Crack-free high-aspect ratio holes in glasses by top–down percussion drilling with infrared femtosecond laser GHz-bursts

We report novel results on top-down percussion drilling in different glasses with femtosecond laser GHz-bursts.Thanks to this particular regime of light–matter interaction,combining non-linear absorption and thermal cumulative effects,we obtained crack-free holes of aspect ratios exceeding 30 in sodalime and 70 in fused silica.The results are discussed in terms of inner wall morphology,aspect ratio and drilling speed.

LD端面泵浦Er:Yb:glass/Co:MALO晶体热效应分析

为了减弱激光二极管端面泵浦固体激光器热效应的影响,提高激光谐振腔稳定性及改善激光器的输出特性,以激光二极管端面泵浦Er:Yb:glass/Co:MALO晶体为研究对象,采用有限元分析方法,并根据热传导理论对其进行多物理场耦合热效应分析,系统分析了非键合和键合晶体、泵浦中心波长、功率以及束腰半径对激光晶体的温度场、热应力场以及形变量的影响。结果表明:键合晶体中Co:MALO晶体不仅起到了被动调Q的作用,还起到了热沉的效果,可以有效改善晶体内部的温度分布、热应力和形变量。中心波长为940 nm的泵浦对晶体的穿透性远高于976 nm,采用940 nm的泵浦可以改善晶体的最高温度,但976 nm泵浦结构是扩散键合较安全的结构。由于增大泵浦功率会导致晶体单位面积功率密度分布的增加,热效应也会加剧,泵浦功率增大100 mW对应温度增加9 K,热应力增加1.5 MPa,热形变增加0.5μm。减小泵浦光束半径也会导致热效应的增加,但影响相较于功率不明显。理论分析结果可为激光二极管端面泵浦铒镱共掺磷酸盐玻璃1.5μm固体激光器减小热效应的合理优化设计提供数据理论支持。

2.79μm高速转镜调Q Er,Cr:YSGG纳秒窄脉冲激光器

转镜调Q无插入损耗,是获得窄脉冲、高峰值功率输出激光的直接方式。纳秒脉冲需要使用高速转镜调Q,并精准控制电机转速与氙灯放电延时,以使激光介质上能级粒子数反转最大,获得最大激光能量输出。本文设计了以Arduino mega 2560单片机为核心的高速转镜调Q控制系统,通过精确单片机解析串口屏指令控制激光电源的充放电和高速电机启停,同时通过对转镜脉冲信号整合降频控制氙灯放电时刻,实现对延迟时间的精准控制,实现了灯泵Er,Cr:YSGG激光纳秒窄脉冲调Q输出。在5 Hz重复频率下,转镜转速为650 r/s时,获得的最高单脉冲激光能量为45.7 mJ、脉冲宽度为86.2 ns,相应的峰值功率为530.2 kW。

Er∶YAG激光SWEEPS双脉冲模式激活荡洗在自由水域中的气泡动力学观测

目的:探究Er∶YAG激光光子增强的光声流(SWEEPS)技术在不同脉冲间隔参数条件下的蒸汽气泡动力学效应。方法:Er∶YAG激光手具连接工作尖放置于自由水域模型中,设置SWEEPS模式,150~600μs脉冲间隔激活。高速摄像机(200 000 Hz)摄录Er∶YAG激光激活荡洗引起空穴效应的过程,matlab逐帧分析蒸汽气泡间的相互作用关系,及蒸汽气泡消失时刻气泡残余与激光工作尖之间的距离。实验数据经SPSS 19.0统计软件进行统计分析。结果:在自由水域中,Er∶YAG激光SWEEPS模式下,脉冲间隔设置的改变会引起两次脉冲激发的蒸汽气泡形成不同的相互作用关系,包括双气泡融合、双气泡撞击及双气泡脱离。其中,脉冲间隔设置为360~440μs时,双气泡撞击现象会使蒸汽气泡消失时气泡残余与激光工作尖之间达到最远距离。结论:在自由水域中,Er∶YAG激光双脉冲SWEEPS模式在不同的脉冲间隔设置下引起双气泡间形成不同的作用关系,该现象可能可以增强Er∶YAG激光空穴效应,强化激光激活荡洗的临床应用效果。

Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)/Pr^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)晶体的光谱分析及中红外发射增强

