Gaps,challenges and possible solution for prediction of wheel-rail rolling contact fatigue crack initiation

The prediction of wheel/rail rolling contact fatigue(RCF)crack initiation during railway operations is an important task.Since RCF crack evolution is influenced by many factors,its prediction process is complex.This paper reviews the existing approaches to predict RCF crack initiation.The crack initiation region is predicted by the shakedown map.By combining the shakedown map with various initiation criteria and the critical plane method,the crack initiation life is calculated.The classification,methodologies,theories and applications of these approaches are included in this paper.The advantages and limitations of these methods are analyzed to provide recommendation for RCF crack initiation prediction.This review highlights that wheel/rail dynamic characteristic,complex working conditions,surface defects and wear all affect the RCF crack initiation.The optimal selection of criteria is essential in the crack initiation prediction.Based on the research gap regarding the challenging process of crack initiation prediction detailed in this review,a proposed prediction process of RCF crack initiation is proposed to achieve a more accurate result.

Prediction of Apparent Equivalent Thickness Using the Spontaneous Potential Method and Its Application to Oilfield Development

The upper spontaneous potential produced by oil and gas accumulation is of a stable potential field, and its intensity is directly proportional to the content of the source and inversely proportional to the radius apart from the source. Theoretical research and practical results show that anomalies of spontaneous potential can indicate oil-bearing sandstone bodies and locate the areas of oil and gas accumulation. In oil areas which have fewer reservoir beds, the petroleum reservoir thickness can be predicted by determining the linear relationship between potential intensity and apparent equivalent thickness. In the Weixing （卫星） oilfield, which is devoid of sufficient reservoir beds, its apparent equivalent thickness can be predicted by the linear equation h= -0.19x＋0.74. On the basis of geological research, we use the spontaneous potential method to predict the equivalent thickness, helping in the selection of the most appropriate drill sites to enhance the probability of successful well boring so as to serve the next round development of the oilfield.

Calculation Model of Equivalent Strength for Induced Crack Based on Double-K Fracture Theory and Its Optimizing Setting in RCC Arch Dam

By means of fracture testing on roller-compacted concrete （RCC） three-point bending beams with two different specimen sizes, the P-CMOD complete curve for RCC was gained. Furthermore, by applying double-K fracture theory, KiniⅠC,KunⅠC, as well as the critical effective crack length and the critical crack tip opening displacement, were evaluated. Based on the double-K fracture parameters above, the calculation model of equivalent strength for induced crack was established, thus the calculation method on its initiation, stable propagation and unstable fracture was ascertained. Moreover, the finite element simulation analysis of stress field in ShaPai arch dam and the on-site observational splaying points of induced crack at different altitudes validated the reliability of the model. Finally, crack inducer′s optimal setting in RCC arch dam was studied. It improves the design level of induced crack in RCC arch dam and satisfies the necessity of engineering practice.

Equivalent elastic compliance tensor for rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets:Exact derivation via modified crack tensor

Discontinuities constitute an integral part of rock mass and inherently affect its anisotropic deformation behavior.This work focuses on the equivalent elastic deformation of rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets.A new method based on the space geometric and mechanical properties of the modified crack tensor is proposed,providing an analytical solution for the equivalent elastic compliance tensor of rock mass.A series of experiments validate the capability of the compliance tensor to accurately represent the deformation of rock mass with multiple persistent joint sets,based on conditions set by the basic hypothesis.The spatially varying rules of the equivalent elastic parameters of rock mass with a single joint set are analyzed to reveal the universal law of the stratified rock mass.

A METHOD OF AS-CAST CRACK PREDICTION BASED UPON NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SOLIDIFICATION

Based on the numerical simulation of solidification of castings, a thermal stress formula and a thermal crack initiation criterion are established, which suggest that the cracks initiate at the two-thirds thickness of solidified layer from outside of castings. Cast steel wheels whose diameters are 800mm are employed to testify the positions of cracks through thermal ela- stic-plastic analyses and low magnifying structure observations conventionally. The results show that the numerical prediction of cracks coincides with the measured result, and the cracks do not necessarily follow where the defects such as shrinkage holes and porosities occur. It is also found that surface temperature control is an effective factor to avoid the crack formation.

CRACK PROPAGATION BEHAVIOR AND LIFETIME PREDICTION IN ALUMINA AND ZIRCONIA

The lifetime prediction of ceramics is discussed on the basis of therelationship between stress intensity factor K_1 and crack velocity nu. The effects of waterenvironment, the cyclic loading and microstructure of material on K_1-nu characteristics are studiedby carrying out the crack growth tests by the double torsion (DT) method under the static andcyclic loading in both environments of air and water for alumina and zirconia. K_1-nucharacteristics determined by the double torsion method are used to predict time-to-failure underthe cyclic loading of alumina and zirconia ceramics. The predictions agree qualitatively with theexperimental results.

