Bending of small-scale Timoshenko beams based on the integral/differential nonlocal-micropolar elasticity theory: a finite element approach

A novel size-dependent model is developed herein to study the bending behavior of beam-type micro/nano-structures considering combined effects of nonlocality and micro-rotational degrees of freedom. To accomplish this aim, the micropolar theory is combined with the nonlocal elasticity. To consider the nonlocality, both integral (original) and differential formulations of Eringen’s nonlocal theory are considered. The beams are considered to be Timoshenko-type, and the governing equations are derived in the variational form through Hamilton’s principle. The relations are written in an appropriate matrix-vector representation that can be readily utilized in numerical approaches. A finite element (FE) approach is also proposed for the solution procedure. Parametric studies are conducted to show the simultaneous nonlocal and micropolar effects on the bending response of small-scale beams under different boundary conditions.

NEW POINTSOF VIEW ON THE NONLOCAL FIELD THEORY AND THEIR APPLICATIONS TO THE FRACTURE MECHANICS( Ⅲ) ——RE_DISCUSS THE LINEAR THEORY OF NONLOCAL ELASTICITY

In this paper, it is proven that the balance equation of energy is the first integral of the balance equation of momentum in the linear theory of nonlocal elasticity. In other words, the balance equation of energy is not an independent one. It is also proven that the residual of nonlocal body force identically equals zero. This makes the transform formula of the nonlocal residual of energy much simpler. The linear nonlocal constitutive equations of elastic bodies are deduced in details, and a new formula to calculate the antisymmetric stress is given.

Three-Dimensional Static Analysis of Nanoplates and Graphene Sheets by Using Eringen’s Nonlocal Elasticity Theory and the Perturbation Method

A three-dimensional(3D)asymptotic theory is reformulated for the static analysis of simply-supported,isotropic and orthotropic single-layered nanoplates and graphene sheets(GSs),in which Eringen’s nonlocal elasticity theory is used to capture the small length scale effect on the static behaviors of these.The perturbation method is used to expand the 3D nonlocal elasticity problems as a series of two-dimensional(2D)nonlocal plate problems,the governing equations of which for various order problems retain the same differential operators as those of the nonlocal classical plate theory(CST),although with different nonhomogeneous terms.Expanding the primary field variables of each order as the double Fourier series functions in the in-plane directions,we can obtain the Navier solutions of the leading-order problem,and the higher-order modifications can then be determined in a hierarchic and consistent manner.Some benchmark solutions for the static analysis of isotropic and orthotropic nanoplates and GSs subjected to sinusoidally and uniformly distributed loads are given to demonstrate the performance of the 3D nonlocal asymptotic theory.

Free vibration of size-dependent magneto-electro-elastic nanoplates based on the nonlocal theory

In this paper, the free vibration of magneto- electro-elastic （MEE） nanoplates is investigated based on the nonlocal theory and Kirchhoff plate theory. The MEE nanoplate is assumed as all edges simply supported rectan gular plate subjected to the biaxial force, external electric potential, external magnetic potential, and temperature rise. By using the Hamilton＇s principle, the governing equations and boundary conditions are derived and then solved analytically to obtain the natural frequencies of MEE nanoplates. A parametric study is presented to examine the effect of the nonlocal parameter, thermo-magneto-electro-mechanical loadings and aspect ratio on the vibration characteristics of MEE nanoplates. It is found that the natural frequency is quite sensitive to the mechanical loading, electric loading and magnetic loading, while it is insensitive to the thermal loading.

NONLOCAL THEORY STUDY ON FRACTURE TOUGHNESS OF CERAMIC MATERIALS

The theoretical calculation formulas for the plane strain fracture toughness of mode Ⅰand Ⅱcracks of ceramic materials are deduced in this paper by using the nonlocal elasticity theory and maximum tensile stress criterion The deduced formulas, which are independent of crack geometry,bear a relation to material parameters.It is shown through experiment that the theoretical value of fracture toughness is the lower limit of testing value. The theoretical calculation formulas for fracture toughness relate the macro-mechanical performance of materials with the micro-structural parameters and,therefore, are beneficial to fully understanding the physical mechanism of material rupture.