采用非化学计量配比的提拉法成功生长出Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)/Pr^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)晶体、Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)和Er^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)晶体并进行了详细的光谱分析,同时对纯的SrLaGaO_(4)晶体进行了热学性能分析。与Er^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)晶体相比,Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)/Pr^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)晶体不仅展示了更好的吸收特性,而且还表现出较弱的近红外发射,以及优异的中红外发射;Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)/Pr^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)晶体中2.7μm铒激光下能级4I13/2的荧光寿命显著减少,而上能级4I11/2的寿命略微下降,成功抑制了自终止效应。此外,本工作还研究了Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)/Pr^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)晶体中Yb^(3+)的敏化作用和Pr^(3+)离子的去激活作用以及能量传递机制。总之,引入Yb^(3+)和Pr^(3+)有利于在Er^(3+)/Yb^(3+)/Pr^(3+):SrLaGaO_(4)晶体中实现增强的2.7μm发射,这使其成为中红外激光有前途的候选材料。

A Single-Frequency Linearly Polarized Fiber Laser Using a Newly Developed Heavily Tm3+-Doped Germanate Glass Fiber at 1.95 μm

A compact linearly polarized, low-noise, narrow-linewidth, single-frequency fiber laser at 1950nm is demonstrated. This compact fiber laser is based on a 21-mm-long homemade Tm3＋-doped germanate glass fiber. Over 100-mW stable continuous-wave single transverse and longitudinal mode lasing at 195Ohm are achieved. The measured relative intensity noise is less than -135dB/Hz at frequencies over 5 MHz. The signal-to-noise ratio of the laser is larger than 72dB, and the laser linewidth is less than 6kHz, while the obtained linear polarization extinction ratio is higher than 22 dB.

基于石墨烯可饱和吸收体的Er∶YAG被动调Q激光器

本文研究了一种采用氙灯侧泵方式,并基于石墨烯可饱和吸收体的Er∶YAG被动调Q激光器。首先成功将石墨烯转移至Al_(2)O_(3)衬底制备得到石墨烯可饱和吸收体,并对其进行了形貌、结构及化学状态等性能表征。此外,对基于石墨烯可饱和吸收体的Er∶YAG被动调Q激光特性进行了研究,结果表明单脉冲能量从0.4 mJ增加至7 mJ,输出激光单脉冲宽度从761.2 ns下降至510 ns,最大峰值功率为13.7 kW。激光中心波长位于2935和2945 nm,且主波长在2935 nm处对应的半峰全宽(FWHM)为1.535 nm。沿x和y方向的光束质量因子分别为4.45和5.76。实验结果表明,该研究为推进更低成本、谐振腔设计简单且紧凑的2.94μm波段Er∶YAG激光器的发展提供了有效的参考依据。

Mid-infrared lightly Er^(3+)-doped CaF_(2)laser under acousto–optical modulation

A 1.7-at.%Er:CaF_(2)crystal was synthesized by temperature gradient method.The Er:CaF_(2)crystal was applied in acousto-optically Q-switched laser at mid-infrared region for the first time.Using a Te O_(2)-based crystal as Q-switcher,we obtained a laser diode(LD)end-pumped Er:CaF_(2)laser with the highest single pulse energy up to 0.49 mJ and maximum peak power of 0.56 kW under 6.34-W absorbed pump power.The implication of these results is that the low-doped Er:CaF_(2)crystal exhibits promising optical properties in solid-state lasers.

High-power xenon lamp-pumped Er:YAP pulse laser operated in free-running and acousto-optical Q-switching modes

We demonstrate a high-energy and high-power pulse laser on a xenon lamp-pumped Er:YAP crystal. The laser performance and thermal focal lengths under different working frequencies are discussed. The results show that the thermal lens effect is gradually aggravated with the increase of working frequencies, and even working at 100 Hz, a single pulse energy of 234 m J can be achieved. A maximum average power of 41.5 W is achieved with a working frequency of 20 Hz and slope efficiency of 2.82%. This output power is much higher than other xenon lamp-pumped erbium laser devices.A Q-switched laser is demonstrated by using the TeO2crystal, the maximum output energies of 11.5 m J and 3.5 m J are obtained at 50 and 100 Hz, the corresponding peak powers are 93.4 k W and 17.2 kW, respectively.The laser wavelengths and beam quality factors are also characterized in the free-running and Q-switched modes. A higher pulse energy and peak power laser could be achieved further by improving the damage threshold of TeO2acousto-optical Q-switching. All the experimental results illustrate that the xenon lamp-pumped Er:YAP laser is a promising candidate for high-power and high-frequency mid-infrared laser devices.

Investigation on Structures and Properties of Yb^(3+)-Doped Laser Glasses

The Yb3^＋ -doped silicate, phosphate and borophosphate laser glasses were prepared by means of conventional melt quenching technology. The physical and spectral properties of the glasses were investigated. The results show that, due to the existence of OH^-, the fluorescence lifetime of phosphate glass is shorter than that of silicate glass, so silicate glass has better spectral properties than phosphate glass. Silicate glass has better mechanical and thermal properties than phosphate glass, but with the addition of B2O3, mechanical and thermal properties of phosphate glass are improved greatly without fluorescence quenching effect. This kind of borophosphate glass can be used in high average power solid state lasers.