Prediction of Reinforcement Corrosion based on Electrochemical Equivalent under Loading

Experiment was carried out to simulate different loading level elements under coupling of stray current and 5% chlorine salt solution. When calculating corrosion of reinforcement, the influence of loading should be considered based on the first law of Faraday electrolysis. The current density of the corrosion was measured by the linear polarization resistance method. The function of corrosion current density was obtained by nonlinear fitting method, and the influence coefficient of loading level to electrochemical equivalent was obtained base on the function of corrosion current density. The experimental results show that the corrosion current density increases with stress ratio of concrete structures. The reinforcement corrosion weight can be calculated through the influence coefficients of electrochemical equivalent and the result is in line with the actual situation.

Prediction of the Cyclic Life of Pieces with Macrocracks by Thermographic Method

To improve the accuracy for prediction of cyclic life of pieces with macrocracks we propose to use a new thermographic method. Traditionally this question is solved on the basis Paris formula which connects the speed of crack growth (SCG) with Stress intensity factor K. However parameter K is not identical to the SCG because K doesn’t consider non-linear processes at the top of crack (TC). That is why the using K gives the considerable error. For overcoming this problem we proposed instead of K to connect SCG with another diagnostic parameter, such as ΔS(1c)—increment of specific entropy for cycle (ISE) at the TC, which can be calculated with sufficient accuracy through passive temperature field on the surface of tested object. Parameter ISE can be obtained both simultaneously with building of a kinetic fatigue diagram and on the basis of measuring of temperature under exploitation of piece. In both cases the prediction of cyclic lifetime is much higher than with the help parameter K. Besides parameter ISE allows to follow the crack development inside tested object. This means that suggested parameter ISE is more universal and convenient than traditional parameter K.

Study on equivalent strength for crack directors of RCC arch dam based on size effect rule

The size effect rule of roller compacted concrete (RCC) fracture toughness was reached on the analysis of fracture toughness of RCC specimens, which have been done by project team. And then the rule was applied to the calculation formula of equivalent strength of crack director in the RCC arch dam, thus a simple and useful formula was reached. The study shows that the equivalent strength of crack directors increases with the increasing intensity of concrete, but the surplus rate of strength of crack directors section decreases with the increasing intensity of concrete and the distance between centers of adjacent crack directors, and that bilateral interval crack directors are more efficient in weakening the strength of section than unidirectional interval crack directors in the case of the same distance between adjacent crack director centers. A good design for crack directors of RCC arch dam is proposed via the rule.

聚乙烯醇纤维掺量对高延性地聚合物混凝土早期抗裂和收缩性能影响

研究了聚乙烯醇(PVA)纤维掺量对高延性地聚合物混凝土早期塑性收缩开裂、干燥收缩和自生收缩的影响.结果表明,与地聚合物混凝土相比,掺PVA纤维的高延性地聚合物混凝土抗开裂性能和抗收缩性能显著提高,PVA纤维体积掺量为2%的地聚合物混凝土抗开裂和抗收缩性能最好.基于试验结果,建立了收缩预测模型,该模型能够一定程度反映地聚合物混凝土早期收缩特征.

融合工况预测的燃料电池汽车里程自适应等效氢耗最小控制策略

为有效地提高插电式燃料电池汽车的经济性,实现燃料电池和动力电池的功率最优分配,考虑到行驶工况、电池荷电状态(State of charge,SOC)、等效因子与氢气消耗之间的密切联系,制定融合工况预测的里程自适应等效氢耗最小策略.通过基于误差反向传播的神经网络来实现未来短期车速的预测,分析未来车辆需求功率变化,同时借助全球定位系统规划一条通往目的地的路径,智能交通系统便可获取整个行程的交通流量信息,利用行驶里程和SOC实时动态修正等效消耗最小策略中的等效因子,实现能量管理策略的自适应性.基于MATLAB/Simulink软件,搭建整车仿真模型与传统的能量管理策略进行仿真对比验证.仿真结果表明,采用基于神经网络的工况预测算法能够较好地预测未来短期工况,其预测精度相较于马尔可夫方法提高12.5%,所提出的能量管理策略在城市道路循环工况(UDDS)下的氢气消耗比电量消耗维持(CD/CS)策略下降55.6%.硬件在环试验表明,在市郊循环工况(EUDC)下的氢气消耗比CD/CS策略下降26.8%,仿真验证结果表明了所提出的策略相比于CD/CS策略在氢气消耗方面的优越性能,并通过硬件在环实验验证了所提策略的有效性.

