The Migration Equation of the Moisture in Soil with Nonlinear Initial Boundary Value Problem

In this paper,combining Riemann’s method with the fixed point theory effectively,we proved that the migration equation of the moisture in soil with nonlinear initial boundary value problem has unique classical solution.

Nitrous oxide emissions following seasonal freeze-thaw events from arable soils in Northeast China

Seasonal soil freeze-thaw events may enhance soil nitrogen transformation and thus stimulate nitrous oxide （N2O） emissions in cold regions. However, the mechanisms of soil N2O emission during the freeze-thaw cycling in the field remain unclear. We evaluated N2O emissions and soil biotic and abiotic factors in maize and paddy fields over 20 months in Northeast China, and the structural equation model （SEM） was used to determine which factors affected N2O production during non-growing season. Our results verified that the seasonal freeze-thaw cycles mitigated the available soil nitrogen and carbon limitation during spring thawing period, but simultaneously increased the gaseous N2O-N losses at the annual time scale under field condition. The N2O-N cumulative losses during the non-growing season amounted to 0.71 and 0.55 kg N ha 1 for the paddy and maize fields, respectively, and contributed to 66 and 18% of the annual total. The highest emission rates （199.2- 257.4 μg m-2 h-1） were observed during soil thawing for both fields, but we did not observe an emission peak during soil freezing in early winter. Although the pulses of N2O emission in spring were short-lived （18 d）, it resulted in approximately 80% of the non-growing season N2O-N loss. The N2O burst during the spring thawing was triggered by the combined impact of high soil moisture, flush available nitrogen and carbon, and rapid recovery of microbial biomass. SEM analysis indicated that the soil moisture, available substrates including NH4＋ and dissolved organic carbon （DOC）, and microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN） explained 32, 36, 16 and 51% of the N2O flux variation, respectively, during the non-growing season. Our results suggested that N2O emission during the spring thawing make a vital contribution of the annual nitrogen budget, and the vast seasonally frozen and snow-covered croplands will have high potential to exert a positive feedback on climate change considering the sensitive response of nitrogen biogeochemical cycling to the freeze-thaw disturbance.

Study of polluted soil remediation based on freezing and thawing cycles

It is generally known that soil pollution poses a terrible hazard to the environment, but the present techniques of contaminated soil remediation cannot control this growing threat. This paper compares the pollutant extraction efficiency of traditional pumping and treating, which is a typical washing technology for the remediation of contaminated soils, with methods that utilize freeze-thaw cycles. In the soil freezing process, water shifts from unfrozen soils to the freezing front, and the permeability of soil will be enhanced under certain temperature gradients and water conditions. Therefore, this paper discusses the purification of contaminated soil through freeze-thaw action. We conducted a cleansing experiment on clay and silica sand infused with NaCl（simulation of heavy metals） and found that the efficiency of purification was enhanced remarkably in the latter by the freeze-thaw action. To assess the effective extraction of DNAPLs in soil, we conducted an experiment on suction by freezing, predicated on the different freezing points of moisture and pollutants. We found that the permeability coefficient was significantly increased by the freezing-thawing action, enabling the DNAPL contaminants to be extracted selectively and effectively.

Basic properties of saline soil in Da'an, western Jilin, China

This paper studied the basic properties of saline soil at different depths of a sampling site in Da＇an, China, through field reconnaissance and laboratory analysis. A series of experiments which comprised the analyses of grain size distribution, mineral composition, soil physical properties, soluble salt concent, pH, organic content and cation exchange capacity were conducted. Through these experiments, the distribution rule of each property and their causes are discussed. These results could provide a fundamental base for the study of moisture migration.

Moisture Movement and Transformation Law under Soil Moisture Conserving Irrigation in Winter Wheat Field

[Objective] The aim was to provide theoretical basis for field moisture conserving irrigation.[Method] With Xiaoyan No.6 as tested material,three different kinds of mulching irrigation treatments were carried out （straw mulching;plastic mulching;PAM control adjustment mulching）.With non-mulching treatment as control,moisture conserving effect of different treatments were compared.[Result] The results showed that the water consumption of winter wheat under different soil moisture conservation treatments was low at earlier stage and later stage,but high at mid-stage,which was consistent with the water consumption law of control.There were some differences in terms of consumption intensity because of irrigation schedule and growth condition;soil moisture conservation treatments could restrain ineffective evaporation of soil moisture before anthesis.We also found that the variation of soil moisture at depth of 0-20 cm in PAM and control treatment was dramatic.The soil moisture of the former was lower than the latter at the depth of 0-20 cm,but higher at the depth of 20-50 cm.The difference of soil moisture at the depth of 0-50 cm was significant.[Conclusion] Plastic mulching and straw mulching could restrain evaporation effectively.