Generalized model for laser-induced surface structure in metallic glass

The details of the special three-dimensional micro-nano scale ripples with a period of hundreds of microns on the surfaces of a Zr-based and a La-based metallic glass irradiated separately by single laser pulse are investigated.We use the small-amplitude capillary wave theory to unveil the ripple formation mechanism through considering each of the molten metallic glasses as an incompressible viscous fluid.A generalized model is presented to describe the special morphology,which fits the experimental result well.It is also revealed that the viscosity brings about the biggest effect on the monotone decreasing nature of the amplitude and the wavelength of the surface ripples.The greater the viscosity is,the shorter the amplitude and the wavelength are.

3μm波段Er^(3+)∶ZBLAN光纤激光器研究进展及展望

3µm激光处于分子指纹区,在医疗外科、气体检测、军事应用等领域都有重要的应用价值。Er^(3+)∶ZBLAN光纤激光器具有效率高、可集成的优点,是3µm激光的主要输出方式。本文从铒离子跃迁产生3µm激光出发,围绕Er^(3+)∶ZBLAN光纤激光器,介绍了3µm激光产生的结构原理及能级系统,总结了实现该波段高功率连续输出和脉冲输出的技术方案和研究进展,重点介绍了基于不同材料可饱和吸收体的调Q和锁模激光器实验研究,并对目前实现3µm波段高功率输出需要解决的问题进行了分析,最后对Er^(3+)∶ZBLAN激光器的发展方向进行了展望。

热键合、凹端面及晶体棒直径对Er∶YSGG中红外激光性能的影响

对热键合、凹端面及不同直径Er∶YSGG晶体棒的中红外激光性能进行了系统对比研究。晶体经高温退火、定向切割、端面精密抛光后,测量得到其平面度和表面粗糙度分别小于0.1λ@633 nm和0.5 nm。通过精密加工实现了YSGG与Er∶YSGG室温光胶,然后进行了高温热键合,透过谱表明键合界面基本无损耗,达到了一体化。热焦距结果表明,热键合、凹端面能够有效改善和补偿高功率泵浦条件下晶体的热透镜效应,有利于提高晶体的激光性能。对比未键合、热键合及凹面热键合Er∶YSGG晶体在968 nm LD侧面泵浦条件下的激光性能发现,低频150 Hz以下,键合与凹面并未表现出优势,三种棒的最大输出功率和斜效率分别均在24 W和28%附近;但随重频增加,热效应逐渐加重,键合晶体良好散热能力和凹面热补偿效应使激光性能得到提高。在重频300 Hz下,未键合、热键合及凹面热键合三种棒的最大输出功率分别为15.54,17.85和18.33 W、斜效率分别为16.6%,18.3%和18.4%;重频600 Hz条件下,三种棒的最大输出功率分别为9.4,13.32和13.18 W、斜效率分别为6.7%,8.6%和9%。此外,对比研究了不同直径Er∶YSGG晶体的激光性能,在低于100 Hz的低频下,三种晶体的激光性能接近。但相比于3和4 mm键合凹面棒,直径2 mm棒有大的比表面积,拥有更好的热管理能力,使其在高重频条件下具有更好的激光性能。如在150 Hz条件下,2 mm凹面键合Er∶YSGG晶体棒获得了功率23.82 W、斜效率27.7%的中红外激光输出,大大高于直径3和4 mm棒的18 W和23%。在600 Hz,直径2 mm键合凹面棒中实现了功率13.18 W,斜效率9%的激光输出,相比于直径3和4 mm键合凹面棒的9 W,7%具有较大的改善。测量得到2 mm凹面键合Er∶YSGG晶体棒在150 Hz,200μs条件下的光束质量因子M_(x)^(2)/M_(y)^(2)=6.28/6.30,表明该激光具有良好的光束质量。综上,选择合适晶体棒直径,并将键合与凹面相结合是实现高性能2.79μm激光的有效方法。

A Passive Q-Switched Microchip Er/Yb Glass Laser Pumped by Laser Diode

A laser-diode-pumped 1.54-μm passive Q-switched erbium doped glass laser was reported. We utilize a laser diode with wavelength of 973nm to pump a 1-mm Er/Yb co-doped phosphate glass with the erbium and ytterbium concentrations of 1 wt.% and 21 wt.%, respectively. A Co^2＋ ：MgAl2O4 slab crystal was used as a passive Q- switcher. Q-switched pulses with repetition frequency of 800Hz, width of 7.4ns, peak power of 2.2kW and average power of 13.3 m W were obtained when absorbed pump power was 4 75 m W. A sandwich structure of the Q- switched microchip Er/Yb glass laser was demonstrated, which shows shorter pulse width of 6.8 ns. Dependences of pulse duration and repetition frequency on pump power were also investigated.

