosing and administration or misconceptions about its safety.The objective of this review was to evaluate the safety of epinephrine for patients with anaphylaxis,including other emergent conditions,treated in emergency care settings.METHODS:A MEDLINE search using PubMed was conducted to identify articles that discuss the dosing,administration,and safety of epinephrine in the emergency setting for anaphylaxis and other conditions.RESULTS:Epinephrine is safe for anaphylaxis when given at the correct dose by intramuscular injection.The majority of dosing errors and cardiovascular adverse reactions occur when epinephrine is given intravenously or incorrectly dosed.CONCLUSION:Epinephrine by intramuscular injection is a safe therapy for anaphylaxis but training may still be necessary in emergency care settings to minimize drug dosing and administration errors and to allay concerns about its safety.

COX-2/PGE2/EP4轴诱导巨噬细胞功能活化在NSCLC发展过程中的作用

背景与目的肿瘤微环境(tumor microenvironment,TME)是肿瘤发生、发展的重要因素之一,其中肿瘤相关巨噬细胞(tumor-associated macrophages,TAMs)在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer,NSCLC)进展中起着重要作用。然而,TAMs在NSCLC发展过程中的作用机制仍不清楚,因此本研究旨在探讨TAMs在NSCLC发展过程中的作用,并寻找潜在的治疗靶点。方法使用GEPIA(Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis)数据库分析前列腺素E2受体4(prostaglandin E2 receptor 4,EP4)mRNA在NSCLC和正常肺组织中的表达情况;利用免疫组化(immunohistochemistry,IHC)方法检测120例NSCLC组织及24例癌旁组织标本中环氧合酶-2(cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2)、EP4、分化簇86(cluster of differentiation 86,CD86)、CD163、CD31的蛋白表达水平;建立裸鼠肺腺癌细胞A549与巨噬细胞RAW264.7共移植瘤模型,使用EP4抑制剂E7046灌胃,收集样本行苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)、IHC和免疫荧光(immunofluorescence,IF)染色,免疫印迹(Western blot)检测各组裸鼠肿瘤组织上皮间充质转化(epithelial-mesenchymal transformation,EMT)相关蛋白表达情况;全长转录组测序技术筛选引起肿瘤肝转移的关键基因并进行KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes)富集分析。结果EP4 mRNA在NSCLC组织中表达水平普遍低于正常肺组织(P<0.05);COX-2、EP4、CD163、CD31蛋白在NSCLC组织和癌旁组织中差异性表达且在NSCLC患者多项临床病理参数中存在差异;RAW264.7缩短了A549的成瘤潜伏期,促进肿瘤增殖及肿瘤肝转移,E7046可降低裸鼠肿瘤细胞增殖活性、肿瘤组织血管密度及M2型巨噬细胞浸润;IF染色显示巨噬细胞主要分布在肿瘤转移灶周围;Western blot结果显示与A549单独移植组相比,A549与RAW264.7共移植组小鼠肿瘤组织中E-钙黏蛋白(E-cadherin)相对表达量明显降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),N-钙黏蛋白(N-cadherin)相对表达量上调,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);全长转录组差异基因主要富集的通路为PI3K-AKT、MAPK信号通路。结论在NSCLC发生发展过程中,COX-2/PGE2/EP4轴可能通过诱导巨噬细胞功能活化来促进肿瘤的进展,EP4可能是具有潜力的肿瘤免疫治疗新靶点。本研究为深入探讨NSCLC的发生发展机制提供了新的视角和思路,同时为开发新的NSCLC治疗策略提供了理论依据。

强EP元及其方程的解

通过构造可逆元素及构造特定方程在给定集合中的有解性,判定一个既是群可逆元又是Moore Penrose可逆元成为强EP元的充要条件.

Intercalation of Epinephrine with Calf-thymus ds-DNA

A strong interaction between double stranded calf-thymus DNA (ds-DNA) and epinephrine but no interaction between single stranded calf-thymus DNA (ss-DNA) and epinephrine were observed by the use of UV-spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. It is suggested that the interaction leads to an intercalation of EP molecules into the groove of ds-DNA and the formation of ds-DNA(EP)(n) complex.

2,3-Dimercaptosuccinic acid self-assembled gold electrode for the simultaneous determination of epinephrine and dopamine

Simultaneous determination of epinephrine （EP） and dopamine （DA） at 2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid （DMSA） modified electrode was studied. The oxidation peaks of the mixture of EP and DA appeared at the same potential, but the cathodic peak currents were only linear to the concentration of DA, whereas the anodic peak currents were equal to the sum of individual anodic peak currents of EP and DA. Therefore, a novel electrochemical method for the simultaneous determination of EP and DA at a DMSA modified electrode （DMSA/Au electrode） by cyclic voltammetry was established. The DMSA self-assembled electrode showed good sensitivity, selectivity and stability and could be used to determine DA and EP, simultaneously, in the real application with satisfactory results.

Cyclic Voltammetry Determination of Epinephrine with a Nano-gold Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode in the Presence of High Concentration Ascorbic Acid

Nano-gold (NG) modified glassy carbon electrodes (GCEs) were used for determination of epinephrine (EP) in the presence of high concentration ascorbic acid (AA) by cyclic voltammetry (CV). This modified electrode can not only catalytically oxidize EP and AA, but also separate the catalytic peak potentials of EP and AA by about 183.5 mV. In pH = 7.0 ogisogate byffer solution, the linear range of epinephrine was 5 106 ~ 1 ?10-4 mol/L.

Epinephrine injection therapy versus a combination of epinepnrine injection and endoscopic hemoclip in the treatment of bleeding ulcers

AIM: To assess the efficacy of hemoclip application in combination with epinephrine injection in the treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers and to compare the clinical outcomes between patients treated with such a combination therapy and those treated with epinephrine injection alone.METHODS: A total of 293 patients (211 males, 82females) underwent endoscopic therapy for bleeding peptic ulcers. Of these, 202 patients (152 males, 50females) received epinephrine injection therapy while 91patients (59 males, 32 females) received combination therapy. The choice of endoscopic therapy was made by the endoscopist. Hemostatic rates, rebleeding rates, need for emergency surgery and 30-d mortality were the outcome measures studied.RESULTS: Patients who received combination therapy were significantly older (mean age 66±16 years, range24-90 years) and more suffered from chronic renal failure compared to those who received epinephrine injection therapy alone (mean age 61±17 years, range 21-89 years).Failure to achieve permanent hemostasis was 4% in the group who received epinephrine injection alone and 11%in the group who received combination therapy. When the differences in age and renal function between the two treatment groups were taken into account by multivariate analysis, the rates of initial hemostasis,rebleeding rates, need for surgery and 30-d mortality for both treatment options were not significantly different.CONCLUSION: Combination therapy of epinephrine injection with endoscopic hemoclip application is an effective method of achieving hemostasis in bleeding peptic ulcer diseases. However, superiority of combination therapy over epinephrine injection alone, could not be demonstrated.