Acute primary immune responses tend to focus on few immunodominant determinants using a very limited number of T cell clones for expansion, whereas chronic inflammatory responses generally recruit a large number of di...Acute primary immune responses tend to focus on few immunodominant determinants using a very limited number of T cell clones for expansion, whereas chronic inflammatory responses generally recruit a large number of different T cell clones to attack a broader range of determinants of the invading pathogens or the inflamed tissues. In T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease, a transition from the acute to the chronic phase contributes to pathogenesis, and the broadening process is called determinant spreading. The cellular components catalyzing the spreading reaction are not identified. It has been suggested that autoreactive B cells may play a central role in diversifying autoreactive T cell responses, possibly through affecting antigen processing and presentation. The clonal identity and diversity of the B cells and antibodies seem critical in regulating T cell activity and subsequent tissue damage or repair. Here, we use two autoimmune animal models, experimental autoimmune thyroiditis （EAT） and type 1 diabetes （T1D）, to discuss how autoreactive B cells or antibodies alter the processing and presentation of autoantigens to regulate specific T cell response. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（3）：169-175.展开更多
Malignant mesothelioma(MM)is a rare,aggressive solid tumor with limited therapeutic options and poor therapeutic response.The role of immunotherapy in MM is now well established and therapeutic options,such as checkpo...Malignant mesothelioma(MM)is a rare,aggressive solid tumor with limited therapeutic options and poor therapeutic response.The role of immunotherapy in MM is now well established and therapeutic options,such as checkpoint inhibitors,are increasingly being approved.Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell therapy is successfully implemented in several hematologic cancers,but currently has inadequate effect in solid tumors,owing to several limitations,such as trafficking and infiltration,limited T cell persistence and exhaustion,the immunosuppressive TME and tumor antigen heterogeneity.The lack of uniform and universal expression of tumor-associated antigens(TAAs)on tumor cells,as well as TAA heterogeneity following tumor editing post-therapy,are issues of significant importance to CAR-T cell and associated antigen-targeting therapies.Our review discusses the concept of tumor antigen heterogeneity in MM,the consequences for CAR-T cell therapies and the strategies to overcome it.展开更多
文摘Acute primary immune responses tend to focus on few immunodominant determinants using a very limited number of T cell clones for expansion, whereas chronic inflammatory responses generally recruit a large number of different T cell clones to attack a broader range of determinants of the invading pathogens or the inflamed tissues. In T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disease, a transition from the acute to the chronic phase contributes to pathogenesis, and the broadening process is called determinant spreading. The cellular components catalyzing the spreading reaction are not identified. It has been suggested that autoreactive B cells may play a central role in diversifying autoreactive T cell responses, possibly through affecting antigen processing and presentation. The clonal identity and diversity of the B cells and antibodies seem critical in regulating T cell activity and subsequent tissue damage or repair. Here, we use two autoimmune animal models, experimental autoimmune thyroiditis （EAT） and type 1 diabetes （T1D）, to discuss how autoreactive B cells or antibodies alter the processing and presentation of autoantigens to regulate specific T cell response. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（3）：169-175.
文摘Malignant mesothelioma(MM)is a rare,aggressive solid tumor with limited therapeutic options and poor therapeutic response.The role of immunotherapy in MM is now well established and therapeutic options,such as checkpoint inhibitors,are increasingly being approved.Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-T cell therapy is successfully implemented in several hematologic cancers,but currently has inadequate effect in solid tumors,owing to several limitations,such as trafficking and infiltration,limited T cell persistence and exhaustion,the immunosuppressive TME and tumor antigen heterogeneity.The lack of uniform and universal expression of tumor-associated antigens(TAAs)on tumor cells,as well as TAA heterogeneity following tumor editing post-therapy,are issues of significant importance to CAR-T cell and associated antigen-targeting therapies.Our review discusses the concept of tumor antigen heterogeneity in MM,the consequences for CAR-T cell therapies and the strategies to overcome it.
