入侵植物加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron canadensis L.)生理生态适应初探

利用PEG-6000模拟根际干旱胁迫法,研究了入侵植物加拿大飞蓬(Erigeron canadensis L.)在水分胁迫下的生理生态变化.在干旱胁迫下,加拿大飞蓬体内的丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、过氧化物酶(POD)酶活、超氧化物酶(SOD)酶活以及可溶性蛋白含量均发生了不同程度的变化.在不同胁迫强度下,MDA含量、Pro含量、可溶性蛋白含量和POD酶活均呈现上升趋势;在胁迫初期,加拿大飞蓬体内SOD酶活呈现上升趋势,胁迫中期出现下降趋势,后期又呈现出明显的上升趋势,表明其体内抗旱机制多种多样,能够适应多种生境.

Effects of Water Extract of Erigeron canadensis L. on Seed Germination of Plants

[Objective] The paper was to explore the effect of water extract of Erigeron canadensis L. on seed germination of plants. [Method] Using constant temperature culture method, the effects of water extracts of roots, stems and leaves of E. canadensis on seed germination of 14 species of test plants （crops and weeds） were studied. [Result] Water extracts of roots, stems and leaves of E. canadensis had obvious inhibition effect on seed germination of test plants. The water extract of leaves had the strongest inhibition effect, which could completely inhibit the seed germination of Crepis tectorum L., Amaranthus tricolor L. and Chrysanthemum coronarium L. under the lower concentrations of 0.050 and 0.075 g/ml, and completely inhibit seed germination of all the plants under the concentration of 0.400 g/ml except Zea maize L. and Allium fistulosum L.; followed by water extract of stems, and the water extract of roots had the lowest the inhibition effect, except for completely restraining seed germination of Lycopersicum esculentum L. under the concentration of 0.300 g/ml, it still could not completely restrain seed germination of the other plants under the highest concentration of 0.500 g/ml. The inhibition effect of water extract of E. canadensis on seed germination of plants had obvious selectivity, which had more obvious effect on dicotyledonous plants than monocotyledonous plants. [Conclusion] The study provided reference for screening and utilization of allelochemicals of E. canadensis and research on its allelopathy mechanism.

加拿大一枝黄花(SolidagocanadensisL.)不同水浸液对作物种子发芽和生长的影响

分别采用2种方法获取加拿大一枝黄花的根茎和叶水浸液,对小麦、大麦、玉米、水稻、番茄和油菜等6种作物的种子进行发芽率测定,并对小麦、玉米和水稻3种作物幼苗进行生长量试验。结果表明:各水浸液对6种作物的种子萌发均有明显的抑制作用,水稻、小麦和玉米3种作物的幼苗生长受到影响,处理间差异显著。根茎和叶粉碎液的不同浓度对玉米的生长影响不同,浓度越高影响越大,各浓度处理间的差异显著。

外来植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)入侵的结构基础

采用野外观察、光镜、扫描电镜等手段,对入侵皖北的加拿大一枝黄花形态解剖结构进行了研究,并藉此理解该物种入侵适应的结构基础。结果表明:叶的上、下表皮的气孔数目均较少,具有厚的角质层和长的表皮毛,能起到保水和保护作用;叶片内有发达维管束和束鞘延伸,增加了叶片对光合产物的输导能力,以满足地下营养器官发育的需要。茎具有较强输导和支持能力的结构特征。主根过早停止发育,以适应地下逸生结构发育的需要。加拿大一枝黄花花期、花序结构和未能与本地昆虫建立固定访问关系使部分头状花序不育,成熟花粉粒外有胼胝质包被,有利于花粉传播,其花粉粒属于较为进化的类型;根状茎含较多菊糖,具备成为独立散布体的物质和结构基础。