CFRP-OFBG板加固损伤钢梁抗弯疲劳试验及其寿命预测研究

为研究采用碳纤维增强复合材料(CFRP)加固后钢梁的疲劳性能,采用自主研发的具有自监测性能的智能碳纤维-光纤光栅板(CFRP-OFBG板)加固受损钢梁,在完成常幅荷载四点弯曲疲劳试验的基础上,研究不同应力幅作用下CFRP-OFBG板加固钢梁的疲劳性能。借助有限元方法,建立“三维实体”有限元模型,结合J积分计算方法求解得到加固钢梁裂纹尖端的应力强度因子,基于线弹性断裂力学理论建立疲劳裂纹扩展模型,对CFRP-OFBG板加固钢梁的疲劳裂纹扩展寿命进行预测。研究表明:CFRP-OFBG板的加固作用可有效提高受损钢梁的疲劳寿命,延缓裂纹扩展速率,改善裂纹尖端的受力状态,降低裂纹尖端的应力强度因子;在循环荷载作用下,CFRP-OFBG板加固试件的疲劳寿命均随着应力幅的增大呈现递减趋势。将试验结果与预测结果相比较,发现加固试件疲劳寿命预测值比试验值略高,分析认为,这主要是因为在有限元模拟时没有考虑到试验中CFRP-OFBG板的局部剥离。

钢纤维细石混凝土-钢组合板抗弯性能试验研究

钢纤维细石混凝土是一种具有优异力学性能和良好工作性的高性能混凝土复合材料。本试验针对正交异性钢桥面铺装层裂缝病害问题,对4组采用不同钢筋配筋率和保护层厚度的横桥向钢纤维细石混凝土-钢组合桥面板进行了抗弯破坏试验,研究了组合板的荷载-挠度关系与裂缝开展特征;用等效截面法计算了开裂应力、裂缝宽度和钢筋应力,验证了钢纤维细石混凝土-钢组合板的抗裂性能。结果表明:60 mm厚钢纤维细石混凝土铺装层在小配筋率(2.6%)和低于规范要求的保护层厚度(15 mm)条件下呈现出多缝开裂的破坏形态,具备较高的延性和开裂应力,满足规范和工程应用的要求。

融合GA-Attention-LSTM算法的温室樱桃环境参数预测与裂果预警

针对温室环境因素对樱桃的影响,设计一套大樱桃温室环境自动监测装置,用来采集温室内的环境参数值为樱桃裂果提供数字化预警支持及防治方案。基于采集的环境参数值,首先使用相关性分析得出与棚内裂果具有强相关性的环境参数特征;其次使用滑动窗口方法将输入的环境特征生成时间序列矩阵形式;随后提出一种融合GA-Attention-LSTM算法的预测模型,实现精准预测棚内的环境参数的功能;最后通过SPSS数据分析软件来分析不同大棚的环境参数和裂果率。所提的融合GA-Attention-LSTM算法的预测模型的平均绝对误差为0.112,均方误差为0.087,相比于LSTM网络模型高出12.80%和9.72%,对环境参数的预测精度更高,同时得出一套科学的樱桃环境参数值范围,为预测模型对樱桃裂果数字化预警提供有力支持。

基于运营数据的发动机压气机叶片裂纹扩展规律研究

为研究航空发动机实际服役中转子叶片在复杂载荷作用下的裂纹损伤扩展规律,基于航空发动机运营数据构建叶片的裂纹扩展寿命曲线,同时采用断裂力学理论建立裂纹扩展速率公式。以高压压气机叶片为实例,通过流固耦合方法构建压气机叶片结构的载荷模型,分别采用Paris、Walker、Newman裂纹扩展速率公式对压气机叶尖区域进行三维裂纹扩展分析。仿真结果表明,三种裂纹扩展速率公式在裂纹扩展前期预测结果与发动机运营数据裂纹扩展曲线具有一致性,可较好地描述叶片裂纹扩展规律;在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,Walker和Newman公式预测结果相对危险,Paris公式预测结果吻合度较高,并且能与厂家技术手册中关于其损伤发展控制要求相互印证。