SIMPLE ALGORITHM FOR SOIL MOISTURE RETRIEVAL WITH CO-POLARIZED SAR DATA

In this paper, an empirical methodology to retrieve bare soil moisture by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is developed. The model is based on Advanced Integral Equation Model (AIEM). Since AIEM cannot express cross-polarized backscattering coefficients accurately, we propose an empirical model to retrieve soil moisture for bare farmland only with co-polarized SAR data. The soil moisture can be obtained by solving an equation of HH and VV polarized data without any field measurements. Both simulated and real SAR data are used to validate the accuracy of the model. This method is especially effective in a large area where the surface roughness is difficult to be completely measured.

Modeling on coupled heat and moisture transfer in freezing soil using mixture theory

A set of perfect constitutive equations including the coupling effects of heat transfer and moisture migration is constructed for freezing soil, after analyzing its thermomechanic properties, in the framework of continuum mechanics and mixture theory. By applying the theory, the influence of void ratio on frost heaving is studied after proposing a criterion for formation of layered ice; the results obtained coincide with experimental data available in the literature. The temperature distribution of freezing soil is analyzed, the controlling equation deduced appears to be a nonlinear Burgers type equation with varying boundaries, which presents a theoretic foundation for studying the nonlinear effects of heatmoisture migration in the freezing process.

Effects of Soil Hydraulic Properties on Soil Moisture Estimation

Accurate quantification of soil moisture is essential to understand the land surface processes.Soil hydraulic properties influence water transport in soil and thus affect the estimation of soil moisture.However,some soil hydraulic properties are only observable at a few field sites.In this study,the effects of soil hydraulic properties on soil moisture estimation are investigated by using the one-dimensional(1-D)Richards equation at ELBARA,which is part of the Maqu monitoring network over the Tibetan Plateau(TP),China.Soil moisture assimilation experiments are then conducted with the unscented weighted ensemble Kalman filter(UWEnKF).The results show that the soil hydraulic properties significantly affect soil moisture simulation.Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity(Ksat)is optimized based on its observations in each soil layer with a genetic algorithm(GA,a widely used optimization method in hydrology),and the 1-D Richards equation performs well using the optimized values.If the range of Ksat for a complete soil profile is known for a particular soil texture(rather than for arbitrary layers within the horizon),optimized Ksat for each soil layer can be obtained by increasing the number of generations in GA,although this increases the computational cost of optimization.UWEnKF performs well with optimized Ksat,and improves the accuracy of soil moisture simulation more than that with calculated Ksat.Sometimes,better soil moisture estimation can be obtained by using optimized saturated volumetric soil moisture content Ksat.In summary,an accurate soil profile can be obtained by using soil moisture assimilation with optimized soil hydraulic properties.

An improved temperature vegetation dryness index(iTVDI) and its applicability to drought monitoring

Using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) data from the dry season during 2010–2012 over the whole Yunnan Province, an improved temperature vegetation dryness index(iTVDI), in which a parabolic dry-edge equation replaces the traditional linear dry-edge equation, was developed, to reveal the regional drought regime in the dry season. After calculating the correlation coefficient, root-mean-square error, and standard deviation between the iTVDI and observed topsoil moisture at 10 and 20 cm for seven sites, the effectiveness of the new index in depicting topsoil moisture conditions was verified. The drought area indicated by iTVDI mapping was then compared with the drought-affected area reported by the local government. The results indicated that the iTVDI can monitor drought more accurately than the traditional TVDI during the dry season in Yunnan Province. Using iTVDI facilitates drought warning and irrigation scheduling, and the expectation is that this new index can be broadly applied in other areas.

开敞系统中冻土-混凝土界面抗拉强度试验研究

在寒区桩基工程中,冻土-混凝土界面强度对于桩基础的受力状态有着重要的影响。在开敞系统条件下进行了冻土-混凝土界面区的抗拉强度正交试验,利用极差方差分析法,厘清了界面粗糙度、土样含水率、试验温度及干密度4种试验因素对界面冻结抗拉强度影响的主次顺序。分析试验结果表明,土样含水率的增大、试验温度的降低及接触面粗糙度的提升均可使界面冻结抗拉强度不断提高;存在临界土样含水率,当含水率位于临界含水率两侧时,接触面粗糙度因水分迁移所形成冰膜改变的程度不同,导致接触面粗糙度的增加对界面冻结抗拉强度增幅的影响程度具有不同的规律。