Memory response in a nonlocal micropolar double porous thermoelastic medium with variable conductivity under Moore-Gibson-Thompson thermoelasticity theory

The present study enlightens the two-dimensional analysis of the thermo-mechanical response for a mi-cropolar double porous thermoelastic material with voids(MDPTMWV)by virtue of Eringen’s theory of nonlocal elasticity.Moore-Gibson-Thompson(MGT)heat equation is introduced to the considered model in the context of memory-dependent derivative and variable conductivity.By employing the normal mode technique,the non-dimensional coupled governing equations of motion are solved to determine the an-alytical expressions of the displacements,temperature,void volume fractions,microrotation vector,force stress tensors,and equilibrated stress vectors.Several two-dimensional graphs are presented to demon-strate the influence of various parameters,such as kernel functions,thermal conductivity,and nonlocality.Furthermore,different generalized thermoelasticity theories with variable conductivity are compared to visualize the variations in the distributions associated with the prior mentioned variables.Some particu-lar cases are also discussed in the presence and absence of different parameters.

A nonlocal strain gradient shell model incorporating surface effects for vibration analysis of functionally graded cylindrical nanoshells

In this pap er, a novel size-dep endent functionally graded (FG) cylindrical shell model is develop ed based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory in conjunction with the Gurtin-Murdoch surface elasticity theory . The new model containing a nonlocal parameter, a material length scale parameter, and several surface elastic constants can capture three typical typ es of size e ects simultaneously , which are the nonlocal stress ef- fect, the strain gradient e ect, and the surface energy e ects. With the help of Hamilton’s principle and rst-order shear deformation theory , the non-classical governing equations and related b oundary conditions are derived. By using the prop osed model, the free vibra- tion problem of FG cylindrical nanoshells with material prop erties varying continuously through the thickness according to a p ower-law distribution is analytically solved, and the closed-form solutions for natural frequencies under various b oundary conditions are obtained. After verifying the reliability of the prop osed model and analytical method by comparing the degenerated results with those available in the literature, the in uences of nonlocal parameter, material length scale parameter, p ower-law index, radius-to-thickness ratio, length-to-radius ratio, and surface e ects on the vibration characteristic of func- tionally graded cylindrical nanoshells are examined in detail.

Bending of Euler-Bernoulli nanobeams based on the strain-driven and stress-driven nonlocal integral models: a numerical approach

Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory is extensively employed for the analysis of nanostructures because it is able to capture nanoscale effects.Previous studies have revealed that using the differential form of the strain-driven version of this theory leads to paradoxical results in some cases,such as bending analysis of cantilevers,and recourse must be made to the integral version.In this article,a novel numerical approach is developed for the bending analysis of Euler-Bernoulli nanobeams in the context of strain-and stress-driven integral nonlocal models.This numerical approach is proposed for the direct solution to bypass the difficulties related to converting the integral governing equation into a differential equation.First,the governing equation is derived based on both strain-driven and stress-driven nonlocal models by means of the minimum total potential energy.Also,in each case,the governing equation is obtained in both strong and weak forms.To solve numerically the derived equations,matrix differential and integral operators are constructed based upon the finite difference technique and trapezoidal integration rule.It is shown that the proposed numerical approach can be efficiently applied to the strain-driven nonlocal model with the aim of resolving the mentioned paradoxes.Also,it is able to solve the problem based on the strain-driven model without inconsistencies of the application of this model that are reported in the literature.

Vibration of quadrilateral embedded multilayered graphene sheets based on nonlocal continuum models using the Galerkin method

Free vibration analysis of quadrilateral multilayered graphene sheets（MLGS） embedded in polymer matrix is carried out employing nonlocal continuum mechanics.The principle of virtual work is employed to derive the equations of motion.The Galerkin method in conjunction with the natural coordinates of the nanoplate is used as a basis for the analysis.The dependence of small scale effect on thickness,elastic modulus,polymer matrix stiffness and interaction coefficient between two adjacent sheets is illustrated.The non-dimensional natural frequencies of skew,rhombic,trapezoidal and rectangular MLGS are obtained with various geometrical parameters and mode numbers taken into account,and for each case the effects of the small length scale are investigated.