Laser Welding of Zr_(41)Ti_(14)Cu_(12)Ni_(10)Be_(23) Bulk Metallic Glass and Zirconium Metal

The laser bonding technology between the Zr41 Ti14 Cu12 Ni10 Be23 bulk metallic glass and zirconium metal was investigated under welding parameters of 1.3 kW and 7 m/min. The welded bead, microstructure, and micro-hardness of the welded joint were examined by Keyence, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Vickers hardness, respectively. The experimental results showed that the Zr41 Ti14 Cu12 Ni10 Be2 bulk metallic glass and zirconium metal were successfully bonded together. The Zr41 Ti14 Cu12 Ni10 Be2 in the base material zone maintained amorphous structure, and the welding fusion zone kept the hardness as high as as-received BMG. Therefore, the laser welding technology can be used to achieve successful bonding of bulk metallic glasses and crystallization metal.

A review on glass welding by ultra-short laser pulses

Glass welding by ultra-short pulsed(USP)lasers is a piece of technology that offers high strength joints with hermetic sealing.The joints are typically formed in glass that is transparent to the laser by exploiting nonlinear absorption effects that occur under extreme conditions.Though the temperature reached during the process is on the order of a few 1000°C,the heat affected zone(HAZ)is confined to only tens of micrometers.It is this controlled confinement of the HAZ during the joining process that makes this technology so appealing to a multitude of applications because it allows the foregoing of a subsequent tempering step that is typically essential in other glass joining techniques,thus making it possible to effectively join highly heat sensitive components.In this work,we give an overview on the process,development and applications of glass welding by USP lasers.

准连续c切Er,Yb:YAl_(3)(BO_(3))_(4)激光器的偏振操控

通过构建谐振腔模型,分析了各向同性固体激光器中两个本征模式相干叠加后的光斑奇异特征。并且实验验证了在不使用任何特定的腔内光学偏振选择元件的情况下,在二极管泵浦的准连续c切Er,Yb:YAl_(3)(BO_(3))_(4)激光器中可以有效操控1.6μm输出激光的偏振态。实现了从部分偏振态转化成稳定的线偏振态,其线偏振方向为可切换的正交特殊情况,均具有21 dB的偏振消光比。同时通过光斑对比,验证了激光器的线偏振输出来源于两个正交本征模式的相干叠加。文中为c切Er,Yb:YAl_(3)(BO_(3))_(4)激光器线偏振光的直接输出与偏振态的调控提供了可靠的方案。

Influence of addition of B_2O_3 on properties of Yb^(3+)-doped phosphate laser glass

The three host glasses doped with Yb 3+ were prepared by means of conventional melt quenching technology, and the influence on physical and spectral properties of phosphate glass due to addition of B2O3 was investigated and compared with silicate glass. The results show that due to the existence of OH- impurities which induce the non-radiative route, the fluorescence lifetime of phosphate glass is shorter, so silicate glass has better spectral properties than phosphate glass. Silicate glass has more excellent thermal-mechanical properties than phosphate glass, but with the addition of B2O3, thermal-mechanical properties of phosphate glass are improved greatly without fluorescence quenching effect, and this kind of borophosphate glass will be the candidate to be used in high average power solid state laser.

Transmission Properties of a New Glass Ceramic and Doped with Co^(2+) as Saturable Absorber for 1.54 μm Er Glass Short Pulse Laser

The preparation and characteristics of a new transparent glass ceramic were described. Crystal phase particles with nanometer size were successfully precipitated in glass matrix, which was confirmed to be one of indium aluminum zinc oxide compounds （InxAlrZn2O）. The presence of aluminum （A1） and indium （In） impurities in the zinc oxides （ZnO） crystal lattice leads to some changes of the carrier concentration in the material and then promote the sharply changes of transmission spectra in IR range wavelength. And subsequently, the IR cut-off edge blue shifted from 5.5 pm in base glass to 3 μm in transparent glass ceramic sample. Furthermore, passive Q switched 1.54 ktm Er glass laser pulses with pulse energy of 10 mJ and pulse width of 800 ns were successfully obtained by using the cobalt doped transparent glass ceramic as a saturable absorber.