加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)水浸提液对小麦的化感作用及机制

为了阐明加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis L.)对小麦的化感作用机制,研究了加拿大一枝黄花新鲜茎叶的水浸提液对小麦(Triticum aestivum)种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响,以及对小麦种子中α-淀粉酶活性、叶片中脂质过氧化作用及根系活力的影响。整个试验在完全随机情况下进行,一组质量浓度0.025、0.05和0.1 g·mL-1水浸提液用于对小麦化感作用的研究,在此基础上,设置另一组质量浓度0.01、0.02和0.03 g·mL-1水浸提液用于作用机制随水浸提液处理7和14 d时的变化研究,均用蒸馏水作空白对照。结果表明:在水浸提液质量浓度为0.025、0.05和0.10 g·mL-1时,加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液对小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长表现出很强的抑制作用,而且抑制强度随水浸提液质量浓度的增加而增强。水浸提液抑制小麦种子α-淀粉酶的活性,0.03 g·mL-1时达到显著水平(P<0.05)。水浸提液处理小麦7 d后,小麦叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性均受到抑制,MDA含量显著升高,作用强度随水浸提液质量浓度的增加而增强。处理14 d后,SOD与CAT活性呈现出不规律性波动,MDA含量仍呈上升趋势,总体水平低于7 d时的试验结果;POD活性呈下降趋势,但与对照无显著差异,总体水平高于7 d时的试验结果。水浸提液处理后,小麦根系活力升高,随着处理时间延长,根系活力有所下降。结论:加拿大一枝黄花水浸提液对小麦种子萌发的抑制作用与α-淀粉酶活性的变化有关,对小麦幼苗生长的抑制作用与脂质过氧化作用和根系活力的变化有关。

Effects of metal lead on growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive plant species (Solidago canadensis L.)

It is less known whether and how soil metal lead （Pb） impacts the invasion of exotic plants. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to estimate the effects of lead on the growth and mycorrhizae of an invasive species （Solidago canadensis L.） in a microcosm system. Each microcosm unit was separated into HOST and TEST compartments by a replaceable mesh screen that allowed arbuscular mycorrhizal （AM） fungal hyphae rather than plant roots to grow into the TEST compartments. Three Pb levels （control, 300, and 600 mg/kg soil） were used in this study to simulate ambient soil and two pollution sites where S. canadensis grows. Mycorrhizal inoculum comprised five indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species （ Glomus mosseae, Glomus versiform, Glomus diaphanum, Glomus geosporum, and Glomus etunicatum）. The ^15N isotope tracer was used to quantify the mycorrhizally mediated nitrogen acquisition of plants. The results showed that S. canadensis was highly dependent on mycorrhizae. The Pb additions significantly decreased biomass and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization （root length colonized, RLC%） but did not affect spore numbers, N （including total N and ^15N） and P uptake. The facilitating efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient acquisition was promoted by Pb treatments. The Pb was mostly sequestered in belowground of plant （root and rhizome）. The results suggest that the high efficiency of mycorrhizae on nutrient uptake might give S. canadensis a great advantage over native species in Pb polluted soils.

Occurrence of Glyphosate-Resistant Horseweed (Conyza canadensis) Population in China

Horseweed （Conyza canadensis）, an invasive alien weed, is one of the main weeds in orchards in China. Although glyphosate has been used for control of horseweed and many other weeds in orchards for more than 25 years in China, a case of glyphosate-resistant horseweed has not been identified in orchard in China so far despite glyphosate-resistant horseweed cases have been reported in some other countries. Seeds of 25 horseweed populations were collected from different orchards with different glyphosate application history. Potted seedlings with 11-13-leaf growth stage were treated with glyphosate at 0.035, 0.07, 0.14, 0.28, 0.56, 1.12, 2.24, 4.48, and 8.96 kg a.i. ha-1. The dosage dependence response curve of each population was constructed with Log-logistic dose response regression equations. The ED50 value of each population was calculated and compared with the susceptible population from China. Different populations had different relative glyphosate-resistant levels which increased with the number of years of glyphosate application. Two populations with the highest resistance levels, 8.28 and 7.95 times, were found in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China, where glyphosate was used for weed control in orchards twice each year for 15 yr. The two resistant populations accumulated approximately two to four times less shikimic acid than the two susceptible populations 48 h after glyphosate application.

