The transcription factor RUNX2 is the osteogenic master gene expressed in mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic commitment as well as in pre-osteoblasts and early osteoblasts.However,RUNX2 is also ectopically expre...The transcription factor RUNX2 is the osteogenic master gene expressed in mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic commitment as well as in pre-osteoblasts and early osteoblasts.However,RUNX2 is also ectopically expressed in melanoma and other cancers.Malignant melanoma(MM)is a highly metastatic skin cancer.The incidence of MM has increased considerably in the past half-century.The expression levels and mutation rates of genes such as BRAF,KIT,NRAS,PTEN,P53,TERT and MITF are higher in melanoma than in other solid malignancies.Additionally,transcription factors can affect cellular processes and induce cellular transformation since they control gene expression.Recently,several studies have identified alterations in RUNX2 expression.In particular,the regulation of KIT by RUNX2 and the increased expression of RUNX2 in melanoma specimens have been shown.Melanocytes,whose transformation results in melanoma,arise from the neural crest and therefore show"stemness"features.RUNX2 plays an important role in the re-activation of the MAPK and PI-3K/AKT pathways,thus endowing melanoma cells with a high metastatic potential.In melanoma,the most frequent metastatic sites are the lung,liver,brain and lymph nodes.In addition,bone metastatic melanoma has been described.Notably,studies focusing on RUNX2may contribute to the identification of an appropriate oncotarget in melanoma.展开更多
Prostatic basal cell is thought to play a pivotal role in hyperplastic change or carcinogenesis of prostate by their proliferation and stem cell transformation. We investigated stem cell transformation of basal cell h...Prostatic basal cell is thought to play a pivotal role in hyperplastic change or carcinogenesis of prostate by their proliferation and stem cell transformation. We investigated stem cell transformation of basal cell hyperplasia observed at biopsy specimens after High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) therapy for early stage prostate cancer. Patients and Methods: Basal cell hyperplasia was observed at biopsy specimens in two patients after HIFU therapy. Of these patients, one showed cancer recurrence. Specimens were studied with usual HE, and immunohistochemical studies for prostate specific antigen (PSA), stem cell markers such as CD44, CD117 (c-kit), CD133 and Vimentin. Results: Both basal cell hyperplasia cases indicated PSA (-), CD44 (++), CD117 (-), Vimentin (-) and one specimen showed CD133 (++). Basal cell hyperplasia was presumed to appear during the regeneration process of normal prostate tissue after HIFU therapy, when basal cell proliferated and transformed to acinal cells through epithelial to mesenchymal transition.展开更多
文摘The transcription factor RUNX2 is the osteogenic master gene expressed in mesenchymal stem cells during osteogenic commitment as well as in pre-osteoblasts and early osteoblasts.However,RUNX2 is also ectopically expressed in melanoma and other cancers.Malignant melanoma(MM)is a highly metastatic skin cancer.The incidence of MM has increased considerably in the past half-century.The expression levels and mutation rates of genes such as BRAF,KIT,NRAS,PTEN,P53,TERT and MITF are higher in melanoma than in other solid malignancies.Additionally,transcription factors can affect cellular processes and induce cellular transformation since they control gene expression.Recently,several studies have identified alterations in RUNX2 expression.In particular,the regulation of KIT by RUNX2 and the increased expression of RUNX2 in melanoma specimens have been shown.Melanocytes,whose transformation results in melanoma,arise from the neural crest and therefore show"stemness"features.RUNX2 plays an important role in the re-activation of the MAPK and PI-3K/AKT pathways,thus endowing melanoma cells with a high metastatic potential.In melanoma,the most frequent metastatic sites are the lung,liver,brain and lymph nodes.In addition,bone metastatic melanoma has been described.Notably,studies focusing on RUNX2may contribute to the identification of an appropriate oncotarget in melanoma.
文摘Prostatic basal cell is thought to play a pivotal role in hyperplastic change or carcinogenesis of prostate by their proliferation and stem cell transformation. We investigated stem cell transformation of basal cell hyperplasia observed at biopsy specimens after High Intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) therapy for early stage prostate cancer. Patients and Methods: Basal cell hyperplasia was observed at biopsy specimens in two patients after HIFU therapy. Of these patients, one showed cancer recurrence. Specimens were studied with usual HE, and immunohistochemical studies for prostate specific antigen (PSA), stem cell markers such as CD44, CD117 (c-kit), CD133 and Vimentin. Results: Both basal cell hyperplasia cases indicated PSA (-), CD44 (++), CD117 (-), Vimentin (-) and one specimen showed CD133 (++). Basal cell hyperplasia was presumed to appear during the regeneration process of normal prostate tissue after HIFU therapy, when basal cell proliferated and transformed to acinal cells through epithelial to mesenchymal transition.