基于Lamb波损伤特征融合模型的金属结构件疲劳裂纹扩展预测

针对动态载荷环境下机械装备金属结构件疲劳裂纹扩展延伸问题,提出一种基于Lamb波损伤特征融合的疲劳裂纹扩展预测模型。首先从Lamb波信号传播特性出发,分析对比对称模式下Lamb波损伤信号和基准信号传播过程中的特性变化,在此基础上提取能够敏感表达结构损伤的相关系数和相位差异特征,通过变量标准化变换后进一步构建出疲劳裂纹扩展预测模型,最后利用金属结构件全寿命周期疲劳实验数据对模型进行验证。结果表明:所提模型能够准确预测动态载荷环境下疲劳裂纹扩展过程,与其他预测模型相比优势明显,可为机械装备关键结构件合理检修计划制定提供一定参考借鉴。

既有框架结构的新型等效简化动力模型构建方法

为了实现对长期服役后的结构在地震、风等动荷载作用下安全性和舒适性的评估,利用监/检测数据建立一个能准确反映实际建筑在地震、风等动荷载作用下动力响应的结构动力学模型至关重要。本文针对非常普遍的框架建筑结构,提出了一种基于少量移动传感器的框架结构等效简化动力学模型构建方法。首先,提出建筑结构等效简化模型构建的层间剪力等效原理,证明了以该原理构建的简化模型具备准确模拟实际建筑结构动力响应的能力。其次,推导了框架结构简化模型形式,并研究了简化模型参数特点。然后,提出了一种框架结构简化模型参数的迭代识别方法,实现了仅使用少量无线移动传感器的简化模型参数识别。最后,通过一个12层3跨钢框架结构数值模拟算例,研究了在不预知结构刚度退化的具体形式和仅使用少量移动加速度传感器的条件下,由本文所提方法构建的等效简化模型对实际框架结构在不同水平动荷载作用下结构动力响应的预测能力。数值试验结果表明,等效简化模型能准确模拟不同荷载工况下框架结构加速度和位移响应。因此,本文提出的框架结构等效简化模型构建方法将在评估既有框架结构在风、地震等动荷载作用下的结构安全性和舒适性方面具有重要的应用前景。

特大型顺层古滑坡复活变形特征分析及变形预测研究

为有效掌握古滑坡复活特征及其变形规律,基于滑坡区现场调查成果,首先开展其复活变形特征分析,再利用WPT-ROA-RVM-CT模型进行滑坡变形预测研究。结果表明,在强降雨或持续降雨后,滑坡地表裂缝较为发育,具有张剪性质,且滑坡呈明显推移式特征,即滑坡中、后缘变形明显大于前缘,变形方向具有逆时针变化规律,充分说明古滑坡复活变形特征显著。同时,通过变形预测,验证WPT-ROA-RVM-CT模型具有较高的预测精度,并经外推预测,得到滑坡后续变形速率均为正值且较大,判断滑坡后续变形还会进一步增加,具有较大失稳风险,需尽快开展灾害防治研究。

曲线线路重载机车轮缘裂纹损伤及影响因素研究

针对我国某型大功率重载机车在高原多曲线线路上运行时频繁出现轮缘裂纹的问题,采用理论分析、数值模拟与现场试验相结合的方法对机车轮缘裂纹损伤进行研究。首先,基于多体动力学和安定理论,建立了该型大功率重载机车车辆动力学模型及轮缘裂纹损伤预测模型:其次,通过现场测试数据与数值仿真结果对比,验证了模型的正确性;最后,根据该型重载机车运行线路特点,分析了曲线半径、曲线超高、曲线坡度等线路参数及轮缘润滑对重载机车轮缘裂纹损伤的影响规律。研究结果表明,连续小半径曲线是该型重载机车轮缘裂纹产生的主要原因,此外轮缘润滑对机车轮缘裂纹损伤有显著影响,可通过合理的线路参数设置及轮缘润滑来降低机车轮轨动态相互作用,进而减少重载机车轮缘裂纹的发生。

环境和疲劳荷载作用下开裂混凝土寿命预测研究进展

混凝土是一种准脆性材料,大量混凝土结构在设计使用寿命期间会不可避免地出现裂缝并带着裂缝工作。裂缝的存在会直接影响到混凝土结构使用寿命,特别是在侵蚀性环境因素或疲劳荷载作用下。本文对钢筋混凝土裂缝扩展过程进行了分析,对不同侵蚀环境作用下开裂混凝土结构劣化机制、寿命预测研究方法及预测模型等进行了系统的梳理和对比。阐述了疲劳裂纹扩展理论在开裂混凝土结构疲劳寿命预测中的应用现状与优势,并归纳了基于该理论的部分寿命预测方法及预测模型。此外,还对侵蚀环境与疲劳荷载耦合作用下开裂混凝土结构寿命预测方法进行了总结与讨论,指出了现有开裂混凝土结构寿命预测研究尚存在的问题,并对今后的研究方向提出了建议。