Chemical Constituents from Mentha haplocalyx Briq.(Mentha canadensis L.)and Theirα‑Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities

Mentha haplocalyx(Mentha canadensis)is widely used as a medicinal plant in traditional Chinese medicine,and the extracts of its aerial parts are found to signifcantly inhibit the activity ofα-glucosidase with an IC_(50) value of 21.0μg/mL.Bioactivity-guided isolation of the extracts aforded two new compounds(1 and 2),together with 23 known ones(3-25).Their structures were established by extensive spectroscopic analyses(1D and 2D NMR,MS,IR and UV).Compounds 1-17 and 21-25 were evaluated for theirα-glucosidase inhibitory activities.Compound 11 was the most active ones with an IC_(50) values of 83.4μM.These results verify theα-glucosidase inhibitory activity of M.haplocalyx(M.canadensis)and specify its active compounds for the frst time.

Characteristics of soil microbial community functional and structure diversity with coverage of Solidago Canadensis L

The relationship between Solidago canadensis L.invasion and soil microbial community diversity including functional and structure diversities was studied across the invasive gradients varying from 0 to 40%,80%,and 100% coverage of Solidago canadensis L.using sole carbon source utilization profiles analyses,principle component analysis(PCA) and phospholipid fatty acids(PLFA) profiles analyses.The results show the characteristics of soil microbial community functional and structure diversity in invaded soils strongly changed by Solidago canadensis L.invasion.Solidago canadensis L.invasion tended to result in higher substrate richness,and functional diversity.As compared to the native and ecotones,average utilization of specific substrate guilds of soil microbe was the highest in Solidago canadensis L.monoculture.Soil microbial functional diversity in Solidago canadensis L.monoculture was distinctly separated from the native area and the ecotones.Aerobic bacteria,fungi and actinomycetes population significantly increased but anaerobic bacteria decreased in the soil with Solidago canadensis L.monoculture.The ratio of cy19:0 to 18:1ω7 gradually declined but mono/sat and fung/bact PLFAs increased when Solidago canadensis L.became more dominant.The microbial community composition clearly separated the native soil from the invaded soils by PCA analysis,especially 18:1ω7c,16:1ω7t,16:1ω5c and 18:2ω6,9 were present in higher concentrations for exotic soil.In conclusion,Solidago canadensis L.invasion could create better soil conditions by improving soil microbial community structure and functional diversity,which in turn was more conducive to the growth of Solidago canadensis L.

Application and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Membrane Produced from Herbaceous Plant: Solidago Canadensis L.

In this work,the viability of Solidago Canadensis L. for cellulose acetate membrane production was tested. The cellulose was extracted from Solidago Canadensis L. stem by organic solvents,and the cellulose diacetate was obtained by acetylization of cellulose. The properties of the intermediate products of cellulose pulp and cellulose diacetate were characterized by FT-IR and XRD. Compared with commercial cellulose diacetate,the properties of cellulose diacetate were similar to those of the commercial cellulose diacetate. The cellulose acetate membrane with desirable pure water flux and rejection rate was obtained from cellulose diacetate by solution casting. The membrane showed favorable hydrophilic property so that it had good anti-pollution performance. The maximum pure water flux of the membrane was 27. 21 m L /( cm2· h) and the maximum rejection rate was 80. 39%. The results demonstrated that the membrane obtained from herbaceous plant: Solidago Canadensis L. had good performance of ultrafiltration.

Joint toxic effects of heavy metals and atrazine on invasive plant species Solidago Canadensis L.

In this study, the joint effects of Cd(Ⅱ), Pb(Ⅱ) and atrazine (ATR) on Solidago Canadensis L. were investigated. The results showed that soil containing Cd, Pb and ATR could inhibit root elongation of Solidago Canadensis L., and that there was a positive linear relationship between the inhibitory rate of root elongation and the concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ). The mixture of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR in soil showed a significant adverse effect on root and shoot biomass of Solidago Canadensis L. Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) contents increased slightly at the lower concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR, then decreased when Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR concentrations were higher than those of 1.0 TUmix(Cd+ATR). The toxic effect of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR on the ASA contents of Solidago Canadensis L. was greater than that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR. Soluble sugar contents firstly decreased and then increased with increasing concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR and displayed fluctuation with increasing concentrations of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR. Total protein contents in-creased with increasing concentrations of Cd(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR , relative to the control sample. The NP-SH con-tents showed a significant increase up to 12.2 mg/gfw of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR, followed by a significant decline to 4.5 mg/gfw after 14 days of exposure. The effect of Pb(Ⅱ)-ATR was similar to that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR but the amount of NP-SH was not higher than that of Cd(Ⅱ)-ATR.