人工冻土冻胀引发上覆地层与结构变形计算方法研究

人工冻结法在地下特殊施工中的冻胀风险引发广泛关注,上覆地表变形可能造成城市道路、建筑结构变形,继而引发破坏,需要对地表及结构变形进行预测。瞄准冻胀的实质是冻土中水分迁移引起的宏观表现,基于Peck公式计算思路,对冻胀引起的上覆地层变形进行公式推导和参数取值,得出适合计算冻胀变形的冻隆公式,以求解冻结过程中上覆地层产生的冻胀量。通过水分迁移试验测定冻结水分迁移速度,推导和归纳冻结外锋面半径经验计算方法,得出冻土体积增加量计算公式。以郑州某冻结工程实测数据,计算土体冻结过程中的水分体积增加率,冻隆公式计算值与实测值接近,满足施工过程中安全评价分析的需求。研究成果可为人工冻结技术在高风险地下工程领域的技术研究应用提供理论基础和计算参考。

基于混沌理论的非饱和土含水率预测

针对无资料区土体含水率数据难以获取的问题,提出了一种基于卫星反演-相空间重构-非饱和入渗计算的组合方案,以研究区110 d土体表层含水率为基础,预测未来100 d无资料时段土体表层及内部含水率分布规律。计算结果表明:研究区含水率时间序列具备混沌特征,可由一维时间序列拓扑为一个嵌入维数m=5,迟滞τ=10的相空间,由该相空间预测的土体表层含水率在验证期最小相对误差为0.7%,最大相对误差为2.4%,在预测期最小相对误差为2.2%,最大相对误差为8.3%,均满足工程需求,因此将其用于后续非饱和入渗计算的边界条件是真实有效的。该方案具有动力学特性和物理力学意义,可为无资料地区土体含水率估计借鉴。

基于结构方程模型下滇中鲜食玉米耗水规律及其影响因素研究

旨在深入了解滇中高原地区鲜食玉米的生育期耗水量与规律,明确耗水量与其影响因素之间的关系,为鲜食玉米的推广种植和灌溉管理提供科学支持。进行了为期2年的鲜食玉米田间灌溉试验,参考农民种植经验管理试验小区,安装了自动气象站和土壤墒情自动观测设备,用于采集土壤墒情和气象数据。分析了鲜食玉米全生育期土壤水分动态、日耗水量和作物系数,同时研究了气象、土壤和作物因素对耗水量的影响。发现鲜食玉米在10~30 cm土层水分变化较大,生长后期根系吸水最深可达40 cm土层。2022—2023年鲜食玉米生育期耗水量分别为182.32 mm和175.84 mm,平均耗水强度分别为2.40 mm/d和2.31 mm/d。耗水量及强度在不同年份和生育阶段表现不同,2022年,由大到小表现为灌浆乳熟期>苗期>拔节期>抽雄吐丝期,而在2023年表现为抽雄吐丝期>灌浆乳熟期>拔节期>苗期。两年鲜食玉米全生育期Kc平均值分别为0.65和0.44,变化趋势随作物生长发育逐渐增大,在灌浆乳熟期达到峰值;土壤因素和气象因素对鲜食玉米耗水量存在路径系数为0.38、0.34的正相关关系,而鲜食玉米耗水量与作物生长特性存在路径系数-0.46的负相关关系。鲜食玉米耗水量较小,且受土壤和气象因素影像较大,本次研究结果为滇中地区鲜食玉米的灌溉定额和灌溉管理提供了科学依据。

冻融期土壤水盐变化特征分析——以黑河上游祁连县阿柔草场为例

冻融作用是土地盐碱化的形成机制之一,对冻融区春季积盐有明显的控制作用.在冻融过程中,土壤剖面结构发生变异,形成冻结层、似冻结层和非冻结层.以祁连山黑河上游阿柔草场为例,研究了解冻期土壤水盐运移变化特征.阿柔草场隶属青海祁连山地区,地处西北高寒地区,为季节性冻土区,大面积土壤经历冬冻春融的冻融循环.这种循环引起了土壤中水分和盐分运移的特殊规律,即冻结时土壤中的水分和盐分向冻层迁移,使得冻层的土壤含盐量明显增加;而融化时,由于地表蒸发,土壤中的水分和盐分又向地表强烈迁移,从而造成盐分在地表积聚,诱发盐分两次抬升.