Isogeometric nonlocal strain gradient quasi-three-dimensional plate model for thermal postbuckling of porous functionally graded microplates with central cutout with different shapes

This study presents the size-dependent nonlinear thermal postbuckling characteristics of a porous functionally graded material(PFGM) microplate with a central cutout with various shapes using isogeometric numerical technique incorporating nonuniform rational B-splines. To construct the proposed non-classical plate model, the nonlocal strain gradient continuum elasticity is adopted on the basis of a hybrid quasithree-dimensional(3D) plate theory under through-thickness deformation conditions by only four variables. By taking a refined power-law function into account in conjunction with the Touloukian scheme, the temperature-porosity-dependent material properties are extracted. With the aid of the assembled isogeometric-based finite element formulations,nonlocal strain gradient thermal postbuckling curves are acquired for various boundary conditions as well as geometrical and material parameters. It is portrayed that for both size dependency types, by going deeper in the thermal postbuckling domain, gaps among equilibrium curves associated with various small scale parameter values get lower, which indicates that the pronounce of size effects reduces by going deeper in the thermal postbuckling regime. Moreover, we observe that the central cutout effect on the temperature rise associated with the thermal postbuckling behavior in the presence of the effect of strain gradient size and absence of nonlocality is stronger compared with the case including nonlocality in absence of the strain gradient small scale effect.

VIBRATION OF FLUID-FILLED MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES SEEN VIA NONLOCAL ELASTICITY THEORY

Vibration characteristics of fluid-filled multi-walled carbon nanotubes axe studied by using nonlocal elastic Fliigge shell model. Vibration governing equations of an N-layer carbon nanotube are formulated by considering the scale effect. In the numerical simulations, the effects of different theories, small-scale, variation of wavenumber, the innermost radius and length of double- walled and triple-walled carbon nanotubes are considered. Vibrational frequencies decrease with an increase of scale coefficient, the innermost radius, length of nanotube and effects of wall number are negligible. The results show that the cut-off frequencies can be influenced by the wall number of nanotubes.

TRANSVERSE VIBRATION OF A HANGING NONUNIFORM NANOSCALE TUBE BASED ON NONLOCAL ELASTICITY THEORY WITH SURFACE EFFECTS

The aim of this paper is to study the free transverse vibration of a hanging nonuni- form nanoscale tube. The analysis procedure is based on nonlocal elasticity theory with surface effects. The nonlocal elasticity theory states that the stress at a point is a function of strains at all points in the continuum. This theory becomes significant for small-length scale objects such as micro- and nanostructures. The effects of nonlocality, surface energy and axial force on the natural frequencies of the nanotube are investigated. In this study, analytical solutions are formulated for a clamped-free Euler-Bernoulli beam to study the free vibration of nanoscale tubes.

基于非局部弹性理论的纳米板横向振动

本文利用非局部弹性理论研究了单层石墨烯的纳米板的横向自由振动响应.通过迭代法推导了非局部应力表达,进一步通过哈密顿原理推导了纳米板的控制方程,应用纳维解法得到四边简支纳米板振动固有频率的数值解,并将本文研究结果与已有文献结果进行对比,进一步讨论了小尺寸效应,以及纳米板的三维尺寸和半波数对振动频率的影响.结果表明:非局部效应的存在使得纳米板的等效刚度和固有频率降低;半波数的增加则使得纳米板的固有频率提高.相关分析结果对基于二维纳米材料的新设备的设计和优化具有重要意义.

任意边界条件非局部弹性杆纵振特性分析

基于非局部弹性理论,研究了弹性边界约束条件下杆结构纵向振动特性。在非局部杆两端引入纵向约束弹簧,通过设置相应弹簧刚度系数,可以得任意经典边界及其组合情况下非局部杆结构纵振问题。非局部弹性杆纵振位移采用一种改进傅立叶级数进行展开,在标准傅立叶级数基础上构造附加函数,以使纵振位移在整个求解域内足够光滑。通过联合求解非局部纵振微分方程与弹性边界约束条件获得系统特征矩阵。通过与现有文献中不同边界条件非局部弹性杆纵振模态数据进行对比,充分验证了所构造模型的正确性。在此基础上讨论了边界约束刚度系数和非局部特征参数对非局部弹性杆纵振特性的影响。与现有方法相比,该方法能够统一考虑任意边界条件,当边界条件改变时不需要对理论推导和计算程序进行重新修改,实现了非局部弹性杆纵振特性分析的最为一般情况。