Development of Granule Composition Based on the Total Evaporated Extract of Bidens Tripartita, Solidago Canadensis and Agrimonia Eupatoria Herbs

The aim of the study is the development and standardization of granules in hard gelatin capsules based on the composition of dry extracts of Bidens tripartita L.,Solidago canadensis L.and Agrimonia eupatoria L.Herbs,possessing nephroprotective activity and antifibrotics in toxic nephropathies.Developed the structure and defined the quality indicators of the pellets with dry extracts of Bidens tripartita L.,Solidago canadensis L.and Agrimonia eupatoria L.herbs.The quality specification for the drug-granules of the composition of dry extracts in solid gelatin capsules is developed.

薄荷茉莉酸受体McCOI1a基因的克隆与表达模式分析

【目的】茉莉酸(jasmonic acid,JA)受体COI1在调节植物生长发育、逆境响应方面具有重要作用。克隆薄荷McCOI1a基因,并分析其蛋白特征与表达模式,为薄荷分子育种提供基因资源。【方法】基于转录组数据从薄荷叶片中克隆McCOI1a,并通过生物信息学分析、烟草叶片瞬时表达、实时荧光定量PCR技术对McCOI1a的蛋白特性、亚细胞定位、基因表达模式进行分析。【结果】McCOI1a基因全长1842 bp,编码613个氨基酸;McCOI1a蛋白具有保守的F-box和LRR结构域,与丹参SmCOI1蛋白同源性最高;亚细胞定位结果显示McCOI1a蛋白定位于细胞核;McCOI1a在不同组织中均有表达,在根中表达量最高,在叶序中表达呈逐渐上升的趋势;在叶片中,McCOI1a在MeJA、干旱、NaCl、AlCl3、CdCl2、CuCl2处理下的表达呈不同程度的上调,并且AlCl3处理下其上调最明显,表达量最高可达1206倍;在根中,McCOI1a的表达在CuCl2处理下呈先下调而后上调的模式,在其余处理下,McCOI1a的表达都呈现出不同程度的下调。【结论】McCOI1a响应MeJA和非生物逆境胁迫,可能在调控薄荷生长发育、逆境响应方面发挥重要作用。

外来入侵植物小蓬草发生现状及防治方法研究综述

外来入侵植物小蓬草(Erigeron canadensisL.)传播扩散速度极快,在我国各省市均有发生,包括东北、华北、西北、西南、华中、华东以及华南等区域,常发生在荒地、田间、路边等,是一种发生率极高的杂草,目前已被列入我国入侵物种第三批名单。作者详细整理小蓬草在我国的入侵途径、发生现状及防治方法,科学分析小蓬草的危害和价值,并提出“三加强,一科学”的防治对策建议。该文通过对小蓬草发生现状及防治方法科学分析,深入研判,旨在为外来入侵植物的科学治理提供参考。

加拿大一枝黄花白绢病(Sclerotium rolfsii)菌株SC64的生物学特性研究

在实验室条件下初步研究了加拿大一枝黄花白绢病菌株SC64的形态特征、致病性和生物学特性。结果表明:引起加拿大一枝黄花白绢病的病原物是罗氏白绢小菌核菌(Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.);病菌最适生长培养基为Richard固体培养基和PDA,菌丝生长温度为15～40℃,最适30℃;在偏酸性条件下生长较好,生长适宜pH值为4.0～6.0,最适为5.0;在所测试的碳源中,对蔗糖的利用最好,对乳糖和半乳糖利用最差;氮源测试结果显示对蛋白胨和硝酸钾利用最好,对尿素的利用最差。菌核萌发温度为15～40℃,最适为30℃;菌核在含水量≥50%的麸皮基质上萌发较好;适宜萌发的pH值范围为3.0～9.0。菌丝的致死温度为45℃10 min,菌核的抑制萌发温度为50℃10 min。

