Phenolic Components from Rhododendron latoucheae Part 5 in the series "Chemical Studies on Ericaceae Plants

From the leaves of Rhododendron latoucheae (Ericaceae), two new natural phenolic compounds named (+)-rhodolatouchol 1 and isoepirhododendrin 4 were identified. Six other known compounds, (+)-rhododendrol, epirhododendrin, 4-[3'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-4'-hydroxyphenyl]-2-butanone, 4-(4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranosylphenyl)-2-butanone, benzyl-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside and arbutin were also obtained.

蓝莓温室栽培技术

蓝莓（Blueberry）属杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）越橘属（Vaccinium.spp）浆果类果树。蓝莓作为一种新兴水果,以其独有的营养保健功能和优良品质深受广大消费者青睐,市场供不应求。辽宁省露地栽培蓝莓集中在丹东、大连等市,成熟期正值七八月高温多雨季节,不利于果实质量和产量的提高。而温室栽培蓝莓可以做到反季生产,避开高温多雨的不利影响,还可拉长蓝莓鲜果供应期,减少病虫危害,提高蓝莓市场价值。

Pollen morphology of Rhododendron subgen. Tsutsusi and its systematic implications

Eighty-four pollen samples were obtained for 80 taxa, of which, 13 species and one variety are from sect. Brachycalyx Sweet, 58 species and two varieties from sect. Tsutsusi Sweet, and six species from subgen. Pentanthera （G. Don） Pojarkova, respectively. Pollen morphology of all samples was observed using LM and SEM. Pollen grains are revealed to be spheroidal and tetrahedral with tricolporate apertures. Pollen sizes of subgen. Tsutsusi （Sweet） Pojarkova range from 37.67 μm to 61.06μm, and the exine sculptures are more or less compactly granulated. Pollen sizes are significantly different between sect. Brachycalyx and sect. Tsutsusi of subgen. Tsutsusi. Rhododendron tashiroi Maxim. of sect. Tsusiopsis Sleumer shows a close affinity to sect. Brachycalyx. Pollen size and exine are consistent with general morphology in differentiating species in sect. Tsutsusi. Rhododendron huadingense B. Y. Ding ＆ Y. Y. Fang, once placed as a member of sect. Brachycalyx, should be considered as a species in subgen. Pentanthera.

Analysis of genetic relationship among Arbutus unedo L. genotypes using RAPD and SSR markers

The strawberry tree （Arbutus unedo L.） is an underutilized, drought tolerant, fire resistant species with a south western distribution in Europe, and with ecological and putative socio-economical impact in Portugal and Mediterranean countries. Our aim was to develop an appropriate set of molecular markers to enable genetic diversity to be assessed and to fingerprint Arbutus unedo genotypes for breeding and conservation purposes in Portugal. Twenty-seven trees from a broad geographic range were screened with 20 random amplified polymorphic DNA （RAPD primers） and 11 microsatellite markers （SSR）. The RAPDs generated 124 bands, 57.3% of which were polymorphic, with an expected heterozygosity of 27%. We cross-amplified 11 SSR primers developed for Vaccinium spp., and 5 were found to be polymorphic in A. unedo, with 75% of expected heterozygosity, a number of alleles of 11.6, a null allele frequency of 7.6% and a polymorphic information content of 71%. Although the SSRs were more polymorphic and informative than the RAPDs, both markers displayed high genetic variability with the gathered data. No geographic pattern was observed in the genetic variation distribution based on both marker systems, and the lack of correlation between genetic and geographical matrices was confirmed by Mantel tests. Likely, no correlation was found between pairwise SSR and RAPD band-sharing matrices. These results and their implications on A. unedo breeding and conservation programs are discussed.

Two New Phenolic Glycosides from the Roots of Rhododendron molle

Two new phenolic glycosides, everninic acid methyl ester-2-O-b-D- xylopyran- osyl-(16)-b-D-glucopyranoside 1 and 7-hydroxy-5-methoxyphthalide-7-b-D- xylopyranosyl- (16)-b-D-glucopyranoside 2 were isolated from the roots of Rhododendron molle G. Don. Their structures were determined by spectral evidence including 2D NMR techniques.

Two New Ionone Derivatives from Rhododendron przewalskii Maxim.

Two new ionone derivatives, named rhododendrone and rhododendronside, were isolated from the alcoholic extract of the aerial parts of Rhododendron przwalskii Maxim. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analysis

Mycorrhizal synthesis between Pisolithus arhizus and adult clones of Arbutus unedo in vitro and in nursery

Arbutoid mycorrhizae were synthesized between adult se- lected clones of Arbutus unedo L. and Pisolithus arhizus. Two micro- propagated clones were tested： ALl, in vitro and C1 （acclimatized plants） in nursery and later in a field trial. In vitro, rooted shoots were trans- ferred to test tubes containing the substrate previously inoculated with mycelium cultured on agar. In the nursery, two inoculation treatments were tested （vegetative inocula or dry sporocarps） and compared to con- trol plants. In the field trial, plants from nursery inoculation treatments were compared and an additional control treatment using seedlings was implemented. Plant height was evaluated 4 months later in the nursery and 20 months later in the field trial.