基于非局部理论的轴向运动黏弹性纳米板的参数振动及其稳定性

研究了轴向运动黏弹性二维纳米板结构的非局部横向参数振动及其稳态响应。利用哈密顿原理推导了问题模型的控制方程,应用多尺度法分析了带有周期脉动成分的变速运动黏弹性纳米板的失稳现象。根据边界条件及复模态法可确定模态函数的表达,讨论了其特例匀速运动时固有频率与小尺度参数的关系,重点探讨了当脉动频率为两阶固有频率之和或者为某阶固有频率二倍时所发生的和型组合参数共振及主参数共振。结果表明,小尺度参数的存在使得轴向运动黏弹性纳米板的弯曲刚度及固有频率减小,并导致组合参数共振失稳区域减小但主参数共振区域增大,同时削弱了黏弹性系数对主参数共振区域的影响。同等条件下,黏弹性系数对组合共振区域的影响更为明显。

具有非局部体力矩的非局部弹性理论

本文基于非局部连续统场论的公理系统,建立了具有非局部体力矩作用的非局部弹性理论,我们证明了,在非局部弹性固体中存在着非局部体力矩,非局部体力矩引起了应力的非对称和非局部体力矩是由材料中的共价键产生的。

4种NET欧拉-伯努利直梁的动力学特性

考虑长程力,非局部弹性直梁内参考点的应力与直梁占据区域内所有点的应变都有关系.基于Eringen的非局部弹性理论积分型本构关系和采用幂指数型参模空间推导了Euler-Bernoulli直梁的积分型方程和4阶偏微分型方程,采用Laplace变换得到了直梁自然频率、振型的通解.给出了简支直梁、固定直梁、自由直梁、悬臂直梁的自然频率和振型.实例结果表明除悬臂直梁的第1阶自然频率随Eringen参数的增加而略微增加外,直梁自然频率随Eringen参数的增加而减小.固定直梁、自由直梁、悬臂直梁振型的振幅大体上随Eringen参数的增加而减小.但Eringen参数对简支直梁的振型没有影响.当Eringen参数为零时,非局部弹性理论与局部弹性理论的自然频率、振型一致.

基于非局部理论的黏弹性地基上欧拉梁自由振动特性分析

基于非局部黏弹性理论,针对非局部阻尼欧拉梁在非局部黏弹性地基上的振动特性问题进行研究。首先通过引入广义Maxwell黏弹性模型、速度相关型外阻尼模型以及非局部黏弹性地基模型,建立了欧拉梁的振动控制方程。然后利用传递函数方法得到了不同边界条件下欧拉梁固有频率及相应模态振型的封闭解。通过与文献中已有研究结果进行对比验证了所建模型的正确性,并在此基础上分析了欧拉梁非局部参数、黏弹性参数、地基非局部参数、刚度及长度等影响因素对固有频率的影响情况。结果表明,所建的动力学模型及计算分析方法对解决非局部阻尼欧拉梁在非局部黏弹性地基支撑下的动力学问题准确有效。

轴向运动压电纳米板的非局部热-力-电耦合振动

基于非局部理论结合基尔霍夫压电薄板模型,研究了轴向运动压电纳米板的热-力-电耦合振动响应。考虑压电纳米板受到双向轴力、外部电压和温度变化等作用并做轴向运动,应用哈密顿原理推导了系统的控制方程组,利用伽辽金法数值求解轴向运动压电纳米板横向振动固有频率,进一步讨论小尺度参数、轴力、外部电压以及温度变化等因素对固有频率及亚临界区域的影响。结果表明:双轴压力、外部正电压、温度升高以及小尺度参数的存在使得压电纳米板的等效刚度降低,从而导致固有频率和亚临界区域的减小,而双轴拉力、外部负电压、温度降低则引起纳米结构等效刚度提高。

基于非局部理论的黏弹性基体上压电纳米板热-机电振动特性研究

基于非局部弹性理论研究黏弹性基体上压电纳米板的热-机电振动特性。综合考虑非局部效应、压电效应以及温度场、电场等因素影响,根据Kirchhoff板理论和Hamilton原理建立黏弹性基体上压电纳米板的热-机电振动特性分析模型,然后利用Galerkin条形传递函数方法进行求解,得到一般边界条件下压电纳米板固有频率的半解析解。通过与文献结果进行对比,验证所建分析模型与求解方法的有效性,并在此基础上系统分析非局部效应、边界条件、外电压、温度变化梯度等对压电纳米板振动特性的影响规律。结果表明,所建立的分析模型及其求解方法在分析黏弹性基体上压电纳米板的热-机电振动特性问题中准确有效。