加拿大披碱草与披碱草、圆柱披碱草2个种间杂种F_1及其亲本的AFLP分析

以加拿大披碱草（Elymus canadensis L.）与披碱草（E.dahuricus Turcz.）、圆柱披碱草（E.cylindricus（Franch.）Honda）2个种间杂种F1及其亲本为试材,利用AFLP分子标记技术,对2个杂种F1及其亲本的遗传差异性进行比较分析,以期为杂种鉴定及后代选育提供分子依据。结果表明：用筛选出的13个适宜引物共扩增出1247个AFLP位点,其中多态性位点1042个,多态性位点比率高达83.56%;各供试材料的遗传距离（GD）变动在0.4276～0.7486之间,以GD值0.65为基准,5个材料聚为2类,第1类为加拿大披碱草、圆柱披碱草和加拿大披碱草×圆柱披碱草杂种F1,第2类为披碱草、加拿大披碱草×披碱草杂种F1。

基于Maxent和ArcGIS加拿大一枝黄花适生区预测

为了研究加拿大一枝黄花在中国的适生区及其分布影响因素,以利于有效防控,采用最大熵模型(Maxent)和ArcGIS软件对加拿大一枝黄花2041—2060、2061—2080气候模式下在中国的潜在适生区进行预测。结果显示:当前适生区预测AUC值为0.933,模型预测结果理想;适生区分布主要受气温和降水影响;潜在适生区主要分布在华东和华中地区,以上海市全域、江苏省中南部、安徽省中部、江西省北部、湖南省东部、湖北省东部以及浙江省部分地区和沿海海岸线为主。随着时间推移,2041—2060年相比较于当前,高、中适生区的面积增加106.04万km^(2),低适生区增加110.62万km^(2);2061—2080年,高、中适生区的面积与当前相比增加110.99万km^(2),低适生区增加111.55万km^(2)。总体来说,未来气候变化下,加拿大一枝黄花的适生区呈现出不断扩张的趋势,建议相关部门基于其潜在适生区的变化趋势制定响应的分级管理策略,以防止进一步扩散。

加拿大一枝黄花在贵州省黔东南地区的入侵现状与风险分析

为掌握加拿大一枝黄花Solidago canadensis L.在贵州省黔东南地区的发生情况和风险等级,并提出防控策略,防止其进一步快速传播扩散。2022年1月至11月通过走访调查,分析和研究加拿大一枝黄花在贵州省黔东南地区的入侵及分布情况,运用林业有害生物风险分析指标体系开展了定量分析评估。结果表明,加拿大一枝黄花于2015年首次入侵黔东南,7年间扩散到境内14个县41个乡镇,其风险综合评价值R为2.58。加拿大一枝黄花在黔东南地区呈多点分布,处于定殖阶段,部分点分布面积大,属于特别危险风险等级。针对加拿大一枝黄花在黔东南地区的发生分布情况,本研究提出了监测、防治等风险管理措施。

加拿大蓬挥发油对Hela细胞的体外抗肿瘤活性初探

为了探讨加拿大蓬挥发油的体外抗肿瘤活性,采用MTT比色法探究挥发油对人宫颈癌Hela细胞的抑制作用,并采用AO/EB染色法观察Hela细胞在挥发油作用下的形态变化.结果表明:加拿大蓬挥发油对Hela细胞生长具有抑制作用,细胞活力随着处理浓度的升高和处理时间的延长而降低,其中处理8、24和48 h的IC50分别是22.72、18.06和6.78 mg/L,在加入泛caspase抑制剂(Z-VAD-FMK)后,这种抑制作用得到缓解,24 h的IC50上升至29.9 mg/L,表明该挥发油可能激活了Hela细胞中的caspase蛋白酶活性.AO/EB染色观察发现,加拿大蓬挥发油处理Hela细胞后使其呈现典型凋亡形态的特征.由此推断,加拿大蓬挥发油可能是通过诱导Hela细胞的凋亡来抑制细胞增殖.

Research Progress on the Invasion Mechanism of Erigeron annuus

Erigeron annuus(L.)Pers.,an alien species,is widely distributed in most areas of China.It was included in the third batch of invasive alien species list by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China,and it is a first-level malignant invasive plant.Due to its great reproducibility with a mass of seeds,power adaptability to the external environment and strong allelopathy,it has highly invasive and adaptability,and has affected the development of the agriculture and forestry,the diversity of local species and the ecosystem.In this paper,we summarized the current invasion situation,invasion and adaptation mechanism of E.annuus,and prospected further research on E.annuus invasion mechanism,hoping to provide a reference for realizing its effective management.