考虑水分迁移及相变对温度场影响的渠道冻胀模型

冬季渠基冻土中水分迁移及相变产生的巨大潜热对温度场影响显著,由此,该文建立了考虑水分迁移与相变潜热的渠基土体冻胀模型。模型将冻土视为低温膨胀性材料,将相变潜热作为材料的等效热容加入热传导方程中;根据Clapeyron方程和达西定律建立饱和冻土冻结锋面处水分迁移表达式,并以迁移水相变潜热作为热传导方程热源项;采用COMSOL对模型算例求解,与不考虑相变和水分迁移的模型比较发现:相变作用对渠道温度场和变形场影响较大,考虑相变后,冻深推进缓慢,且冻深减小,衬砌板变形整体减小,较不考虑相变的模拟结果更接近实际情况,验证了本模型的合理性,为寒区工程冻胀设计提供参考。

冻土力学的研究进展与思考

从冻结土的宏观力学性质，正冻土中的水、热迁移理论，正冻土的水热力耦合模型四个方面分析综述了国内外冻土力学的发展历史、研究现状与我国冻土力学研究中存在的问题，指出：（１）当前冻土力学的研究内容应该从对冻结上的宏观强度与变形性质向更切合实际工程需要的正冻土、正融土微、细观热、力学耦合性质方面深化；（２）冻土力学的研究思路应该从对土样纯力学量的试验研究向土样组构、级配、含水量、饱和度等土性指标在不同负温下对土样颗粒排列与胶结特性的强度、变形影响机理方面转移；（３）冻土力学的研究对象也应该从室内冻结试验的研究向具有各种不同水热交换边界条件与水热迁移内在规律的冻土体发展。

多年冻土区活动层冻融状况及土壤水分运移特征

利用位于典型多年冻土区的唐古拉综合观测场2007年9月1日—2008年9月1日实测活动层剖面土壤温度和水分数据,对多年冻土区活动层的冻结融化规律进行研究;同时,对冻融过程中的活动层土壤液态水含量的变化特征进行分析,探讨了活动层内部土壤水分分布特征及其运移特点对活动层冻结融化过程的影响.结果表明:活动层融化过程从表层开始向下层土壤发展,冻结过程则会出现双向冻结现象.一个完整的年冻融循环中活动层冻结过程耗时要远远小于融化过程.活动层土壤经过一个冻融循环,土壤水分整体呈现下移的趋势,土壤水分逐步运移至多年冻土上限附近积累.同时,土壤水分含量和运移特征会对活动层冻融过程产生显著的影响.

地下灌竖管灌水器湿润体时空变化规律

研究地下竖管灌水器的土壤湿润体特性时空变化规律及影响因素,对进一步研究竖管地下灌溉技术要素,并将这一节水灌溉技术用于实际具有重要意义。该文基于室内竖管灌水器入渗试验,研究了土壤物理特性参数(土壤初始含水率和土壤容重)、竖管灌水器工作压力水头和灌水器技术参数(竖管管径)对土壤湿润体空间分布的影响。根据试验数据,构建了在不同方向上竖管灌水器工作压力水头、土壤初始含水率、土壤容重、竖管灌水器直径和竖管灌水器埋深等因素与湿润体时空变化特征值的量化关系,其决定系数均在0.85以上。按标准化回归系数分析得湿润锋运移距离与压力水头、初始含水率、竖管直径及竖管埋深呈正相关,与土壤容重呈负相关。湿润锋在各个方向的运移距离由大到小依次为:向下、水平和向上。根据不同方向湿润锋运移距离和各影响因素的量化关系,建立了不同方向湿润锋运移速率和各影响因素的量化关系,这一关系表明:在入渗初期,各个方向的湿润锋运移速率较大,随着入渗时间的延续,其值逐渐减小,在200 min左右,开始逐步趋于稳定。

压实红黏土水分传输的毛细效应与数值模拟

当路基处于地下水水源丰富且水位较高的区域时,容易受到地下水的毛细上升侵蚀作用。为治理因水分毛细上升而引起的路基病害,需了解其毛细上升规律。在水平吸渗试验原理的基础上略加改进,自制了一套毛细上升试验装置,进行了三种不同初始干密度试样的试验。结果表明,毛细上升高度与含水率的关系类似于土-水特征曲线;试样的干密度越大,在相同的时间内毛细上升高度越小;水分因毛细效应的扩散能力随初始含水率的变化存在一个最优含水率点。最后,利用有限元方法模拟了水分在不同时刻沿着试样高度的分布规律,并对比分析了试验终了时刻的计算值与实测值,二者之间的分布规律比较一致。

饱和冻土水热力耦合模型解析及验证

在饱和冻土多孔多相介质理论构架的基础上,通过引入Clapeyron方程描述温度梯度对冻结区水分迁移影响,并结合寒区工程的实际特点,对数学耦合模型中的应力平衡方程、连续性方程、能量方程进行了适当的简化,从而建立了实用化的饱和冻土温度场、水分场、变形场耦合分析的数值模型。据此开发了能够反应各种外因(外载、温度)作用下土体多场耦合机制的有限元分析程序,利用研发的程序对经典试验进行了分析,初步验证了模型及分析程序的可行性与合理性,为模型的工程应用奠定了基础。