Rhododendrons in Indian Himalayan Region: Diversity and Conservation

The genus Rhododendron of Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) has been enumerated in the present paper. A total of 87 species, 12 subspecies and 8 varieties of Rhododendrons recorded in IHR, among these 6 species and one subspecies are reported from Western Himalaya. The maximum concentration of 86% observed in Arunachal Pradesh (75 species). The species of Rhododendrons exhibit significant diversity in habit and broad range of distribution from the altitude of 800-6000 m. and the best range is observed in 3001-3500 m altitudes. In analysis revealed 20 taxa are endemic, 30 are rare, 24 are threatened / endangered, 3 are vulnerable and 47 taxa have to be assessed. The major threats to rhododendrons are deforestation and unsustainable extraction for firewood and incense by local people has been discussed.

蓝莓新品种——北陆选育报告

蓝莓为杜鹃花科（Ericaceae）越橘属（Vaccinium spp.）蓝浆果组。美国最早进行蓝莓的栽培驯化工作,至今已选育出适应各地气候的优良品种100多个。迄今为止,各国根据自己的气候特点和资源优势开展具有本国特色的蓝莓研究和栽培工作。我国于20世纪80年代开始进行蓝莓的引种和研究工作。黑龙江省农业科学院园艺分院自2006年起引入一系列蓝莓栽培品种,其中代号为＂06-A1＂,原英文名Northland,中译名北陆,经过7年的引种试验和生产试验研究,该品种表现出抗寒、丰产、稳产、果大、

Biotechnology of the multipurpose tree species Arbutus unedo:a review

Arbutus unedo L.(strawberry tree,Ericaceae)is a woody species with a circum-Mediterranean distribu-tion.It has considerable ecological relevance in southern European forests due to its resilience to abiotic and biotic stressors.Its edible red berries are used in the production of traditional products,including an expensive spirit.Several compounds extracted from the species have bioactive prop-erties used by the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.The strawberry tree has gone from a neglected species to become a highly valuable crop with large cultivated areas in southern European and North African countries.Due to an increasing demand from farmers for plants with improved features,researchers have been trying to improve this spe-cies through conventional and biotechnological tools,focus-ing mainly on population analysis using molecular markers,in vitro cloning,tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses,and intraspecific crosses to obtain genotypes with new char-acteristics.The objective of this review is to gather and update information about the species and make it available to researchers and stakeholders.Future research areas that are considered a priority for this species are highlighted.

越桔红色素的研究

越桔,别名红豆、牙疙瘩,属杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)越桔属植物,主要分布于我国东北、以及前苏联、朝鲜、日本和北美洲等19个国家,目前美国有人工栽培,其他国家为野生状态。我国东北越桔资源主要有三种:越桔(Vaccinium vitis-idaea L.),杜斯越桔(Vaccimum uliginosum L.)、蔓越桔(Oxycoccus nalutris Pers)。长期以来,当地群众有食鲜果的习惯以及利用越桔果实酿造优质色酒,但历年来开发利用率只占30％左右,

一种天然食品添加剂——映山红杜鹃色素研究

一、前言 由于食品中使用合成色素对人体的安全和卫生问题日益引起关注,因此必须寻找更多安全无害的天然食用色素。 杜鹃为杜鹃花科(Ericaceae)杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)的植物,共有850种。我国是杜鹃的主要产地,除新疆,宁夏外,全国均有分布,共460余种,占世界种类总数的54％。我国云南、西藏、四川被认为是世界杜鹃之发祥地,品种多,数量繁,甚至有胸径数米,株冠达25米的“杜鹃王”。全国许多山地丘陵往往被大片杜鹃所覆盖,资源极为丰富,然尚无开发利用。 作者采用杜鹃花萃取色素,并对其理化性状进行测定,发现它具有较好的加工稳定性和在食品中应用的广泛可能性。

Rhodauricanol A, an analgesic diterpenoid with an unprecedented5/6/5/7 tetracyclic system featuring a unique16-oxa-tetracyclo[11.2.1.0^(1,5).0^(7,13)]hexadecane core from Rhododendron dauricum

A novel diterpenoid with an unprecedented 5/6/5/7 tetracyclic system, rhodauricanol A(1), five new grayanane-derived diterpenoids, dauricanols A-E(2-6), and five known ones(7-11) were isolated from the flowers of Rhododendron dauricum. Rhodauricanol A(1) possesses a unique 5/6/5/7 tetracyclic ring system featuring a 16-oxa-tetracyclo[11.2.1.0^(1,5).0^(7,13)]hexadecane core. Dauricanols A-C(2-4) are the first1,3-dioxolane conjugates of grayanane diterpenoids and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and vanillin, respectively, and dauricanols D(5) and E(6) represent the first examples of 6-deoxy-1,5-seco-grayanane diterpenoids. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, quantum chemical calculation including ^(13)C NMR-DP4+ analysis and ECD calculation, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Plausible biosynthetic pathways for 1-4 were proposed. All the isolates showed significant analgesic activities,and dauricanols B(3) and C(4) showed more potent analgesic activities than the positive control, morphine.

Highly Oxygenated Dimeric Grayanane Diterpenoids as Analgesics:TRPV1 and TRPA1 Dual Antagonists from Rhododendron molle

Six highly oxygenated dimeric grayanane diterpenoids(1—6)including three new ones,bismollethers A—C(1—3),were isolated from the flowers of Rhododendron molle collected at Qichun,Hubei,China.The structures and relative configurations of 1—6 were determined by comprehensive spectroscopic data analysis and 13C NMR calculation with DP4+analysis.The absolute configurations of bismollethers A—C(1—3)and birhodomollein B(5)were indubitably assigned by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis,revealing the head-to-tail linking manner of diterpenoid monomers.Bismollether A(1)is a caged dimeric grayanane diterpenoid linked through two oxygen-bridges of C-2−O−C-14′and C-14−O−C-2′,featuring a unique 1,8-dioxacyclotetradecane motif.The plausible biosynthesis pathways of 1—6 are proposed.All the isolates displayed significant analgesic activities and their structure-activity relationships were discussed.Grayanane diterpenoid dimers were found to be TRPV1 and TRPA1 dual antagonists,and docking studies provide a structural basis to design potent analgesics.

Epoxymicranthols A-N,5,9-Epoxygrayanane Diterpenoids as Potent Analgesics from Rhododendron micranthum

Main observation and conclusion Fifteen 5,9-epoxygrayanane diterpenoids(1-15)including fourteen new ones,epoxymicranthols A-N(1-14),were isolated from the leaves extract of Rhododendron micranthum.Their structures were elucidated via extensive spectroscopic methods and ^(13)C NMR-DP4+analysis,and the absolute configurations of 1,3-10,14,and 15 were confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Triterpenoids from the Roots of Craibiodendron henryi W.W.Smith

A new triterpenoid, 11a.O.trans-p-coumaroyltaraxerol （1）, along with 11 known triterpenoids, taraxerone （2）, taraxerol （3）, 2α,3β,23,24-tetrahydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid （4）, oleanolic acid （5）, β-amyrin （6）, 3β,23-dihydroxylursan-12-en- 28-oic acid （7）, 2α,3β-dihydroxyursan-12-en-28-oic acid （8）, 2α,3β,23-trihydroxyursan-12-en-28-oic acid （9）, 2α,3β,24- trihydroxyursan-12-en-28-oic acid （10）, u rsolic acid （11）, and 3-O-acetylursolic acid （12）, was isolated from Craibiodendron henryi W. W. Smith （Ericaceae）. The structures of these compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectral evidence. Antioxidant activity and vasodilator effect of compound 1 were assessed.

Three new dimeric diterpenes from Rhododendron molle

Birhodomolleins A-C（1-3）,three novel diterpenoids dimerized from two grayanane diterpenes through an oxygen bridge,were isolated from the flowers of Rhododendron molle.Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of their 1D and 2D NMR and other spectroscopic data.Birhodomollein A（1） contains a rare chloro-substitution on one of the grayanane moieties.These are the first examples of dimeric diterpenes from the Ericaceae family.

Discovery of Kalmane Diterpenoids as Potent Analgesics from the Flowers of Rhododendron dauricum

Kalmane diterpenoids,featuring a 5/8/5/5 tetracyclic carbon skeleton,are very rare in nature.The flowers of Rhododendron dauricum L.(Ericaceae)were phytochemically investigated for the first time,leading to the isolation of eight kalmane diterpenoids(1-8)including four new ones,named rhodokalmanols A-D(1-4).The structures of 1-8 were elucidated by comprehensive spectroscopic methods and ic NMR-DP4+analysis,and the absolute configurations of 1,2,4,and 5 were defined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis with Cu Kαradiation.Rhodokalmanol A(1)represents the first 5,8-epoxykalmane diterpenoid and also the first kalm-15(16)-ene diterpenoid.Rhodokalmanols BD(2-4)are the first examples of kalm-7(8)-ene,kalm-16(17)-ene,and 8α-methoxykalmane diterpenoids,respectively.All the isolated kalmane diterpenoids 1-8 exhibited significant analgesic effects,and rhodokalmanol C(3)and kalmanoi(8)expressed more potent analgesic activity than morphine at doses of 0.2 and 0.04 mg/kg.The preliminary structure-activity relationships of kalmane diterpenoids as potent analgesics are discussed.

A New Phenylpropanol Glycoside from Twigs and Leaves of Rhododendron primulaeflorum

Objective To study the constituents in the twigs and leaves of Rhododendron primulaeflorum. Methods The constituents were separated and purified with chromatographic methods. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods (1D, 2D NMR, IR, and HR-ESI-MS) and chemical analyses. Results One new phenylpropanol glycoside, 4-hydroxyl-5-methoxyl-phenylpropanol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (1), and its aglycone (2) were successfully isolated from the twigs and leaves of R. primulaeflorum. Conclusion Compound 1 is a new phenylpropanol glycoside. Compounds 1 and 2 are isolated from this plant for the first time.